- Primula boveana (Sinai primrose) is an endemic plant species found only in small subpopulations in South Sinai, Egypt. It has experienced a sharp decline in recent decades due to factors like climate change, reduced water availability, and human impacts. Conservation efforts are urgently needed and should focus on both ex-situ and in-situ strategies like seed banking, artificial propagation, habitat restoration, and education. Addressing issues like low genetic variation and gene flow between subpopulations will also be important for long-term survival of this threatened species.
Role of alfalfa in natural environment | Jbes vol-15-no-4-p-25-31Innspub Net
The Alfalfa deep rooting pattern is highly beneficial to hold soil in place. A canopy of alfalfa quickly covers the soil, protecting the soil from wind and water erosion. The dense vigorous alfalfa canopy shades these weeds and frequent cutting prevents weed seed production. Many crops must be cultivated several times per year to remove weeds. One of the key values of alfalfa is its ability to ‘fix’ nitrogen gas (N2) from the air so that N is available for plant growth. Available N is very limited in the Earth’s crust and is frequently deficient in plants. Nitrogen is a basic building block for plant proteins, and for human protein nutrition. Alfalfa canopies provide an effective cover for many species for feeding, sleeping, nesting, or escaping predators. There is a wide range of insects, both herbivores and predators that are present in large populations in alfalfa fields. High water absorption and deep roots also make it a valuable crop to manage water tables. Roots can efficiently degrade petroleum products and carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Alfalfa can be used for the effective recycling of many different types of organic wastes. It is naturally derived and an evolved product of the Earth, the benefits that arise from using it are abundant. The alfalfa plant is naturally high in many essential vitamins (A, D, E, vitamin B) and minerals.
Role of alfalfa in natural environment | Jbes vol-15-no-4-p-25-31Innspub Net
The Alfalfa deep rooting pattern is highly beneficial to hold soil in place. A canopy of alfalfa quickly covers the soil, protecting the soil from wind and water erosion. The dense vigorous alfalfa canopy shades these weeds and frequent cutting prevents weed seed production. Many crops must be cultivated several times per year to remove weeds. One of the key values of alfalfa is its ability to ‘fix’ nitrogen gas (N2) from the air so that N is available for plant growth. Available N is very limited in the Earth’s crust and is frequently deficient in plants. Nitrogen is a basic building block for plant proteins, and for human protein nutrition. Alfalfa canopies provide an effective cover for many species for feeding, sleeping, nesting, or escaping predators. There is a wide range of insects, both herbivores and predators that are present in large populations in alfalfa fields. High water absorption and deep roots also make it a valuable crop to manage water tables. Roots can efficiently degrade petroleum products and carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Alfalfa can be used for the effective recycling of many different types of organic wastes. It is naturally derived and an evolved product of the Earth, the benefits that arise from using it are abundant. The alfalfa plant is naturally high in many essential vitamins (A, D, E, vitamin B) and minerals.
extinction of plant species
endangered plant species
some of extinct plant species
causes of extinction in plants , reasons , causes,
habitat loss, global warming , exotic species , over exploitation
how to protect them , routine measures
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based on Chapter-2, NCERT Geography book (Resources and Development) of Class 8. It consists of descriptions, importance and many characteristics related to land, landslides, soil, weathering, methods of soil conservation, water, natural vegetation, wildlife, ecosystem and much more.
This presentation contains the species which are endangered and are/were on verge of being extinct.
The causes which led eventually to endangerment of this species and we can do to save this species as well as why should this species as they are of great importance for in our ecosystem and day to day life.
Kim Hosen from the Prince William Conservation Alliance talks about turning your yard into a haven for wildlife.
This presentation was given at The Piedmont Environmental Council's Sustainable Landscaping Workshop on August 29, 2015 in Warrenton, VA.
extinction of plant species
endangered plant species
some of extinct plant species
causes of extinction in plants , reasons , causes,
habitat loss, global warming , exotic species , over exploitation
how to protect them , routine measures
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based on Chapter-2, NCERT Geography book (Resources and Development) of Class 8. It consists of descriptions, importance and many characteristics related to land, landslides, soil, weathering, methods of soil conservation, water, natural vegetation, wildlife, ecosystem and much more.
This presentation contains the species which are endangered and are/were on verge of being extinct.
The causes which led eventually to endangerment of this species and we can do to save this species as well as why should this species as they are of great importance for in our ecosystem and day to day life.
Kim Hosen from the Prince William Conservation Alliance talks about turning your yard into a haven for wildlife.
This presentation was given at The Piedmont Environmental Council's Sustainable Landscaping Workshop on August 29, 2015 in Warrenton, VA.
We do not see all the varied functions that biodiversity plays in our lives because they are not obvious. We rarely see how they are controlling our environment unless we study nature. Thus we tend to take short-term actions that can have serious impacts on biodiversity leading to even extinction of species by disturbing their habitats. Man has no right to do so. We only share this planet with millions of other species that also have a right to survive on earth. It is morally wrong to allow man’s actions to lead to the extinction of species.
Hello. I am Kripa Thapa Magar, Public Health Professional. This slide was prepared when I was in BPH 4th semester, National Open College as an assignment of environmental health subject by compiling information from different sources.
Climate change and biodiversity are closely linked: climate change has severe direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity and is predicted to be a dominant driver of future biodiversity loss; at the same time, the loss of biodiversity magnifies the adverse effects of climate change.
Species diversity introduction, types and importance, examples of species diversity, threats and conservation to species diversity, Biodiversity conservation.
M.SC (BOTANY) 2nd Year
Hotspots of biodiversity—areas particularly rich in species, rare species,
threatened species, or some combination of these attributes—are increasingly
being delineated to help set priorities for conservation. Only recently have we
begun to test key assumptions that determine how useful a hotspot approach
can be for conservation planning. The evidence suggests that although at large
geographic scales hotspots do provide useful information for conservation
planning, at smaller scales their value may be more limited.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
How to save Acacia tortilis and PPrimula boveana from extinction?
1.
2.
3.
4. o Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs
when there are no more individuals of that species alive
anywhere in the world.
o The rapid loss of species we are seeing today is estimated
by experts to be between 1000 and 10,000 times higher
than the expected natural extinction rate.
5. o It is made byThe IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species™.
• Extinct (EX)
• Critically Endangered (CR)
• Endangered (EN)
• NearThreatened (NT)
6. o The loss of plant species reduces both the efficiency of
ecosystem functions.
o Plants also provide important ecosystem services.
o However, it is predicted that as many as two thirds of
the world’s plant species are in danger of extinction in
nature during the course of the 21st century.
7. (1) Habitat loss and fragmentation
(2) Introduction of exotic species
(3) Climate change
(4) Overexploitation
(5) Pollution
8. o Four essential steps are needed:
• assessment of the biological status.
• diagnosis of the causes of decline.
• prescription of management strategies that will balance
the decline.
• implementation of management practices and further
monitoring of the species or the ecosystem of interest.
9. o People can contribute in saving endangered plants by
different ways.
o The conservation of biological diversity.
o the sustainable use of the components of
biological diversity.
o the fair and equitable sharing of the
benefits arising out of the utilization of
genetic resources.
International Union for
Conservation of NaturePlant Conservation Alliance
10.
11. oIt is also known as umbrella thorn due to its umbrella
like structure.
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum:Tracheophyta
- Class: Magnoliopsida
- Order: Fabales
- Family: Fabaceae
- Genus: Acacia
- Species: tortilis
12. oIt is native in many countries including Egypt.
oIn Egypt, this species is
recognized in Nile valley,
oases of the western
desert, eastern desert,
Red sea coastal region,
Gebel Elba and Sinai.
13. oA. tortilis is drought resistant, can tolerate strong
salinity and seasonal waterlogging.
oSouth Sinai is characterized by an arid to extremely
arid climate.
14. oThe rainfall data revealed the occurrence of many
periods of rainy years alternating with droughty
ones, with a general trend toward more aridity.
oThe annual rainfall varies between 30 and 60 mm,
most of which falls during the winter and spring
months.
15. o A. tortilis is small to
medium-sized evergreen
tree grows up to 21 m
tall.
o Spines paired, 2 types-
long, straight and white,
or short, brownish and
hooked; they range from
1.2 to 8 cm in length.
o Leaves are compound and
the leaflets (6-22 pairs) are
very small.
o Pods variable, indehiscent,
spirally twisted or rarely
almost straight.
16. oWherever it grows, it plays an important role in
human, animal and other plant species lives.
Seed as food Flowers as forageWood as fuel Bark as dyestuff
17. o Leaves, bark, gum, roots, pods and seeds are used
medicinally against a wide variety of diseases, wounds
and burns.
Plant part Disease
Polysaccharide
isolated from Gum exudates Diabetes mellitus
Stem bark Fungal & Infectious diseases
Bark tannins Diarrhoea
Wood Dry cough
Root Cough and Diphtheria
Root bark malaria
Aqueous extract
Hyper cholesterol &
inflammation
Methanol extract
Leishmania and parasitic
disease
18. oA. tortilis subspecies raddiana became threatened
due to unmanaged human activities.
oIn addition to seed predation by bruchid beetle
(Bruchidius albosparsus).
19. “Risk assessment mapping of Acacia tortilis subspecies
raddiana growing in South Sinai, Egypt, using integrated field
survey, remote sensing and GIS”
Tarek A. Seleem, Raafat H. Abd El-Wahab , Mohamed S. Zaghloul, Abd
El-Raouf A. Moustafa and Ayman E. Abd El-Hamid.
(Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(5): 378-395)
20.
21. o The formulation of management strategy to manage
different activities of local Bedouins
o In situ propagation of A. tortilis to overcome the high
demand for its wood
o Emphasizing the importance of the Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) before construction of any
projects.
22. o Acacia tree seeds accumulate nonprotein amino acids as
secondary compounds.
o That nonprotein amino acids may have multiple roles,
including adaptation to physical and water stress and
insect toxicity.
23. “Seed viability and germination success of Acacia
tortilis
along land-use and aridity gradients in the Eastern
Sahara”
Gidske Lekns Andersen, Knut Krzywinski, Ha akon K. Gjessing & Richard
Holton Pierce…(Ecology and Evolution, December 2015)
o Ingestion by ruminant herbivores diminishes infestation
levels and enhances/promotes seed viability and germination.
o The consequence for acacia conservation is to acknowledge
the positive effect of domestic animals in an ecosystem where
wild herbivores are increasingly rare.
24. oOvergrazing represents an environmental hazard
whereby livestock excessively feeds on pasture.
• Effects
• Soil erosion • Loss of valuable species
• Food shortage • Death of people and livestock
• Solutions
• Having the stockpiled in the rainy season.
• Maintaining and managing proper pasture residuals
in the grazing area.
27. o Native to Sinai in Egypt.
o Endemic to the high mountain area of the St. Katherine
Protectorate (SKP) in southern Sinai.
28. “Reproductive and germination ecology of Sinai primrose,
primula boveana decne. ex duby
Karim Omar and Ibrahim Elgamal, Journal of Global
Biosciences , Vol. 3(4), 2014, pp. 694-707
Sad Abu
Hebeik
Kahf
Elghola
Elgabal
Elahmar
Shaq
Mousa
Shak
Elgragenia
29.
30. o There are nine very small but clearly separate
subpopulations, but only seven of them contain between
three and 65 mature individuals.
o During the last 10 years these subpopulations have
shown large changes in the total number of individuals,
cover and density.
31. o Between 2008 to 2010 (345 to 360 mature individuals). But
after that (2012-2014), it may be that the species undergoes
extreme fluctuations.
o In 1991, the species was distributed in more than 12
subpopulations including Gabal St. Katherine and Elgalt
Elazrak. But these subpopulations disappeared in the
period between 2001 and 2007.
32. o Areas including Shaq Elgragenia that were recently recorded
as one of the main sites for P. boveana were not found in the
past (2005 to 2008).
o The Kahf Elghola subpopulation was the main site for P.
boveana in the past with 30 mature individuals recorded there
in 2009.
33. o Primula boveana (Sinai primrose) is a perennial with
stems up to 60 cm long.
o It bears several whorls of
long-tubed, golden-yellow,
scented flowers in late
spring, and reproduction is
by seed in late summer.
34. o The arid climate has a mean annual rainfall of about
37.5 mm.
o It was observed that Shaq Mousa contains the highest
values in most variables (Population size, mature
individuals, density, abundance and cover).
o It belongs to rocky habitat (mountain peaks) and is
restricted to montane wadis fed by melted snow.
35. o A number of species, including those of Primula,
demonstrate distyly with two different flower morphs
among individuals in a population.
36. oThe Sinai's primrose starts flower budding in March,
while sheds seeds in July and August.
oThese seeds have strong innate dormancy that they
germinate only in presence of light and the
germination ratio is enhanced by increasing chilling.
37. oThe species is not commercially or traditionally used
in Sinai, but it has been collected for pharmacological
testing by various scientific research centers.
38. oThe sharp decline in population size, number of
total individuals, number of mature individuals and
habitat may come as a result of climate change.
oApart from climate change, the most important
human impacts are reduction in water availability.
39. oAbout four million people from 51 nationalities visited
SKP from 2003 to 2014 with an average of 335,000
people per year.
oWhen habitats of a rare and/or endemic species are
damaged and/or fragmented, its members will
become vulnerable to extinction at a faster rate than
other species.
41. o The subpopulations have very low genetic variation
amongst individuals within them, and gene flow
between them must be extremely low or actually zero.
o This may contribute to low fitness of individuals,
reduces the viability or adaptability of populations in
changing environments, and in extreme cases causes
the extinction of species.
42. oThere are urgent needs to work fast in two directions
to keep this species safe:
I. Ex-situ conservation, through
• seed bank
II. In-situ conservation, through
• rehabilitation
• artificial propagation
• restoration
• fenced enclosures
43. oIt’s important to carry out a wide range of
educational and awareness activities in universities
and scientific research centers about the sensitivity
of this important threatened species.
oThere is a need for a careful management of water
resources in the region.
44. oRestoring gene flow among small populations can
contribute to ‘‘genetic rescue’’.
oPrimula boveana is insect pollinated, and so
pollinator movements and behavior are
determinant factors of pollen dispersal.
45. oI think it may be helpful to conserve P. boveana by
using the biotechnology.
oUsing Leaf FragmentTechnique.
