This document discusses different methods of self-administered questionnaires used in research. It describes printed questionnaires that are mailed, distributed in-person, or included as inserts. Electronic questionnaires can be distributed via email, websites, fax, or interactive kiosks. Mail surveys have advantages like geographic reach and cost but disadvantages like low response rates. Electronic questionnaires have faster distribution but not all respondents have access. The document provides details on improving response rates and pretesting questionnaires to ensure quality.
Tools and techniques for data collection.pptxJuruJackline
These the tools and techniques used for data collection when carrying out community diagnosis in public health setting.
The slides looked into details the various tools and how they can be used in the data collection depending on the type of data you would like to collect.
This purpose of this workshop is to facilitate novice participants through the typical steps recommended for the design of a research survey (or questionnaire). The focus in on the design and development of surveys; it is not about data analysis.
Tools and techniques for data collection.pptxJuruJackline
These the tools and techniques used for data collection when carrying out community diagnosis in public health setting.
The slides looked into details the various tools and how they can be used in the data collection depending on the type of data you would like to collect.
This purpose of this workshop is to facilitate novice participants through the typical steps recommended for the design of a research survey (or questionnaire). The focus in on the design and development of surveys; it is not about data analysis.
Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questi...Sundar B N
This ppt covers Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questionnaire which includes Questionnaire Definition
OBJECTIVES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire design process
Guidelines for Question Wording
Increasing the willingness of respondents
Overcoming unwillingness to answer
Layout of the Questionnaire
This presentation describes the steps in designing a questionnaire. Also includes video clips for the process in evaluating the questionnaires for its reliability analysis.
Research methodology unit ii-data collectionManoj Kumar
This PPT will give basic idea about
Data Collection
Primary Data collection Methods
Secondary Data collection Methods
Secondary Data collection Methods
Steps in Developing a Questionnaire
Construction of a Schedule
Attitudinal scales
Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
Unit-I
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unitiresearch-and-its-various-process
Unit-iii
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitiiisampling
Unit-IV
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitivmeasurement-and-data-preperationfor-bbabcommba-and-for-other-ug-and-pg-students
Unit-V
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitvreseach-report-for-bcom-bba-mba-and-other-ug-and-pg-courses
Scanned by CamScanner1-archival data might be acquired.docxkenjordan97598
Scanned by CamScanner
1-
archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following:
1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures ...etc
2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids ...etc
3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc
Some advantages of archival data are:
- are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn't require participants to do anything different.
- May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency.
-Allow for the creation of new variables and scales.
Some disadvantages of archival data are:
-Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data.
-Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time.
-Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time.
2-
observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations.
3-
There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase.
another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's actions.
a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees.
The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation.
4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents.
1-archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations tha.docxdorishigh
1-
archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following:
1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures ...etc
2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids ...etc
3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc
Some advantages of archival data are:
- are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn't require participants to do anything different.
- May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency.
-Allow for the creation of new variables and scales.
Some disadvantages of archival data are:
-Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data.
-Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time.
-Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time.
2-
observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations.
3-
There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase.
another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's actions.
a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees.
The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation.
4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents can provide their opini ...
Introduction to Usability Testing for Survey ResearchCaroline Jarrett
The basics of how to incorporate usability testing in the development process of a survey. Workshp first presented at the SAPOR conference, Raleigh, North Carolina USA, October 2011 by Emily Geisen of RTI and Caroline Jarrett of Effortmark.
Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questi...Sundar B N
This ppt covers Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questionnaire which includes Questionnaire Definition
OBJECTIVES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire design process
Guidelines for Question Wording
Increasing the willingness of respondents
Overcoming unwillingness to answer
Layout of the Questionnaire
This presentation describes the steps in designing a questionnaire. Also includes video clips for the process in evaluating the questionnaires for its reliability analysis.
Research methodology unit ii-data collectionManoj Kumar
This PPT will give basic idea about
Data Collection
Primary Data collection Methods
Secondary Data collection Methods
Secondary Data collection Methods
Steps in Developing a Questionnaire
Construction of a Schedule
Attitudinal scales
Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
Unit-I
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unitiresearch-and-its-various-process
Unit-iii
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitiiisampling
Unit-IV
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitivmeasurement-and-data-preperationfor-bbabcommba-and-for-other-ug-and-pg-students
Unit-V
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitvreseach-report-for-bcom-bba-mba-and-other-ug-and-pg-courses
Scanned by CamScanner1-archival data might be acquired.docxkenjordan97598
Scanned by CamScanner
1-
archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following:
1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures ...etc
2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids ...etc
3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc
Some advantages of archival data are:
- are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn't require participants to do anything different.
- May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency.
-Allow for the creation of new variables and scales.
Some disadvantages of archival data are:
-Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data.
-Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time.
-Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time.
2-
observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations.
3-
There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase.
another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's actions.
a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees.
The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation.
4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents.
1-archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations tha.docxdorishigh
1-
archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following:
1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures ...etc
2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids ...etc
3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc
Some advantages of archival data are:
- are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn't require participants to do anything different.
- May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency.
-Allow for the creation of new variables and scales.
Some disadvantages of archival data are:
-Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data.
-Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time.
-Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time.
2-
observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations.
3-
There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase.
another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's actions.
a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees.
The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation.
4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents can provide their opini ...
Introduction to Usability Testing for Survey ResearchCaroline Jarrett
The basics of how to incorporate usability testing in the development process of a survey. Workshp first presented at the SAPOR conference, Raleigh, North Carolina USA, October 2011 by Emily Geisen of RTI and Caroline Jarrett of Effortmark.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
RM7.ppt
1. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 1
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
(Business Research Methods)
Week 7
2. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 2
Self-Administered Questionnaires
Self-Administered
Questionnaires
Printed Questionnaires Electronic Questionnaires
Mail
In-Person Drop-Off
Inserts
Fax
E-Mail
Internet Website
Interactive Kiosk
3. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 3
Self-Administered Questionnaires
• Self-administered questionnaires are those questionnaires that are filled in
by the respondent independently, i.e. without the direct interaction with an
interviewer
• There are many ways for distributing self-administered questionnaires, for
example, by mailing or faxing questionnaires to people, by posting them on
websites, by distributing them at certain locations and places (airline flights,
resteraunts, hotels etc.), by including them as inserts in magazines and so
forth
• Researchers who have to interpret self-administered questionnaires have to
be skillful at trying to understand what is being conveyed to them in written
or electronic - rather than verbal - form
4. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 4
Mail Surveys
• A mail survey is a self-administered questionnaire dispatched to
respondents through the mail
• Mail surveys have several advantages and disadvantages:
– geographic flexibility
– cost
– respondent convenience
– interviewers absence
– standardized questions
– time factor
– length of the questionnaire
5. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 5
Mail Surveys: Advantages (1)
• Geographic Flexibility – Mail questionnaires can be distributed
over a geographically wide area simultaneously and quickly,
including to respondents who may live in remote or not so cheaply
accessible areas, and respondents who may not be easy to reach
due to extensive comittments, such as executives. Mail
questionaires can also be easily and quickly distributed at meetings
or to employees in an organization, along with basic guidelines for
filling in the questionnaire
• Cost – Mail questionnaires are comparatively cheaper to conduct
than personal interviews and telephone surveys, but can still be
quite costly because of the costs of printing and mailing
questionnaires, and possible follow-up actions
6. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 6
Mail Surveys: Advantages (2)
• Responent Convenience – Questionnaires can be filled out at the
respondents convenience. The respondent has time to think about his or
her answer which may provide more accurate data and information to the
interviewer than would be possible in the case of personal interviews or
telephone surveys
• Interviewer Absence – Respondents may be willing to disclose sensitive
information in a mail survey which they may not be willing to do if being
interviewed personally
7. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 7
Mail Surveys: Disadvantages (1)
• Interviewer Absence – Respondents may attach a different subjective
meaning to questionnaires, which are outside the control or influence of the
interviewer who cannot be consulted or queried. Respondents may thus
misunderstand certain questions or aspects of the survey
• Standardized Questions – Misunderstanding of questions on the part of
the respondent can create problems since no interviewer is present to
answer queries or clarify misunderstandings or overcome comprehension
problems
• Time Factor – Mail surveys may be inappropriate if time is very limited and
information is needed quickly. Usually, it can take a few weeks before
completed mail questionnaires are received, follow-up action initiated and
the information analyzed
8. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 8
Mail Surveys: Disadvantages (2)
• Length of Mail Questionnaire – If the questionnaire is quite long (usually >
6 pages), respondents must give considerable effort and may not be willing
to invest the effort. Sometimes, this reluctance can be overcome by using
incentives
• Wrong Respondents – Questionnaires may not be answered by the target
respondents (e.g. senior executives), instead, the task of filling up the
questionnaire is delegated to subordinates
• Social Factors – The response rate is dependent on social and economic
factors such as the education level of the respondent and his or her
economic status. More educated and well-to-do respondents, and those
with more interest in the subject of the survey, tend to reply more to
questionnaires than respondents with lessor education and of lessor
economic means
9. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 9
Techniques to Increase Mail Survey
Response Rates
There are several techniques which can be used to increase response rates to
mail surveys. Examples:
Using a stamped return envelope
Designing and formatting attractive, easy-to-understand and interesting
questions
Inclusion of a cover letter or personalized letter
Preliminary notification a few days prior to launching the mail survey
Monetary incentives
Follow-up efforts
Survey sponsorship (nature of organization undertaking the survey)
Miscellaneous innovative techniques (e.g.: commemorative postage
stamps, colour of questionnaire, mechanics of conducting mail surveys)
10. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 10
Fax Surveys
Fax Survey – A survey in which questionnaires are distributed and/or
returned through fax machines
Advantages:
Reduction in printing and postage costs for the researcher and faster
distribution and return than through mail surveys
Disadvantages:
Not all respondents have fax machines and some respondents may not
want to return the fax if transmission cost is high due to geographical
distance. As with mail surveys, respondents with more extreme views, who
are interested in the subject of the survey, will be more likely to respond,
thus creating a bias effect
11. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 11
eMail Surveys
eMail Survey – A survey in which questionnaires are distributed and
returned via eMail. Surveys conducted with eMail are especially suited for
time-sensitive issues
Advantages:
Speed of distribution, lower distribution and processing costs, faster
turnaround time, more flexibility, and less handling of paper questionnaire
Disadvantages:
Not all respondents have eMail. There may be concerns on the part of the
respondents about confidentiality, the format of eMails can differ
considerably depending on the programmes used and the settings of the
respondents computer (spam management). Moreover, respondents have
different skill levels in handling eMails, especially complicated survey-
related ones
12. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 12
Internet Surveys
Internet Survey – An internet survey is a self-administered questionnaire
which is posted on a website. Some major advantages of using the Internet
for Conducting Surveys:
access to a large (possibly global) audience on 24-hour basis
Real-time data entry and analysis
More accurate data capture if properly programmed
obtaining confidential, anonymous answers quickly and cost-effectively
No costs for paper, postage, data entry and administrative costs
Large samples can be larger than with interviews and other types of
self-administered questionnaires
Questionnaires can include use of appealing multimedia aids including
photographs or drawings of prototypes
Callbacks are automated (if response incomplete or not given)
eMail can be used to invite respondents to visit the website, for e.g. to
participate in panels
Flexible and personalized questioning of respondents
13. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 13
Internet Surveys
Some major disadvantages of using the internet for conducting
surveys:
• Many people in the general population do not have access to the internet
• Different levels of technology may be prevalent (broadband or dial-up
connectivity) which may result in some users not being able to access
information as quick as others
• Hardware deficiencies and/or software incompatability
• Different computer skill levels
• Physical incentives (e.g. inclusion of money) is not possible, only the
promise of a future reward
• Research on internet surveys is small and so are ideas for improving
response rates
14. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 14
Other Survey Types
Other types of surveys include
Kiosk Surveys, i.e., surveys conducted with the help of computers are
installed in kiosks in different public locations, such as exhibitions and trade
shows, conferences and conventions, museums and so forth. A
disadvantage of using kiosk surveys is that usually computer-literate
persons and those having the time and interest in the survey subject will
respond
Mixed Surveys, i.e., a combination of personal and telephone interviews,
mail, eMail, fax and internet. Mixed surveys have both advantages (e.g.
better screening of respondents) and disadvantages (waning respondent
interest or non-availability)
15. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 15
Pretesting
Pretesting is a technique used to improve the quality of questionnaires with
a view to ensuring that respondents understand and do not omit questions
or do not misinterpret instructions given to them for filling out the
questionnaire
Pretesting involves sending questionnaires to a group of respondents for
the purpose of detecting flaws in the questionnaires design or instructions.
Pretesting can, alternatively, rely on asking other research professionals to
do this assignment or asking the manager or client who commissioned the
research (who should always read the questionnaire to ascertain whether it
suits his or her requirement)
Problems typically occur in wording questions, problems with lead
questions, and bias due to the question sequence
16. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 16
Ethical Issues in Survey Research
Ethical Considerations while undertaking survey
research include:
Avoidance by the researcher of deception and
misinformation and practices that may harm,
humiliate or mislead respondents
Observing respondents right to privacy and
confidentiality
Honesty in collecting data
Objectivity in analysing and interpreting data
17. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 17
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Typical Survey Methods
No survey form is perfect. It depends on the nature of
the research problem and objectives of the research, the
information required, the time-frame, budget and other
available resources for the research, and a host of other
issues
For a comparative tabulation of the respective
advantages and disadvantages of the various methods
for conducting surveys, see William G. Zikmund,
Business Research Methods, 7.ed., p. 228.
18. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 18
Scientific Observation
Scientific Observation is the systematic process of recording the
behavioural patterns of people, objects, and occurrences as they are
witnessed
In observation, there is no direct interaction with respondents – no
communication or questioning takes place while data is collected
A major advantage of observation (over surveys) is that the data collected is
done at the time the actual behaviour or situation takes place, and it is not
subject to distortions, inaccuracies and respondent biases and so forth.
A major limitation of observation is that many cognitive phenomona such as
attitudes, motivations, expectations, intentions and preferences cannot be
observed. Also, observation usually is of short-duration as observation over
longer periods is tedious and expensive
19. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 19
Observable Phenomena
There are 7 types of observable phenomona:
Human behaviour or action (e.g.: movement patterns of workers in a
factory or consumers in a shopping mall)
Verbal behaviour (e.g.: statements made by shoppers waiting in the
queue)
Expressive behaviour (e.g.: body language, facial expressions and tone of
voice)
Spatial relations (e.g.: proximity of the offices of corporate executives to
the office of the CEO)
Temporal patterns (e.g.: duration it takes an employee to perform a task)
Physical objects (e.g.: how much paper is recycled in an office)
Verbal or pictorial records (e.g.: how many graphics and sketches appear
in an appliance instruction manual)
20. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 20
Means of Observation
There are two ways for observing people,
objects, events and other phenomona:
– Human Observation – Human observers are used
when the behaviour or situation to be recorded is
complex and not easily predictable in advance of the
research
– Mechanical Observation - Mechanical Observation is
used when the behaviour or situation to be recorded
is routine, repetitive or programmatic
21. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 21
Visible and Hidden Observation
Visible Observation – This occurs when the observer‘s presence is
visible to the research subject
Visible Observation has the advantage that the research subject is
aware of his or her participation in the research and can choose to
terminate it if desired; the disadvantage lies in that the subject may
adapt his or her behaviour and that the data collected may
consequently not be accurate
Hidden Observation – This occurs when the observer‘s presence is
not visible to the research subject
Hidden Observation has the advantage that the subject‘s consent is
not required and that because the subject is unaware of being
observed, he or she will not adapt the behaviour accordingly; the
disadvantage lies in the violation of the subject‘s privacy
22. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 22
Direct Observation
Direct observation is an attempt by the researcher to observe and record
what naturally occurs without creating any artificial situation
Direct observation can yield many types of data more accurately than
through questioning (e.g. respondents being interviewed might not be able
to indicate how much time they spend performing individual tasks but direct
observation can determine this quite straightforwardly)
Direct observation is often the only feasible or economic option for collecting
data (e.g. collecting data on market prices for specific products or
determining where the majority of a supermarket‘s customers come from
based on their car registration numbers)
Direct observation also has shortcomings. „Observer Bias“, for instance,
may arise from the element of subjectivity brought into play by observers
and false attributions about the subject‘s educational background and
economic status, failure to record all the relevant data and misinterpretation
of the data (facial expressions are wrongly interpreted, spatial proximity has
another reason etc.)
23. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 23
Scientifically Contrived Observation
Scientifically contrived observation is about observing subject‘s in an
artificial environment created by the observer for the purpose of
collecting data. Examples:
– A researcher posing as a passenger on an airline may complain about
the quality of lunch to the air hostess in order to record her reaction
– A researcher posing as a shopper asks about a product in the local
supermarket in order to evaluate the performance of the sales person
Contrived observation has its advantages. One major disadvantage,
though, is that it is – or can be – seen as a means of entrapment
and putting subjects‘ in a difficult or embarrassing situation