This document discusses surveys as a research method. It describes what surveys are, their purposes, advantages and potential errors. Surveys involve collecting data through interviews or questionnaires from a sample of people. They have advantages like quickness and inexpensiveness but are subject to errors such as response bias, non-response errors, and random sampling errors. The document outlines different types of biases and errors that can occur when conducting surveys.
This document discusses different methods of self-administered questionnaires used in research. It describes printed questionnaires that are mailed, distributed in-person, or included as inserts. Electronic questionnaires can be distributed via email, websites, fax, or interactive kiosks. Mail surveys have advantages like geographic reach and cost but disadvantages like low response rates. Electronic questionnaires have faster distribution but not all respondents have access. The document provides details on improving response rates and pretesting questionnaires to ensure quality.
Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questi...Sundar B N
This ppt covers Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questionnaire which includes Questionnaire Definition
OBJECTIVES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire design process
Guidelines for Question Wording
Increasing the willingness of respondents
Overcoming unwillingness to answer
Layout of the Questionnaire
Chapter 9 (Business Research Methodology-Survey Research) .pptsshahriar2001
The document discusses survey research methods. It defines surveys as asking respondents questions to collect primary data. Surveys can gather information on customer attitudes, purchase behaviors, and desired product features to help with business decisions. However, surveys are subject to errors from poor design, implementation issues, and biases. Systematic errors can include undercoverage bias and response biases like acquiescence bias. Random errors involve sampling fluctuations. Well-designed surveys mitigate these issues to provide accurate, generalizable insights.
Research tool that becomes a means of collecting information for the study is called a research tool or a research instrument. For example, Inquiry form: questionnaires, opinionnaire, attitude scales, checklists, rating scales, scorecards and schedules.
This document discusses various methods of data collection that researchers use in studies, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and archival data. It provides details on the different types of observation (controlled, participant), interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured), and considerations for each method. The document also outlines questionnaires as a method and considerations like response rates. Overall, the document serves as an overview of common data collection methods, their uses, and factors to consider like reliability, validity, and biases.
This document discusses various data collection methods. It covers primary methods like focus groups and panels. Focus groups involve 8-10 members discussing a topic for 2 hours led by a moderator. Panels meet more than once. Secondary data sources include published materials, databases, and case studies. Common collection methods are interviews, questionnaires, and observation. Interviews can be unstructured or structured. Questionnaires can be administered in-person or via mail. Factors that impact data quality like question wording, question type, and potential biases are also reviewed.
The document discusses methods of collecting primary data for research. It describes personal interviews and telephone interviews as two common methods. For personal interviews, it notes their structured and unstructured forms, and outlines advantages like obtaining more in-depth information, as well as limitations such as higher costs. For telephone interviews, it provides a brief overview of their merits and demerits. The document also discusses questionnaires as a method, and important aspects to consider in designing questionnaires.
This document discusses different methods of self-administered questionnaires used in research. It describes printed questionnaires that are mailed, distributed in-person, or included as inserts. Electronic questionnaires can be distributed via email, websites, fax, or interactive kiosks. Mail surveys have advantages like geographic reach and cost but disadvantages like low response rates. Electronic questionnaires have faster distribution but not all respondents have access. The document provides details on improving response rates and pretesting questionnaires to ensure quality.
Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questi...Sundar B N
This ppt covers Questionnaire Design - Meaning, Types, Layout and Process of Designing Questionnaire which includes Questionnaire Definition
OBJECTIVES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire design process
Guidelines for Question Wording
Increasing the willingness of respondents
Overcoming unwillingness to answer
Layout of the Questionnaire
Chapter 9 (Business Research Methodology-Survey Research) .pptsshahriar2001
The document discusses survey research methods. It defines surveys as asking respondents questions to collect primary data. Surveys can gather information on customer attitudes, purchase behaviors, and desired product features to help with business decisions. However, surveys are subject to errors from poor design, implementation issues, and biases. Systematic errors can include undercoverage bias and response biases like acquiescence bias. Random errors involve sampling fluctuations. Well-designed surveys mitigate these issues to provide accurate, generalizable insights.
Research tool that becomes a means of collecting information for the study is called a research tool or a research instrument. For example, Inquiry form: questionnaires, opinionnaire, attitude scales, checklists, rating scales, scorecards and schedules.
This document discusses various methods of data collection that researchers use in studies, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and archival data. It provides details on the different types of observation (controlled, participant), interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured), and considerations for each method. The document also outlines questionnaires as a method and considerations like response rates. Overall, the document serves as an overview of common data collection methods, their uses, and factors to consider like reliability, validity, and biases.
This document discusses various data collection methods. It covers primary methods like focus groups and panels. Focus groups involve 8-10 members discussing a topic for 2 hours led by a moderator. Panels meet more than once. Secondary data sources include published materials, databases, and case studies. Common collection methods are interviews, questionnaires, and observation. Interviews can be unstructured or structured. Questionnaires can be administered in-person or via mail. Factors that impact data quality like question wording, question type, and potential biases are also reviewed.
The document discusses methods of collecting primary data for research. It describes personal interviews and telephone interviews as two common methods. For personal interviews, it notes their structured and unstructured forms, and outlines advantages like obtaining more in-depth information, as well as limitations such as higher costs. For telephone interviews, it provides a brief overview of their merits and demerits. The document also discusses questionnaires as a method, and important aspects to consider in designing questionnaires.
The document discusses key aspects of data collection and analysis for monitoring and evaluation projects. It covers topics such as qualities of good data, data collection methods including questionnaires, sampling methods, and data analysis techniques. Specifically, it emphasizes that collecting adequate, timely and relevant data is essential for evaluation and that questionnaires must be designed carefully to obtain accurate information and address all relevant variables. It also highlights the importance of representative sampling to make reliable estimates about target populations.
The document provides information on questionnaires and interviews as methods for collecting data in social research. It discusses the meaning, objectives, types, advantages, and disadvantages of questionnaires. It describes how to properly construct a questionnaire, including the number of questions, question structure, and covering letters. It also examines different types of interviews, including structured, unstructured, focused, and depth interviews. The key steps in conducting an interview are preparing, beginning the interview to build rapport, and properly concluding the interview.
survey method.ppt community medicine psmDr Ramniwas
The document discusses survey methods and how to conduct surveys, including determining objectives, selecting a methodology, constructing questionnaires or schedules, sampling techniques, data collection and analysis. Surveys are used to collect information on topics such as health conditions, program planning and evaluation, and making comparisons. The document outlines the various steps involved in conducting a survey from start to finish.
This is an exclusive presentation on data collection for researchers in National Institutes Labor of Administration & Training (NILAT), Ministry of production, government of Pakistan
This document discusses different types of errors that can occur in survey research. It defines sampling error as occurring when a sample is not truly representative of the population, and notes that sampling error decreases with more homogeneous populations and is eliminated with a census. Total error has two components: sampling error and non-sampling error. Non-sampling error includes errors from non-response, response errors, and researcher errors like incorrectly defining the target population or using a flawed sampling frame. Response errors occur when respondents provide inaccurate answers or their responses are misrecorded or misanalyzed. Researcher errors can also stem from using surrogate information instead of desired data or having measurement errors in question wording or response recording and analysis.
The document discusses the use of questionnaires as a method for collecting data. It defines questionnaires as a means for respondents to provide answers to printed questions. There are two main types of questionnaires - structured questionnaires which use standardized questions and formats, and unstructured questionnaires which allow for more flexibility. The document outlines best practices for constructing questionnaires, including using clear wording, logical question ordering, and avoiding overly personal questions. It notes that while questionnaires can efficiently obtain data from large groups, their main limitations include lower response rates compared to interviews.
Framing an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdfUjwalaBharambe
Highlights the critical role of research questions in guiding scholarly investigations and the importance of their effective formulation.
Discusses the definition, significance, and characteristics of clear, impactful, and feasible research questions in the research process.
Sampling is a technique used in research to select a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. Sampling error occurs when the characteristics estimated from the sample are different from the true population characteristics. There are also non-sampling errors including non-response error when selected units do not respond and response errors from factors like respondent errors in answering questions, interviewer bias, recording errors, and issues with questionnaire design. Methods to minimize sampling error include preparing an updated sampling frame, using appropriate probability sampling techniques, minimizing multi-stage sampling, using an appropriate sample size, and reducing attrition rates.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on how to conduct structured and unstructured observation, as well as disguised, undisguised, controlled, and uncontrolled observation. For interviews, it outlines personal and telephone interviews, and structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interview types. It also discusses how to construct questionnaires and the advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires and schedules. Secondary data collection and steps for data analysis like editing, coding, data entry, validation, and tabulation are also covered.
1-archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations tha.docxdorishigh
1-
archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following:
1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures ...etc
2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids ...etc
3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc
Some advantages of archival data are:
- are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn't require participants to do anything different.
- May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency.
-Allow for the creation of new variables and scales.
Some disadvantages of archival data are:
-Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data.
-Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time.
-Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time.
2-
observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations.
3-
There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase.
another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's actions.
a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees.
The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation.
4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents can provide their opini ...
The document discusses survey methodology, including defining populations and samples, types of sampling techniques, and best practices for survey design and administration. It emphasizes the importance of:
1) Carefully defining the population and choosing a representative sample to avoid biases.
2) Pre-testing survey questions on a small sample to ensure they are clear, unbiased, and capture the intended information before full administration.
3) Choosing an appropriate survey method based on the population, goals of the research, and practical constraints. Face-to-face may be best for difficult to reach groups while online can suffice for some business purposes.
The document discusses survey methodology, including defining populations and samples, types of sampling techniques, and best practices for survey design and implementation. It emphasizes the importance of:
1) Carefully defining the population and choosing a representative sample to avoid biases.
2) Pre-testing survey questions on a small sample to ensure they are clear, unbiased, and capture the intended information before full implementation.
3) Choosing an appropriate survey method based on the population, goals of the research, and priorities of the researchers. Face-to-face may be best for difficult to reach groups while online can suffice for some business surveys.
The document discusses surveys as a research method. It defines a survey and notes they are used in library and information science to understand user opinions and behaviors. There are two main types of surveys: cross-sectional and longitudinal. Cross-sectional surveys collect data at a single point in time, while longitudinal surveys collect data over a period of time. Surveys can be administered through questionnaires, interviews, or a combination. They have advantages like lower cost and ability to study large populations, but also disadvantages like inflexibility and potential for non-response or inaccurate recall. The document also discusses sampling, modes of administration like telephone, mail, online, and in-person, and uses of surveys in areas like education.
This document discusses various qualitative data collection methods used in descriptive research, including observations, interviews, questionnaires, surveys, and examining records. It provides details on how to conduct interviews and design questionnaires, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques. Specifically, it outlines steps for structured interviews, factors to consider in choosing data collection methods, and how to write questions to avoid biases and ensure understandability.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes primary data collection methods such as observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on structured vs unstructured observation, participant vs non-participant observation, and types of interviews. It also discusses constructing questionnaires and using secondary data sources.
Scanned by CamScanner1-archival data might be acquired.docxkenjordan97598
Scanned by CamScanner
1-
archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following:
1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures ...etc
2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids ...etc
3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc
Some advantages of archival data are:
- are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn't require participants to do anything different.
- May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency.
-Allow for the creation of new variables and scales.
Some disadvantages of archival data are:
-Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data.
-Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time.
-Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time.
2-
observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations.
3-
There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase.
another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's actions.
a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees.
The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation.
4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents.
This document defines key terms related to survey research including surveys, primary data, samples, populations, random sampling, respondents, and questionnaires. It discusses potential errors in surveys such as random sampling error and systematic errors including nonresponse bias, response bias, data processing errors, and interviewer errors. It also classifies survey methods based on questionnaire structure, question directness, and time basis, such as cross-sectional, longitudinal, and panel studies.
This document discusses best practices for designing questionnaires for research. It emphasizes that questionnaires must be carefully designed and pretested to ensure high-quality, unbiased data collection. Specifically, it provides guidance on phrasing clear and concise questions, sequencing questions logically, and formatting questionnaires for optimal layout and respondent experience. Pretesting questionnaires on a small sample is also strongly recommended to identify and address any issues before full deployment.
This document provides information on conducting survey research. It discusses what a survey is, how to prepare and design different types of surveys, and ethical considerations. The main types of surveys covered are questionnaires, structured interviews, observation, and structured observation. For questionnaires, it provides guidance on writing good questions, response formats like rating scales, and designing the questionnaire layout. Overall, the document offers a comprehensive overview of survey methodology and best practices for developing and implementing different types of surveys.
This document discusses various capital budgeting techniques for analyzing investment projects under uncertainty, including sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, break even analysis, and real options analysis. It provides examples of how to apply these techniques to evaluate projects. Sensitivity analysis involves changing assumptions like sales, costs, and investments to see their impact on NPV. Scenario analysis evaluates projects under different combinations of assumptions. Break even analysis finds the sales level where costs and revenues break even. Real options analysis uses decision trees to value the flexibility inherent in investment opportunities.
This document summarizes key concepts related to the time value of money, including future values, present values, perpetuities, annuities, inflation, and effective interest rates. It provides examples and formulas for calculating future values, present values, perpetuities, annuities, real interest rates, and effective annual interest rates. The document is from Chapter 4 of a corporate finance textbook and covers topics such as compound interest, discount rates, discount factors, and applications related to the time value of money.
The document discusses key aspects of data collection and analysis for monitoring and evaluation projects. It covers topics such as qualities of good data, data collection methods including questionnaires, sampling methods, and data analysis techniques. Specifically, it emphasizes that collecting adequate, timely and relevant data is essential for evaluation and that questionnaires must be designed carefully to obtain accurate information and address all relevant variables. It also highlights the importance of representative sampling to make reliable estimates about target populations.
The document provides information on questionnaires and interviews as methods for collecting data in social research. It discusses the meaning, objectives, types, advantages, and disadvantages of questionnaires. It describes how to properly construct a questionnaire, including the number of questions, question structure, and covering letters. It also examines different types of interviews, including structured, unstructured, focused, and depth interviews. The key steps in conducting an interview are preparing, beginning the interview to build rapport, and properly concluding the interview.
survey method.ppt community medicine psmDr Ramniwas
The document discusses survey methods and how to conduct surveys, including determining objectives, selecting a methodology, constructing questionnaires or schedules, sampling techniques, data collection and analysis. Surveys are used to collect information on topics such as health conditions, program planning and evaluation, and making comparisons. The document outlines the various steps involved in conducting a survey from start to finish.
This is an exclusive presentation on data collection for researchers in National Institutes Labor of Administration & Training (NILAT), Ministry of production, government of Pakistan
This document discusses different types of errors that can occur in survey research. It defines sampling error as occurring when a sample is not truly representative of the population, and notes that sampling error decreases with more homogeneous populations and is eliminated with a census. Total error has two components: sampling error and non-sampling error. Non-sampling error includes errors from non-response, response errors, and researcher errors like incorrectly defining the target population or using a flawed sampling frame. Response errors occur when respondents provide inaccurate answers or their responses are misrecorded or misanalyzed. Researcher errors can also stem from using surrogate information instead of desired data or having measurement errors in question wording or response recording and analysis.
The document discusses the use of questionnaires as a method for collecting data. It defines questionnaires as a means for respondents to provide answers to printed questions. There are two main types of questionnaires - structured questionnaires which use standardized questions and formats, and unstructured questionnaires which allow for more flexibility. The document outlines best practices for constructing questionnaires, including using clear wording, logical question ordering, and avoiding overly personal questions. It notes that while questionnaires can efficiently obtain data from large groups, their main limitations include lower response rates compared to interviews.
Framing an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdfUjwalaBharambe
Highlights the critical role of research questions in guiding scholarly investigations and the importance of their effective formulation.
Discusses the definition, significance, and characteristics of clear, impactful, and feasible research questions in the research process.
Sampling is a technique used in research to select a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. Sampling error occurs when the characteristics estimated from the sample are different from the true population characteristics. There are also non-sampling errors including non-response error when selected units do not respond and response errors from factors like respondent errors in answering questions, interviewer bias, recording errors, and issues with questionnaire design. Methods to minimize sampling error include preparing an updated sampling frame, using appropriate probability sampling techniques, minimizing multi-stage sampling, using an appropriate sample size, and reducing attrition rates.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on how to conduct structured and unstructured observation, as well as disguised, undisguised, controlled, and uncontrolled observation. For interviews, it outlines personal and telephone interviews, and structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interview types. It also discusses how to construct questionnaires and the advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires and schedules. Secondary data collection and steps for data analysis like editing, coding, data entry, validation, and tabulation are also covered.
1-archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations tha.docxdorishigh
1-
archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following:
1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures ...etc
2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids ...etc
3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc
Some advantages of archival data are:
- are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn't require participants to do anything different.
- May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency.
-Allow for the creation of new variables and scales.
Some disadvantages of archival data are:
-Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data.
-Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time.
-Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time.
2-
observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations.
3-
There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase.
another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's actions.
a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees.
The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation.
4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents can provide their opini ...
The document discusses survey methodology, including defining populations and samples, types of sampling techniques, and best practices for survey design and administration. It emphasizes the importance of:
1) Carefully defining the population and choosing a representative sample to avoid biases.
2) Pre-testing survey questions on a small sample to ensure they are clear, unbiased, and capture the intended information before full administration.
3) Choosing an appropriate survey method based on the population, goals of the research, and practical constraints. Face-to-face may be best for difficult to reach groups while online can suffice for some business purposes.
The document discusses survey methodology, including defining populations and samples, types of sampling techniques, and best practices for survey design and implementation. It emphasizes the importance of:
1) Carefully defining the population and choosing a representative sample to avoid biases.
2) Pre-testing survey questions on a small sample to ensure they are clear, unbiased, and capture the intended information before full implementation.
3) Choosing an appropriate survey method based on the population, goals of the research, and priorities of the researchers. Face-to-face may be best for difficult to reach groups while online can suffice for some business surveys.
The document discusses surveys as a research method. It defines a survey and notes they are used in library and information science to understand user opinions and behaviors. There are two main types of surveys: cross-sectional and longitudinal. Cross-sectional surveys collect data at a single point in time, while longitudinal surveys collect data over a period of time. Surveys can be administered through questionnaires, interviews, or a combination. They have advantages like lower cost and ability to study large populations, but also disadvantages like inflexibility and potential for non-response or inaccurate recall. The document also discusses sampling, modes of administration like telephone, mail, online, and in-person, and uses of surveys in areas like education.
This document discusses various qualitative data collection methods used in descriptive research, including observations, interviews, questionnaires, surveys, and examining records. It provides details on how to conduct interviews and design questionnaires, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques. Specifically, it outlines steps for structured interviews, factors to consider in choosing data collection methods, and how to write questions to avoid biases and ensure understandability.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes primary data collection methods such as observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on structured vs unstructured observation, participant vs non-participant observation, and types of interviews. It also discusses constructing questionnaires and using secondary data sources.
Scanned by CamScanner1-archival data might be acquired.docxkenjordan97598
Scanned by CamScanner
1-
archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following:
1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures ...etc
2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids ...etc
3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc
Some advantages of archival data are:
- are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn't require participants to do anything different.
- May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency.
-Allow for the creation of new variables and scales.
Some disadvantages of archival data are:
-Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data.
-Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time.
-Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time.
2-
observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations.
3-
There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase.
another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's actions.
a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees.
The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation.
4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents.
This document defines key terms related to survey research including surveys, primary data, samples, populations, random sampling, respondents, and questionnaires. It discusses potential errors in surveys such as random sampling error and systematic errors including nonresponse bias, response bias, data processing errors, and interviewer errors. It also classifies survey methods based on questionnaire structure, question directness, and time basis, such as cross-sectional, longitudinal, and panel studies.
This document discusses best practices for designing questionnaires for research. It emphasizes that questionnaires must be carefully designed and pretested to ensure high-quality, unbiased data collection. Specifically, it provides guidance on phrasing clear and concise questions, sequencing questions logically, and formatting questionnaires for optimal layout and respondent experience. Pretesting questionnaires on a small sample is also strongly recommended to identify and address any issues before full deployment.
This document provides information on conducting survey research. It discusses what a survey is, how to prepare and design different types of surveys, and ethical considerations. The main types of surveys covered are questionnaires, structured interviews, observation, and structured observation. For questionnaires, it provides guidance on writing good questions, response formats like rating scales, and designing the questionnaire layout. Overall, the document offers a comprehensive overview of survey methodology and best practices for developing and implementing different types of surveys.
This document discusses various capital budgeting techniques for analyzing investment projects under uncertainty, including sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, break even analysis, and real options analysis. It provides examples of how to apply these techniques to evaluate projects. Sensitivity analysis involves changing assumptions like sales, costs, and investments to see their impact on NPV. Scenario analysis evaluates projects under different combinations of assumptions. Break even analysis finds the sales level where costs and revenues break even. Real options analysis uses decision trees to value the flexibility inherent in investment opportunities.
This document summarizes key concepts related to the time value of money, including future values, present values, perpetuities, annuities, inflation, and effective interest rates. It provides examples and formulas for calculating future values, present values, perpetuities, annuities, real interest rates, and effective annual interest rates. The document is from Chapter 4 of a corporate finance textbook and covers topics such as compound interest, discount rates, discount factors, and applications related to the time value of money.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 7 of a corporate finance textbook, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), mutually exclusive projects, and investment timing. It provides examples and formulas for calculating NPV and IRR. The key investment decision rules are to accept projects with a positive NPV and projects with an IRR higher than the opportunity cost of capital. When choosing between mutually exclusive projects, select the project with the highest positive NPV. For investment timing, defer investments if doing so lowers costs in present value terms.
The document discusses the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and how it is used to value companies. It provides examples of calculating WACC based on a company's capital structure and required rates of return on debt and equity. WACC is the weighted average of the cost of the company's various sources of financing and provides the minimum return needed to attract investors. The document outlines the steps for determining a company's WACC, including calculating market values for debt and equity and determining required rates of return for each.
The document is a chapter from a corporate finance textbook that discusses various methods for valuing stocks, including the dividend discount model and constant growth dividend discount model. It also covers the efficient market hypothesis and random walk theory, which suggest that stock price movements cannot be predicted from past trends and reflect all available information.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 3 of a corporate finance textbook, including the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, accounting practices, and taxes. The balance sheet shows assets and liabilities, the income statement shows revenues and expenses over time, and the statement of cash flows shows cash inflows and outflows. Accounting allows some flexibility, while taxes significantly impact financial decisions. The chapter covers core financial statements and how accounting and taxes factor into corporate finance.
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 11 of a corporate finance textbook, including measuring market risk using beta, the relationship between risk and return as defined by the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), and applying the CAPM to determine the appropriate cost of capital for capital budgeting decisions based on a project's individual risk level. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating beta and determining the cost of capital for projects with different risk profiles.
This document discusses using discounted cash flow analysis to make investment decisions. It covers topics such as identifying and calculating cash flows, using cash flows rather than accounting profits, using incremental cash flows, treating inflation, and separating investment and financing decisions. An example project for Blooper Industries is presented, showing the capital investment, revenues, expenses, taxes, depreciation, cash flows from operations, and net cash flows over several years to calculate the net present value.
This document summarizes chapter 2 of a corporate finance textbook. It discusses why corporations need financial markets and institutions to access capital from investors. It covers the topics of the flow of savings to corporations, the functions of financial markets and intermediaries, and value maximization and cost of capital. Financial markets allow corporations to raise funds from investors through primary and secondary markets, as well as money markets. Financial intermediaries such as banks and insurance companies pool funds from many investors and allocate them to corporations.
This document appears to be from a chapter on corporate finance and governance. It discusses various topics related to corporate financing including common stock, preferred stock, corporate debt, convertible securities, and patterns of corporate financing. The chapter defines key terms related to these topics such as treasury stock, book value, market value, bond ratings, and convertible bonds. It also provides examples and discusses how firms can raise funds from external sources like debt and equity or retain profits.
The document is a chapter from a corporate finance textbook that discusses risk, return, and the opportunity cost of capital. It covers topics such as rates of return, measuring risk through variance and standard deviation, diversification and its effects on risk, and historical data on market volatility and country risk premiums. The chapter aims to define key terms and concepts regarding risk and return and provide students with tools to analyze and think about risk in financial markets.
This document provides an overview of bond valuation concepts including bond characteristics, interest rates and prices, yields, and default risk. It discusses how to calculate bond prices using present value techniques and how prices are affected by changes in interest rates, maturity, and credit quality. Examples are provided to illustrate bond pricing and yield calculations. Risks associated with changes in interest rates over the bond's life are also examined.
The document is a chapter from a corporate finance textbook. It introduces topics that will be covered in the chapter such as the corporation, the financial manager, and investment and financing decisions. It describes the roles and responsibilities of financial managers, which include making capital budgeting and financing decisions. It also discusses what a corporation is, different types of business organizations, and various careers in finance.
This document provides an overview of short-term financial planning. It discusses links between long-term and short-term financing, working capital, cash budgeting, short-term financing plans and sources. Specific topics covered include calculating a firm's cash conversion cycle, forecasting changes in cash and working capital, preparing a cash budget, and the costs of bank loans and sources of short-term financing. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.
The document discusses various topics relating to corporate finance outside of initial public offerings. It covers venture capital, where money is invested in new firms with restrictions on management and funds dispersed in stages contingent on success. It also discusses seasoned equity offerings by public companies, shelf registrations, and private placements. Rights issues are defined as offerings only to current stockholders to raise additional funds. An example calculates the value of rights in a 1 for 3 rights offer.
This document summarizes key topics related to mergers and acquisitions from Chapter 21 of the textbook "Fundamentals of Corporate Finance". It discusses sensible and dubious reasons for mergers, how to evaluate mergers, merger tactics such as white knights and poison pills, and leveraged buyouts. The main topics covered are the market for corporate control, motives and evaluation of mergers, merger tactics, and leveraged buyouts.
This document discusses payout policy and how companies pay cash to shareholders through dividends and stock repurchases. It covers topics such as dividend payments, stock dividends, stock repurchases, and how companies decide on their payout policy. The document also discusses whether payout policy matters according to different theories, and how dividends may increase or decrease firm value through factors like market imperfections, signaling effects, and tax consequences. Slides include examples and balance sheet information to illustrate key concepts.
This chapter discusses various risk management tools used by companies, including options, futures contracts, forward contracts, and swaps. It provides examples of how companies can use these derivatives to hedge or reduce risks from fluctuations in commodity prices, interest rates, and currencies. New types of derivatives continue to be created as the market seeks ways to hedge increasingly specialized risks.
This document discusses long-term financial planning. It provides examples of financial planning models for two companies, Executive Cheese and Executive Fruit. For Executive Fruit, the document shows projected income statements and balance sheets for 2006 that estimate a 10% increase in revenue and assets. It also calculates that Executive Fruit will require $64,000 in external financing to support its planned growth. Finally, it notes some limitations of financial planning models and defines sustainable growth rate.
This document provides an overview of key topics in working capital management, including accounts receivable and credit policies, inventory management, and cash management. It discusses establishing credit terms, performing credit analyses using tools like credit scoring and Z-scores, developing collection policies, and techniques for reducing inventory levels and managing cash flow through tools like lockbox systems and concentration banking. The goal is to efficiently manage working capital by minimizing cash tied up in receivables and inventory while maximizing returns from short-term investment of idle cash.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
RM6.ppt
1. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 1
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
(Business Research Methods)
Week 6
2. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 2
Surveys
• A Survey is a research technique in which data is collected from a
sample of people using an interview or questionnaire
• Surveys are a crucial tool of business research methods
• Surveys are undertaken using verbal or written means to obtain
primary data for the research project
• Surveys target individuals and/or organizations (respondents)
• Surveys are often quantitative, occasionally also qualitative in their
orientation
• Surveys are usually done for descriptive purposes and for
ascertaining the characteristics of a group, to measure attitudes and
determine behavioural patterns, and sometimes to explore ideas or
provide causal explanations
3. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 3
Advantages of Undertaking Surveys
• Surveys have a number of advantages in terms of collecting,
analyzing and assessing information from the sampled population:
– Quickness
– Inexpensiveness
– Flexibility
– Efficiency
– Accuracy
– Helpful in the decision-making process
The advantages are only evident when surveys are properly
conducted!
4. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 4
Potential Errors in Undertaking Surveys
Total Error
Systematic Error
(Bias)
Acquiescence Bias
Extremity Bias
Interviewer Bias
Auspices Bias
Social Desirability bias
Respondent Error
Non-Response Error
Response Bias
Deliberate
Falsification
Unconscious
Misrepresentation
Random
Sampling
Error
5. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 5
Random Sampling Error
and Systematic Error
Random sampling errors arise when the group selected out of a
population for the purpose of undertaking a survey is not totally
representative of the population, i.e. a variation exists. Technically, a
random sampling error is the difference between the results of a
sample and the result of a census conducted using identical
procedures. As the sample size is increased, the variation will
decrease
Systematic error results from some imperfect aspect of the research
design which causes response error, or from a mistake in the
execution of the research
6. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 6
Respondent Error
Surveys depend on individuals responding to the questions asked of
them in written or verbal form. Respondents must thereby fulfill two
preconditions:
– Be cooperative
– Be truthful
If these two preconditions are not fulfilled, the survey is unlikely to
achieve its goal. Two major problems resulting from the non-
fulfillment of these two preconditions by respondents are:
– Non-response Error
– Response Bias
7. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 7
Non-Response Error and Causes of
Non-Responding
Non-Response error is defined as the statistical difference between
the results of a survey that includes those individuals who
responded, and a perfect survey in which all individuals would have
responded
A consequent problem stemming from non-response error is that the
survey-based research results may be unutilizable for decision-
makers if those individuals who did respond to the survey are not
representative of those who did not respond
There are many reasons for not responding to surveys, for example,
lack of time and preoccupation with routine work, absence from
home, lack of interest in the survey, cultural factors (e.g. Middle
East)
8. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 8
Response Bias
A response bias occurs when survey respondents tend to answer
the questions posed to them in a certain direction, thereby
consciously or unconsciously, or intentionally and inadvertently,
misrepresenting the truth
Response bias has been found to depend on factors such as the
income or social class of respondents and their ethnic background.
Example: Mayoral and gubernatorial elections in the USA (white
respondents and their supposed choice of candidates)
9. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 9
Deliberate Falsification by Survey
Respondents
Deliberate falsification occurs when survey respondents deliberately
give false answers. There are many reasons for this, for example,
when respondents want to appear more intelligent, to avoid
embarrassment, and to conceal personal information
Examples: Survey about shopping habits (respondent has forgotten
expenses paid and does not want to admit this; employees are
asked to give their opinion about their employers and give false
answers because they fear adverse consequences; respondents
wants to please the interviewer and give answers they think will
bring this about; survey respondents want to appear ‘average’ so
that they don’t stand out too much)
10. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 10
Unconscious misrepresentation by
Survey Respondents
Unconscious misrepresentation occurs because of the specific
situation or stimulus a survey respondent finds himself or herself in,
or because of the nature of the questions asked, even though the
respondent is trying to be truthful and cooperative
Examples: Respondent has forgotten dates and details and gives a
“best guess” estimate, which may not be accurate; respondent
doesn’t have enough time to think about the answer to a question;
feelings often cannot be expressed accurately in words)
International surveys are particularly susceptible to unconscious
misrepresentation by survey respondents due to cultural and
communicational differences
11. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 11
Types of Response Bias (1)
Acquiescence Bias –Tendency of survey respondents to agree
with the questions asked of them, especially in regard to surveys
relating to new or unfamiliar programs, products or ideas.
Acquiescence bias can, on the other extreme, result in a respondent
disagreeing with all questions asked of them
Extremity Bias – Tendency of survey respondents to use extremes
when responding to questions, unlike other respondents who may
adopt a neutral stance
Interviewer Bias – Tendency of survey respondents to give untrue
answers because of the presence or influence of interviewers on
them and their interest in appearing intelligent, more affluent or just
willing to please
12. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 12
Types of Response Bias (2)
Auspices Bias – Tendency of survey respondents to give answers
to questions based on their perception of the organization which is
undertaking the survey. For example, employees of CIIT may give
quite different responses to an in-house CIIT survey than they
would, were they asked by a neutral or unrelated organization
Social Desirability Bias – Tendency of survey respondents to give
answers that put them in a favourable light with the interviewer. For
example, people may claim to be more socially active than they
really are because being socially active is considered a positive
activity, or inflate their education and income levels to save face and
gain prestige
13. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 13
Potential Errors in Undertaking Surveys
Total Error
Systematic Error
(Bias)
Random Sampling
Errror
Data Processing Error
Sample Selection Error
Interviewer Error
Interviewer Cheating
Administrative Error
14. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 14
Administrative Errors (1)
Administrative Errors are the consequence of the improper
administration or execution of the research task
Administrative errors can reduce the value of the research and
hence, its usefulness as a tool for decision makers
There are many causes of administrative errors, including, for
example, carelessness, confusion, neglect or omission
Four major types of administrative errors are data-processing errors,
sample selection errors, interviewer errors and interviewer cheating
15. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 15
Administrative Errors (2)
Data-processing Errors occurs when data are inaccurately entered
by people into the computer. Such errors can be reduced or
minimized by creating and applying careful processes and
procedures for verifying each stage of data computerization
Sample Selection Errors occur due to an improper – or non-
representative - sampling of individuals for the survey
Interviewer Errors occurs when interviewers misrecord or fail to
record responses due to inability, lack of experience, personal
biases and preferences or some other reason
Interviewer Cheating occurs when an interviewer falsifies
questionnaires or fills in the answers himself or herself to selected
questions or skips questions to avoid asking sensitive questions
16. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 16
Techniques for Estimating Systematic Error
Estimating systematic error can be quite a difficult undertaking. In
practice, many business researchers use the rules-of-thumb
method, meaning that they use past experience to try to quantify
how much survey results differ from actual results
Example: Approximately 40% of survey respondents who claim they
will definitely purchase Products X,Y and Z within the next 7 days
will actually go out to the market and carry out this purchase, while
only 10% who stated that they may purchase Products X, Y and Z
will actually do as they have said
To reduce the likelihood and extent of systematic errors, much care
has to be given to designing a proper questionnaire, adequate
training of interviewers and selecting the appropriate samples
17. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 17
Types of Survey Research Methods (1)
Surveys can be classified according to the mode of communication
with the respondent (personal interviews, telephone interviews, mail
surveys, internet surveys etc.)
Surveys can be classified according to the type of questions asked
of respondents (structured questions, disguised questions).
Structured questions impose a limit on the number of permissible
responses, while disguised questions try to hide the purpose of the
study from the respondents and get information that respondents
may otherwise be reluctant to give. Surveys often incorporate both
structured and disguised questions
18. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 18
Types of Survey Research Methods (2)
• Surveys can be classified according to their time frame (cross-
sectional studies, i.e., where data is collected from respondents at
a single point in time, and longitudinal studies, i.e., where data is
collected from a group of respondents over a time interval, with a
view to examining the level of continuity or change over time
• If data is collected from the same sample of individuals, the
longitudinal study is called a panel study. A method for
documenting data in panel studies is to use diaries for tracking
19. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 19
Personal Interviews
A personal interview is a form of direct communication in which an
interviewer asks respondents in a face-to-face conversational
situation
Personal interviews can take place in various locations, often at the
respondents place of residence or in their workplaces (door-to-door
interviews), in shopping malls and in supermarkets (mall intercept
interviews) and in other high-traffic areas (this has the advantage of
lower cost but, on the downside, it has a higher refusal rate due to
the respondents time limitation and there may be sampling issues to
consider)
Personal interviews have a number of advantages and
disadvantages for business researchers
20. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 20
Advantages of Personal Interviews (1)
Opportunity for Feedback – Interviewer can provide direct
feedback to the respondent, give clarifications and help alleviate any
misconceptions or apprehensions over confidentiality that the
respondent may have in answering the interviewer’s questions
Probing Complex Answers – Interviewers can probe if the
respondent’s answer is too brief or unclear. This gives interviewers
some flexibility in dealing with unstructured questions and is
especially suited for handling complex questions
Length of Interview – If the questionnaire is very lengthy, the
personal interview is the best technique for getting respondents to
cooperate, without overtaxing their patience
21. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 21
Advantages of Personal Interviews (2)
Complete Questionnaires – Personal ensures ensure that the
respondent will answer all questions asked, unlike in telephone
interview where the respondent may hang up or in mail
questionnaire where some questions may go unanswered
Props & Visual Aids – Interviewers have the opportunity of
showing respondents items such as sample products, graphs ands
sketches, which can aid in their answers
High Participation – Interviewing respondents personally can
increase the likelihood of their participation, as many people prefer
to communicate directly verbally and sharing information and
insights with interviewers
22. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 22
Disadvantages of Personal Interviews (1)
Cost – Personal interviews are usually more expensive than mail,
telephone and internet surveys. Factors influencing the cost of the
interview include the respondents’ geographic proximity, the length
and complexity of the questionnaire, and the number of non-
respondents
Lack of Anonymity – Respondents are not anonymous in a
personal (face-to-face) interview and may be reluctant to disclose
certain information to the interviewer. Hence, considerable must be
expended by the interviewer when dealing with sensitive questions
to avoid bias effects on the respondent’s part
Necessity for Callbacks – When a person selected for interview
cannot be reached the first time, a callback has to be scheduled
which result in extra cost and time spent
23. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 23
Disadvantages of Personal Interviews (2)
Variance Effects – It has been shown that the demographic
characteristics of the interviewer can influence the answers of the
respondents. In one study, male interviewers had a much larger
variance of answers than female interviewers in a sample of most
female individuals
Dishonesty – Interviewers cheat to make their life easier and save
time and effort
Personal Style – The interviewers individual questioning style,
techniques, approach and demeanor may influence the
respondents’ answers
Global Considerations – Cultural aspects may influence peoples’
willingness to participate in an interview (e.g. repressive Middle
Eastern cultures discourage females from being questioned by male
interviewers)
24. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 24
Telephone Interviews
In telephone interviews, respondents are contacted by
telephone in order to collect data for surveys
Telephone interviewing has been used for decades and,
in some ways, has advantages over other methods of
undertaking surveys
With improvements in the IT-field, computers can be
used to assist in telephone interviewing, and answers
given by respondents can be entered by interviewers
directly into the computer, saving effort, time and cost
25. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 25
Advantages of Telephone Interviews (1)
Speed – Speed is a major advantage of telephone interviewing,
enabling data to be collected on very short notice (example: a union
decides whether to organize a strike by telephone-interviewing
members over a one-day period)
Cost – Telephone interviews are comparatively cheaper to conduct
than personal interviews. No travel time and travel cost is involved.
No Face-to-Face Contact – Because telephone interviews lack the
direct element of interaction, respondents may be more willing to
provide certain information that they would be reluctant to disclose in
a personal (face-to-face) interview
26. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 26
Advantages of Telephone Interviews (2)
Cooperation – People may be reluctant to allow interviewers into
their homes, but they may be willing to cooperate by letting
themselves be interviewed over the telephone
Callbacks – Telephone callbacks are easier to perform than
personal interview callbacks
27. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 27
Disadvantages of Telephone Interviews (1)
No Face-to-Face Contact – Interviewer may not be able to record
the respondent’s data fast enough and the respondent, who cannot
see this, may continue to add data. Also, due to the visual
communication gap, there is a greater tendency for interviewers to
record no-answers and incomplete answers than in a personal
interview
Cooperation – Research shows that response rates in telephone
interviews are declining with the passage of time and the availability
of respondents has also declined for various reasons. Also, reaching
executives in workplaces can be very difficult due to tight schedules
and the work load
28. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 28
Disadvantages of Telephone Interviews (2)
Lack of Visual Mediums – Visual aids cannot be used by
interviewers in telephone interviews, hence, surveys which need
visual aids to help respondents cannot be undertaken with this
survey method
Limited Duration – Length of interview time in a telephone
interview is limited. Too long interview times may result in
exasperated respondents hanging up the telephone or refusing to
answer questions
Representative Samples – Using the telephone directory as the
basis for sampling can be problematic in the sense that many
persons are unlisted or do not have telephones, but whose opinions
are nevertheless important
Global Considerations – In many countries, people are reluctant to
divulge information over the telephone
29. 29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 29
Self-Administered Questionnaires
Self-Administered
Questionnaires
Printed Questionnaires Electronic Questionnaires
Mail
In-Person Drop-Off
Inserts
Fax
E-Mail
Internet Website
Interactive Kiosk