Scanned by CamScanner 1- archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following: 1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures ...etc 2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids ...etc 3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc Some advantages of archival data are: - are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn't require participants to do anything different. - May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency. -Allow for the creation of new variables and scales. Some disadvantages of archival data are: -Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data. -Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time. -Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time. 2- observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations. 3- There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase. another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's actions. a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees. The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation. 4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents.