1- archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following:  1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures ...etc  2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids ...etc 3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc Some advantages of archival data are:  - are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn't require participants to do anything different. - May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency. -Allow for the creation of new variables and scales. Some disadvantages of archival data are: -Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data. -Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time. -Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time.  2- observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations. 3- There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase. another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's actions. a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees.  The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation. 4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents can provide their opini ...

1. 1-
archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that
are the following:
1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales
records; employee figures ...etc
2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans;
and job aids ...etc
3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data;
vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce ...etc
Some advantages of archival data are:
- are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and
using databases doesn't require participants to do anything
different.
- May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and
databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus
on quantity or frequency.
-Allow for the creation of new variables and scales.
Some disadvantages of archival data are:
-Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful
data.
-Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data
collection methods may have changed over time.
-Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the
task can be tedious and costly in term of time.
2-
observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation
questions concerning an employee's or group's behavior or
actions before, during,or after a training program or other
organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is
particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among
people, and the context of certain events and environments. In

2. addition, observation data can provide important information
for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of
evaluations.
3-
There are several choices to be made when considering how to
collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative
observations, and where qualitative data are required, the
evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form
of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative
observations is to describe. while the interpretations of
observations are left to the data analysis phase.
another choice to use for the observation methods is the video
recording of someone's performance to collect that kind of data.
the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual's
actions.
a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the
use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take
photographs of the organization's environment, the employee's
workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions
among employees.
The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of
checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of
questions or items that will guide the observation.
4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled
to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for
example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses
of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important
to provide these descriptions so that the respondents can
provide their opinion or feeling about something, depending on
the question, some people are neutral about certain matters and
therefore cannot express their opinion about something this is
why the midpoint can be used for 1-5 scales.

3. 5-
some of the steps that evaluators need to follow when
constructing a survey are the following:
1- use a variety of sources for possible items, such as available
reports, correspondence, and previous surveys.
2- Use potential respondents language rather that one's own
3- Try to avoid using "and/or" in an item. if you use one of
these words, you may be asking two questions at the same time.
4- try to include three or four items to measure the same
variable
5- Include instructions when needed to make it easier for the
respondents to understand the question
6- conduct a pilot test with a group similar to the potential
participants.
6-
advantages of conducting focus group interviews:
1- focus group interviews provide more in depth information
that other methods.
2- focus group interviews allow the interviewer to make a
personal connection with the interviewee which might enhance
the quality and quantity of the data provided.
3- focus group interviews can can uncover unexpected
information
4- the interviewer knows who the interviewees are and this can
ensure greater participation
disadvantages of conducting focus group interviews:
1- focus group interviews can be relatively expensive methods
of data collection compared with a mail survey
2- qualitative data collected from interview will take longer to
transcribe and analyze than survey, checklist or test data
3- can be hard to schedule. even when a schedule has been set,
the interviewee may not be available and the interview time may
need to be rescheduled
4- some groups within an organization such us executives may

4. refuse to participate in a focus group interview.
· Question 7
Selected Answer:
there are three types of approaches to be used when crafting
interview questions:
1- Unstructured approach: you develop one or two questions to
guide the interview, but the interview resembles more of a
conversation that meanders through search and topics of interest
to the interviewee. it can appropriate when all interview
questions are not known and preliminary conversations will help
identify the most critical or pertinent issues.
2-semistructured approach: where the interviewer develops a set
of questions to guide the interview process in a consistent
manner with all interviewees.
3-structured approach: this method is often used for telephone
interviews, where the interviewer asks each question in the
exact order listen on the interview guide of all interviewees.
· Question 8
Selected Answer:
there are several guidelines one need to take in order to select
interviewers for focus groups or individual interviews. The
interviewer should be able to identify any language or cultural
barriers in advance and prepare alternative approaches to
reducing those barriers. He should also dress formally for
individual or focus group interviews for him to show some
respects to the participants. in addition, the interviewer should
be careful not to communicate information to interviewees that
would bias their responses and should in most cases not express
their personal views. on another level, the interviewer should

5. try to develop rapport by using a friendly, relaxed, and non
judgmental approach, he should also understand and be
sensitive to what is being expressed by the interviewee.
· Question 9
Convenience sampling is used to draw a random sample and is
one of the non-probability sampling methods. it is used in cases
for selecting members of a population that are most accessible.
on the other hand the purposive sampling which is also a non-
probability sampling method is used to select specific
individuals because of their position, experience, knowledge or
attitude.
· Question 10
sampling is undertaken when it is difficult or not feasible for an
evaluator to involve the entire population in the evaluation.
reasons for this include time constraint, cost constraint, limited
accessibility or when accuracy may be compromised. the

6. findings of the sample can then be generalized to the whole
population as it has the same characteristics.
· Question 11
there are several guidelines one need to take in order to select
interviewers for focus groups or individual interviews. The
interviewer should be able to identify any language or cultural
barriers in advance and prepare alternative approaches to
reducing those barriers. He should also dress formally for
individual or focus group interviews for him to show some
respects to the participants. in addition, the interviewer should
be careful not to communicate information to interviewees that
would bias their responses and should in most cases not express
their personal views. on another level, the interviewer should
try to develop rapport by using a friendly, relaxed, and non
judgmental approach, he should also understand and be
sensitive to what is being expressed by the interviewee.
· Question 12
Selected Answer:
Quantitative data are data with a numeric form, and it focuses
on describing the data, searching for a specifying relationships
among variables, predicting relationships among variables, or
testing for significant differences among variables. Quantitative
are more time consuming and expensive. an example can be
percentages for a results or ratio that will be used as a basis for
analysis.
The qualitative data on the other hand are more a description of
the results or analysis and consist of linking data with theory,
creating empirically derived categories and applying coding

7. processes to the qualitative data. these are time consuming and
expensive. qualitative examples can be the results of a long
answer survey or interviews.
· Question 13
the formula for the cost benefit analysis ratio is the following:
CBR= Program benefits / program costs.
a numerical example where program benefits are $ 500,000 and
the program costs are $ 250, 000.
CBR= 500,00/250,000
CBR= 2:1
this means for each dollar spent of the training program the
company made 2 dollars of benefits.
· Question 14
:
communication and reporting evaluation's activities and
findings are very critical especially when the objective is
learning. one of them is to communicate to top management and
stakeholders for collaborative decision making about evaluation

8. design and activities, informing those directly involved about
specific upcoming evaluation activities, keeping those directly
and indirectly informed about progress of the evaluation.
communication and reporting to the trainees and their managers
is also important, the participants need to know how they did
and how they can improve and their manager need to monitor
their employees' performance.