Infertility affects approximately 15% of reproductive couples. It can be caused by problems with ovulation, sperm production or transport, or blockages/structural issues in the female reproductive tract. Evaluation of infertility involves assessing hormone levels, semen analysis, ovulation confirmation through basal body temperature or progesterone testing, and imaging of the reproductive organs. Common causes include anovulation, tubal blockages, low sperm count or quality, and unexplained factors. With treatment, 85% of infertile couples can expect to conceive.
Infertility: Causes (Men, Women), Symptoms, Diagnosis and TreatmentYashodaHospitals
Find out about the challenges of infertility, when to see a doctor, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments including insemination and in vitro fertilization.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Infertility: Causes (Men, Women), Symptoms, Diagnosis and TreatmentYashodaHospitals
Find out about the challenges of infertility, when to see a doctor, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments including insemination and in vitro fertilization.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
Ritu
1. Infertility
• The inability to conceive following
unprotected sexual intercourse
– 1 year (age < 35) or 6 months (age >35)
– Affects 15% of reproductive couples
• 6.1 million couples
– Men and women equally affected
2. Infertility
• Reproductive age for women
– Generally 15-44 years of age
– Fertility is approximately halved between 37th and 45th
year due to alterations in ovulation
– 20% of women have their first child after age 30
– 1/3 of couples over 35 have fertility problems
• Ovulation decreases
• Health of the egg declines •Health problems develop
• With the proper treatment 85% of infertile couples
•SAB
can expect to have a child
3. Infertility
• Primary infertility
– a couple that has never conceived
• Secondary infertility
– infertility that occurs after previous pregnancy
regardless of outcome
4. Causes for infertility
• Female
• Male – Age
– ETOH – Stress
– Drugs – Poor diet
– Tobacco
– Athletic training
– Health problems
– Over/underweight
– Radiation/Chemotherapy
– Tobacco
– Age
– Enviromental factors – ETOH
• Pesticides – STD’s
• Lead – Health problems
5. Causes of Infertility
• Anovulation (10-20%)
• Anatomic defects of the female genital tract
(30%)
• Abnormal spermatogenesis (40%)
• Unexplained (10%-20%)
6. Evaluation of the Infertile couple
• History and Physical exam
• Semen analysis
• Thyroid and prolactin evaluation
• Determination of ovulation
– Basal body temperature record
– Serum progesterone
– Ovarian reserve testing
• Hysterosalpingogram
7. Male Factor
• 40% of the cause for infertility
• Sperm is constantly produced by the germinal
epithelium of the testicle
– Sperm generation time 73 days
– Sperm production is thermoregulated
• 1 F less than body temperature
• Both men and women can produce anti-sperm
antibodies which interfere with the penetration of
the cervical mucus
8. Semen Analysis (SA)
• Obtained by masturbation
• Provides immediate information
– Quantity
– Quality Morphology
– Density of the sperm Motility
• Abstain from coitus 2 to 3 days
• Collect all the ejaculate
• Analyze within 1 hour
• A normal semen analysis excludes male factor 90% of
the time
9. Evaluation of Abnormal SA
• Repeat semen analysis in 30 days
• Physical examination
– Testicular size
– Varicocele
• Laboratory tests
– Testosterone level
– FSH (spermatogenesis- Sertoli cells)
– LH (testosterone- Leydig cells)
• Referral to urology
10. Menstruation
• Ovulation occurs 13-14 times per year
• Menstrual cycles on average are Q 28 days with
ovulation around day 14
• Luteal phase
– dominated by the secretion of progesterone
– released by the corpus luteum
• Progesterone causes
– Thickening of the endocervical mucus
– Increases the basal body temperature (0.6 F)
• Involution of the corpus luteum causes a fall in
progesterone and the onset of menses
11. Ovulation
• A history of regular menstruation suggests regular
ovulation
• The majority of ovulatory women experience
– fullness of the breasts
– decreased vaginal secretions mild peripheral edema
– abdominal bloating slight weight gain
depression
• Absence of PMS symptoms may suggest anovulation
12. Diagnostic studies to confirm
Ovulation
• Serum progesterone
• Basal body – After ovulation rises
temperature – Can be measured
– Inexpensive • Urinary ovulation-
– Accurate detection kits
• Endometrial biopsy – Measures changes in
– Expensive urinary LH
– Static information – Predicts ovulation but
does not confirm it
13. Basal Body Temperature
• Excellent screening tool for ovulation
– Biphasic shift occurs in 90% of ovulating women
• Temperature
– drops at the time of menses
– rises two days after the lutenizing hormone (LH) surge
• Ovum released one day prior to the first rise
• Temperature elevation of more than 16 days
suggests pregnancy
14. Serum Progesterone
• Progesterone starts rising with the LH surge
– drawn between day 21-24
• Mid-luteal phase
– >10 ng/ml suggests ovulation
15. Anovulation
Symptoms Evaluation*
• Irregular menstrual cycles • Follicle stimulating
• Amenorrhea hormone
• Lutenizing hormone
• Hirsuitism
• Thyroid stimulating
• Acne hormone
• Galactorrhea • Prolactin
• Increased vaginal • Androstenedione
secretions • Total testosterone
• DHEAS
*Order the appropriate tests based on the clinical indications
17. Sperm transport, Fertilization, &
Implantation
• The female genital tract is not just a conduit
– facilitates sperm transport
– cervical mucus traps the coagulated ejaculate
– the fallopian tube picks up the egg
• Fertilization must occur in the proximal portion of
the tube
– the fertilized oocyte cleaves and forms a zygote
– enters the endometrial cavity at 3 to 5 days
• Implants into the secretory endometrium for growth
and development
18. Acquired Disorders
• Acute salpingitis
– Alters the functional integrity of the fallopian tube
• N. gonorrhea and C. trachomatis
• Intrauterine scarring
– Can be caused by curettage
• Endometriosis, scarring from surgery, tumors of the
uterus and ovary
– Fibroids, endometriomas
• Trauma
20. Hysterosalpingogram
• An X-ray that
evaluates the internal
female genital tract
– architecture and
integrity of the system
• Performed between
the 7th and 11th day of
the cycle
• Diagnostic accuracy of
70%
21. Hysterosalpingogram
• The endometrial
cavity
– Smooth
– Symmetrical
• Fallopian tubes
– Proximal 2/3 slender
– Ampulla is dilated
• Dye should spill
promptly
22. Unexplained infertility
• 10% of infertile couples will have a
completely normal workup
• Pregnancy rates in unexplained infertility
– no treatment 1.3-4.1%
– clomid and intrauterine insemination 8.3%
– gonadotropins and intrauterine insemination
17.1%
