RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS.pptx

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RISK FACTORS
UNDERLYING
DISASTERS

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OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the risk factors underlying
disasters.
2. Describe each risk factor underlying
disasters.
3. Utilize the gained knowledge in real life
situations to avoid harm and assure safety.
4. Appreciate the importance of
understanding the risk factors underlying
disasters to mitigate the effects of
disasters and practice mitigation measures
as early as necessary.
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DISASTER RISK =
Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability
According to this formula, if there is no
hazard, then the risk is null (the same if
population or vulnerability is null)
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RISK FACTORS
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Are processes or conditions, often
development-related, that influence the
level of disaster risk by increasing levels
of exposure and vulnerability or
reducing capacity

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The following are also taken into consideration
when risk factors underlying disaster are involved:
1. Severity of Exposure
2. Gender and Family
3. Age
4. Economic Status of Country
OTHER RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS

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OTHER RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS
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1. SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE
Highest risk of developing future problems
The ones in contact with the
victims
Lowest Risk
FIRST-HAND
RESCUE WORKERS
HEALTH CARE
PRACTITIONERS
MOST DISTANT

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2. GENDER and FAMILY
The female gender suffers more adverse effects. This worsens
when children are present at home. Marital relationships are
placed under strain.

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3. AGE
Adults in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed after
disaster but in general, children exhibit more stress after
disasters than adults do.
a. Physical Health problems
b. Mental Health Symptoms
c. Educational Deficits

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a. Physical Health problems
Young children who experienced a natural disaster generally
showed a 9 to 18% increase in acute illnesses, depending on the
outcome. (e.g., diarrhea, fever, respiratory illness)

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b. Mental Health Symptoms
As many as 50% of children report post-traumatic stress
symptoms after experiencing a disaster, such as recurring
thoughts about the disaster, hypervigilance, or difficulty sleeping
or concentrating.

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c. Educational Deficits
Children’s learning is often disrupted by natural disasters
because many schools close and children’s attendance
is interrupted. Further, trauma exposure can alter brain
anatomy and functioning, inhibiting learning and memory
processes.

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4. ECONOMIC STATUS OF COUNTRY
Evidence indicates that severe mental
problems resulting from disasters are
more prevalent in developing countries
like the Philippines. Furthermore, it has
been observed that natural disasters
tend to have more adverse effects in
developing countries than do
mancaused disasters in developed
countries.

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RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS
1. CLIMATE CHANGE
2. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
3. GLOBALIZED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
4. POVERTY AND INEQUALITY
5. POORLY PLANNED AND MANAGED URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
6. WEAK GOVERNANCE
7. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

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1. CLIMATE CHANGE
can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways – by
altering the frequency and intensity of hazards
events, affecting vulnerability to hazards, and
changing exposure patterns.

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SO, WHAT IS
CLIMATE CHANGE?

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WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?
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Climate change refers to a
change in the climate that
persists for decades or longer,
arising from either natural
causes or human activity.

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WHAT ARE THE
NATURAL CAUSES OF
CLIMATE CHANGE?

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NATURAL CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
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Some amount of climate change can be attributed to
natural phenomena. Over the coarse of Earth’s
existence, the following have all had observable
effects on planetary warming and cooling patterns:
1. Vulcanic eruptions
2. Fluctuations in solar radiation
3. Tectonic shifts
4. Changes in our orbit

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WHAT ARE THE HUMAN
ACTIVITIES THAT
CONTRIBUTE TO CLIMATE
CHANGE?

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HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
CLIMATE CHANGE
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Scientists agree that human activity is the primary driver of what we’re
seeing now worldwide. (This type of climate change is sometimes
referred to as anthropogenic, which is just a way of saying “caused
by human beings.”) The unchecked burning of fossil fuels over the
past 150 years has drastically increased the presence of atmospheric
greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide. At the same time,
logging and development have led to the widespread destruction of
forests, wetlands, and other carbon sinks—natural resources that
store carbon dioxide and prevent it from being released into the
atmosphere.

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CLIMATE CHANGE
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Our ways of generating power for electricity, heat, and
transportation, our built environment and industries,
our ways of interacting with the land, and our
consumption habits together serve as the primary
drivers of climate change. While the percentages of
greenhouse gases stemming from each source may
fluctuate, the sources themselves remain relatively
consistent.

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CLIMATE CHANGE
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 Transportation
The cars, trucks, ships, and planes that we use to transport
ourselves and our goods are a major source of global
greenhouse gas emissions. Burning petroleum-based fuel in
combustion engines releases massive amounts of carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.

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CLIMATE CHANGE
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 ELECTRICITY
Fossil fuel also powers our homes, keeping the lights on
and our rooms warm. Our internet habits are also
responsible here. Every email sent, movie streamed, or
question googled adds carbon dioxide to the ecosystem.
This is a tiny amount for each activity online, but, added
up, it equals to 3.7 of global green house gas emissions.

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CLIMATE CHANGE
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 DEFORESTATION
Trees help to regulate the climate, absorbing the atmosphere’s CO2.
Estimates vary, but a mature tree can absorb up to 46 lbs of CO2
each year. In that same amount of time, roughly two acres of forest
can offset the CO2 produced by the average car’s annual mileage.
The problem is, when they’re cut down, the carbon that trees have
absorbed is released back into the atmosphere. They’re obviously
also not there for the next year or the next. Since 1990, the global
forest has shrunk by approximately 200 million acres.

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CLIMATE CHANGE
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 MEAT INDUSTRY
Increased livestock farming has resulted in an increase of
methane gases. Both cows and sheep produce methane
while they digest their food. According to the University of
California at Davis, cattle are the number one producer of
greenhouse gases for the global agriculture industry. A single
cow will belch nearly 220 lbs of methane each year. While
methane has a shorter shelf-life than carbon dioxide, it’s
much more damaging when it comes to warming the
atmosphere.

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CLIMATE CHANGE
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 AGRICULTURE
While the carbon footprint of livestock is high, fruits and
vegetables don’t get off scot-free. Fertilizers that contain
nitrogen have been used to produce more crops, and faster
than natural fertilizers like manure and ground bone (which
have been used for millennia). Unfortunately, these fertilizers
also produce nitrous oxide emissions. Although nitrous oxide
accounts for only a small fraction of worldwide greenhouse
gas emissions, pound for pound, nitrous oxide warms the
planet 300 times as much as carbon dioxide.

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HOW DOES CLIMATE
CHANGE CONTRIBUTE TO
THE OCCURRENCE OF
DISASTERS?

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HOW DOES CLIMATE CHANGE CONTRIBUTE TO THE
OCCURRENCE OF DISASTERS?
Hotter temperatures
As greenhouse gas concentrations rise, so does the global
surface temperature. The last decade, 2011-2020, is the
warmest on record. Since the 1980s, each decade has been
warmer than the previous one. Nearly all land areas are
seeing more hot days and heat waves. Higher temperatures
increase heat-related illnesses and make working outdoors
more difficult. Wildfires start more easily and spread more
rapidly when conditions are hotter. Temperatures in the Arctic
have warmed at least twice as fast as the global average.

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More severe storms
Destructive storms have become more intense and more
frequent in many regions. As temperatures rise, more moisture
evaporates, which exacerbates extreme rainfall and flooding,
causing more destructive storms. The frequency and extent of
tropical storms is also affected by the warming ocean. Cyclones,
hurricanes, and typhoons feed on warm waters at the ocean
surface. Such storms often destroy homes and communities,
causing deaths and huge economic losses.

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Increased drought
Climate change is changing water availability, making it scarcer in
more regions. Global warming exacerbates water shortages in
already water-stressed regions and is leading to an increased
risk of agricultural droughts affecting crops, and ecological
droughts increasing the vulnerability of ecosystems. Droughts
can also stir destructive sand and dust storms that can move
billions of tons of sand across continents. Deserts are expanding,
reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat
of not having enough water on a regular basis.

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A warming, rising ocean
The ocean soaks up most of the heat from global warming. The
rate at which the ocean is warming strongly increased over the
past two decades, across all depths of the ocean. As the ocean
warms, its volume increases since water expands as it gets
warmer. Melting ice sheets also cause sea levels to rise,
threatening coastal and island communities. In addition, the
ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, keeping it from the atmosphere.
But more carbon dioxide makes the ocean more acidic, which
endangers marine life and coral reefs.

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Loss of species
Climate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and
in the ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb.
Exacerbated by climate change, the world is losing species at a
rate 1,000 times greater than at any other time in recorded
human history. One million species are at risk of becoming
extinct within the next few decades. Forest fires, extreme
weather, and invasive pests and diseases are among many
threats related to climate change. Some species will be able to
relocate and survive, but others will not.

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Not enough food
Changes in the climate and increases in extreme weather events
are among the reasons behind a global rise in hunger and poor
nutrition. Fisheries, crops, and livestock may be destroyed or
become less productive. With the ocean becoming more acidic,
marine resources that feed billions of people are at risk. Changes
in snow and ice cover in many Arctic regions have disrupted food
supplies from herding, hunting, and fishing. Heat stress can
diminish water and grasslands for grazing, causing declining crop
yields and affecting livestock.

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More health risks
Climate change is the single biggest health threat facing
humanity. Climate impacts are already harming health, through
air pollution, disease, extreme weather events, forced
displacement, pressures on mental health, and increased hunger
and poor nutrition in places where people cannot grow or find
sufficient food. Every year, environmental factors take the lives of
around 13 million people. Changing weather patterns are
expanding diseases, and extreme weather events increase
deaths and make it difficult for health care systems to keep up.

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Poverty and displacement
Climate change increases the factors that put and keep people in
poverty. Floods may sweep away urban slums, destroying homes
and livelihoods. Heat can make it difficult to work in outdoor jobs.
Water scarcity may affect crops. Over the past decade (2010–
2019), weather-related events displaced an estimated 23.1
million people on average each year, leaving many more
vulnerable to poverty. Most refugees come from countries that
are most vulnerable and least ready to adapt to the impacts of
climate change.

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2. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Changes to the environment can influence the frequency and intensity of
hazards, as well as our exposure and vulnerability to these hazards. For
instance, deforestation of slopes often leads to an increase in landslide
hazard and removal of mangroves can increase the damage caused by
storm surges. It is both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing
the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs.
Over consumption of natural resources results in environmental
degradation, reducing the effectiveness of essential ecosystem services,
such as the mitigation of floods and landslides. This leads to increased
risk from disasters, and in turn, natural hazards can further degrade the
environment.

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MAJOR TYPES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
IN THE PHILIPPINES

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1. SOIL DEGRADATION
Refers to the destruction of the microbiome that naturally lives in the soil.
This includes the species that live in the soil:
• Microbes
• Worms
• Beetles and bugs
• Rodents
This type of soil degradation can change the natural microbiome of
the soil so that it no longer supports the native species of plants that it
should.
MAJOR TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

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2. LAND DEGRADATION
Is similar to soil degradation, but it refers more to the physical destruction
of the land through agricultural activities, mining, building roads,
constructing homes and buildings, and deforestation. This type of
destruction changes land use and landforms permanently.
3. AIR DEGRADATION
Refers to diminishing air quality due to air pollution and rising carbon
dioxide and methane concentrations. In many areas of the world, the air
is so full of pollution particulates that it is dangerous for humans to
breathe.

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4. MARINE DEGRADATION
Refers to the destruction of marine habitats and ocean water.
Examples of marine degradation are dead zones and the loss of coral reefs.
• Dead Zones – areas in the ocean where the oxygen saturation falls so
low that it can not sustain any type of marine life. This happens when the
water along the shoreline becomes chemically imbalanced. Usually, it’s
due to an excess of nitrogen washing out to sea. This encourages algae
blooms.
• Coral Reef Destruction – being sensitive to changes in the acidity of
ocean water, changes in sunlight, oxygen saturation, and chemical
concentrations in the water, coral reef destruction is easily achieved.

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5. FRESH WATER DEGRADATION
Fresh water degradation is the contamination of water (inland
water that’s not saline) with materials or substances that result
in the water being unfit for human, plant or animal use. Pollution
may occur from chemicals, fecal waste, pesticides, sediments,
petroleum or heated substances. Water sources that have been
polluted are unfit for fishing, swimming, and the water is unfit for
human consumption.

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6. FOREST AND FLORA DEGRADATION
Refer to the destruction of plant habitats and the elimination of native
plant species from certain areas. Deforestation is a huge problem around
the world. Trees are a renewable resource, but we’re using them faster
than they can regrow.

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3. GLOBALIZED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
It results in an increased polarization between the rich and poor
on a global scale. Currently increasing the exposure of assets in
hazard prone areas, globalized economic development provides
an opportunity to build resilience if effectively managed. By
participating in risksensitive development strategies such as
investing in protective infrastructure, environmental management,
and upgrading informal settlements, risk can be reduced.
Dominance and increase of wealth in certain regions and cities
are expected to have increased hazard exposure

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4. POVERTY AND INEQUALITY
Impoverish people are more likely to live in hazard-exposed areas and are less
able to invest in risk-reducing measures. The lack of access to insurance and
social protection means that people in poverty are often forced to use their
already limited assets to buffer disaster losses, which drives them into further
poverty. Poverty is therefore both a cause and consequence of disaster risk,
particularly extensive risk, with drought being the hazard most closely associated
with poverty. The impact of disasters on the poor can, in addition to loss of life,
injury and damage, cause a total loss of livelihoods, displacement, poor health,
food insecurity, among other consequences. Vulnerability is not simply about
poverty, but extensive research over the past 30 years has revealed that it is
generally the poor who tend to suffer worst from disasters

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5. POORLY PLANNED AND MANAGED URBAN DEVELOPMENT
A new wave of urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed
countries and with it, new opportunities for resilient investment
emerge. People, poverty, and disaster risk are increasingly
concentrated in cities. The growing rate of urbanization and the
increase in population density (in cities) can lead to creation of
risk, especially when urbanization is rapid, poorly planned and
occurring in a context of widespread poverty. Growing
concentrations of people and economic activities in many cities
are seen to overlap with areas of high-risk exposure.

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6. WEAK GOVERNANCE
Weak governance zones are investment environments in which
public sector actors are unable or unwilling to assume their roles
and responsibilities in protecting rights, providing basic services and
public services. Disaster risk is disproportionately concentrated in
lower-income countries with weak governance. Disaster risk
governance refers to the specific arrangements that societies put in
place to manage their disaster risk within a broader context of risk
governance. This reflects how risk is valued against a backdrop of
broader social and economic concerns

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6. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
The Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries in the
world to natural disasters. The country's location makes it
vulnerable to storms that cause flooding, mudslides, and
typhoons. Furthermore, the Philippines is vulnerable to
tsunamis due to the presence of offshore trenches such as the
Manila Trench. Regrettably, the list does not stop there. The
Philippines also sits above the Ring of Fire, a path that runs
through the Pacific Ocean basin.

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