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Earth and Life Science Grade 11 SHS
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- 4. REFERENCES: • VENGCO ANDRELIGIOSO (2016). YOU AND THE NATURAL WORLD, EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE. PHOENIX PUBLISHING HOUSE, INC. QUEZON CITY. Olivar II and Ramos (2016). Exploring Life Through Science Series, Earth and Life Science. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City.
- 5. OBJECTIVES: 1.STATE THE DIFFERENTHYPOTHESES EXPLAINING THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE. 2.DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES EXPLAINING THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
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- 8. THEORIES ON THE ORIGINOF THE UNIVERSE
- 9. Beliefs According toReligion Greek Philosophers (5th – 3rd Century B.C.E) Modern Philosophers
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- 11. BELIEFS ACCORDING TO RELIGION •CHRISTIANS – THEY BELIEVED THAT GOD SEPARATED LIGHT FROM DARKNESS, CREATED SKY, LAND, SEA, MOON, STARS, AND EVERY LIVING CREATURE IN A SPAN OF SIX DAYS. –A NARRATIVE FROM GENESIS (HEBREW BIBLE AND THE CHRISTIAN OLD TESTAMENT).
- 12. BELIEFS ACCORDING TORELIGION: CHRISTIANS 1ST DAY 2nd day 3rd day 4th day 5th day 6th day
- 13. BELIEFS ACCORDING TORELIGION: CHRISTIANS • 1ST DAY – LIGHT WAS CREATED • 2ND DAY – THE SKY WAS CREATED • 3RD DAY – DRY LAND, SEAS, PLANTS AND TREES WERE CREATED • 4TH DAY – THE SUN, MOON AND STARS WERE CREATED • 5TH DAY – CREATURES THAT LIVE IN THE SEA AND CREATURES THAT FLY WERE CREATED • 6TH DAY – ANIMALS THAT LIVE ON THE LAND AND FINALLY HUMANS, MADE IN THE IMAGE OF GOD WERE CREATED • 7TH DAY – GOD FINISHED HIS WORK OF CREATION AND RESTED, MAKING THE SEVENTH DAY A SPECIAL HOLY DAY.
- 14. BELIEFS ACCORDING TO RELIGION •HINDUS – RIGVEDA (COLLECTION OF VEDAS), DESCRIBES THE UNIVERSE AS A “COSMIC EGG” OR BRAMANDA. – MEANING IT CONTAINS THE WHOLE UNIVERSE INCLUDING THE SUN, MOON, PLANETS, AND SPACE. – BINDU IS THE CONCENTRATED POINT THAT EXPANDS AND EVENTUALLY COLLAPSES AGAIN.
- 15. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH– 3RD CENTURY B. ANAXAGORAS LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS STOIC PHILOSOPHERS
- 16. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH– 3RD CENTURY B.C.E) • ANAXAGORAS – “PRIMORDIAL UNIVERSE” –ACCORDING TO HIM, UNIVERSE IS MADE UP OF DIFFERENT MIXTURE OF ALL INGREDIENTS IN A SMALL FRAGMENT. –MIXTURE WAS SET IN MOTION CALLED “NOUS” OR MIND. –THIS WHIRLING MOTION SHIFTED AND SEPARATED THE INGREDIENTS ON COSMOS OF SEPARATE MATERIAL OBJECTS.
- 17. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH– 3RD CENTURY B.C.E) LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS • “ATOMIC UNIVERSE” • THEY STATED THAT UNIVERSE IS COMPOSED OF VERY SMALL, INDIVISIBLE AND INDESTRUCTIBLE ATOMS.
- 18. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH– 3RD CENTURY B.C.E) • STOIC PHILOSOPHERS OF ANCIENT GREECE • UNIVERSE IS LIKE A GIANT LIVING BODY, WITH SUN AND THE STARS AS THE MOST IMPORTANT PARTS TO WHICH ALL THE OTHER PARTS ARE INTERCONNECTED.
- 19. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS RENE DESCARTES ISAACNEWTON ALBERT EINSTEIN EDWIN HUBBLE ARNO PENZIAS AND ROBERT WILSON GEORGE HENRI JOSEPH EDOUARD LEMAITRE FRED HOYLE, THOMAS GOLD AND HERMAN BONDI ANDREI LINDE
- 20. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS • RENEDESCARTES – THE VACUUM OF SPACE WAS NOT EMPTY AT ALL BUT WAS FILLED WITH MATTER THAT SWIRLED AROUND – HIS MODEL INVOLVED A SYSTEM OF HUGE SWIRLING WHIRLPOOLS OF FINE MATTER PRODUCING WHAT WOULD LATER BE CALLED GRAVITATIONAL EFFECT.
- 21. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS • ISAACNEWTON – DESCRIBED THE UNIVERSE AS A STATIC, STEADY- STATE INFINITE UNIVERSE. (PRINCIPIA BOOK) – MATTER ON THE LARGE SCALE IS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED AND THE UNIVERSE IS GRAVITATIONAL BALANCED BUT ESSENTIALLY UNSTABLE.
- 22. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS • ALBERTEINSTEIN – EXPLAINED THE UNIVERSE BY HIS THEORY OF RELATIVITY THAT HAS A SAME THOUGHT WITH ISAAC NEWTON. – ADDED A COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT TO HIS GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY EQUATIONS TO COUNTERACT THE DYNAMICAL EFFECTS OF GRAVITY, WHICH WILL BE CAUSED OF THE UNIVERSE TO COLLAPSE.
- 23. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS • EDWINHUBBLE – 1929, SHOWED THAT UNIVERSE WAS NOT STATIC THROUGH HIS TELESCOPE.
- 24. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS • ARNOPENZIAS AND ROBERT WILSON – 1965, DISCOVERED THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION. – THE BIG BANG THEORY HAS BEEN THE MAINSTREAM SCIENTIFIC VIEW.
- 25. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS • GEORGEHENRI JOSEPH EDOUARD LEMAITRE – BIG BANG THEORY (1927) – THEORY DESCRIBES THE UNIVERSE AS ORIGINATING FROM AN INFINITELY TINY, INFINITELY DENSE POINT OF SINGULARITY BETWEEN 13 – 14 BILLION YEARS AGO. THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE FOLLOWED GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY EQUATIONS OF THE UNIVERSE WITH POSITIVE CURVATURE. THIS CURVATURE RESULTS IN THE UNIVERSE EXPANDING FOR A TIME AND THEN CONTRACTING DUE TO PULL OF ITS GRAVITY IN A PERPETUAL CYCLE OF BIG BANG FOLLOWED, IN TIME, BY BIG CRUNCH.
- 26. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS • FREDHOYLE, THOMAS GOLD AND HERMAN BONDI – STEADY STATE THEORY – PREDICTED A UNIVERSE THAT EXPANDED BUT DID NOT CHANGE ITS DENSITY.
- 27. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS • ANDREILINDE – DEVELOPED INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE WITH HIS CHAOTIC INFLATION THEORY IN 1983. – STATES THAT OUR UNIVERSE IS JUST ONE OF MANY “BUBBLES” THAT GREW AS PART OF A MULTIVERSE.
- 28. THEORIES ON THE ORIGINOF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
- 29. DESCARTES VORTEX THEORY BUFFON’SCOLLISION THEORY KANT – LAPLACE NEBULAR THEORY JEAN’S – JEFFREY’S TIDAL THEORY SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY
- 30. DESCARTES VORTEX THEORY •RENE DESCARTES – THE SOLAR SYSTEM WAS FORMED INTO BODIES WITH A NEARLY CIRCULAR MOTION BECAUSE OF WHIRLPOOL-LIKE MOTION IN THE PRE – SOLAR MATERIALS.
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- 32. BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY •GEORGE LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE BUFFON – PROPOSED THAT THE PLANETS WERE FORMED BY THE COLLISION OF THE SUN WITH A GIANT COMET. – THE RESULTING DEBRIS FORMED INTO PLANETS AND REVOLVED AROUND THE SUN
- 33. BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY Collisionof Sun and a Giant Comet Debris from the collision Planets are formed Planets revolved around the sun
- 34. KANT – LAPLACENEBULAR THEORY IMMANUEL KANT AND PIERRE SIMON LAPLACE – PROPOSED THE NEBULAR THEORY WHICH SUGGESTED THAT A GREAT CLOUD OF GAS AND
- 35. KANT – LAPLACENEBULAR THEORY Great cloud of gas and dust Collapse due to rapid spinning Turn into a pancake-shaped object These bulges becomes the sun and planets
- 36. KANT – LAPLACENEBULAR THEORY • MAJOR FLAWS. • IT ASSUMED THAT THE TOTAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF THE SYSTEM IS IN THE SUN, WHICH IS NOT THE CASE. ONLY 0.5% OF THE TOTAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM WAS CONTAINED IN THE SUN’S SPIN. THE REMAINDER WAS IN THE PLANETARY ORBIT.
- 37. JEAN’S – JEFFREY’STIDAL THEORY JAMES HOPWOOD JEANS AND HAROLD JEFFREYS THE PLANETS WERE FORMED FROM THE SUBSTANCE THAT WAS TORN OUT OF THE SUN. AS A SPEEDING MASSIVE STAR PASSED
- 38. JEAN’S – JEFFREY’STIDAL THEORY Speeding massive star passed near the sun. Pulled of sun materials due to gravitational attraction. The torn off materials subsequently condensed to form the planets.
- 39. SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY •SOLAR SYSTEM WAS FORMED AS A RESULT OF THE CONDENSATION AND OF HYDROGEN GAS AND DUST (INTERSTELLAR GAS AND DUST CLOUD). THERE IS AN EXPLOSION OF A STAR (SUPERNOVA) MIGHT HAVE CAUSED THE DUST AND GAS CLOUD TO COLLAPSE FORMING THE SUN AND PLANET.
- 40. SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY CONDENSATIONOF HYDROGEN GAS AND DUST. An explosion of a star (supernova) might have caused the dust and gas to collapse. Contraction converted gravitational energy into heat energy and caused the center to glow.
- 41. SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY:STAGES OF FORMATION OF PLANETS ACCRETION OF THE GRAIN- SIZED PARTICLES TO FORM CENTIMETER-SIZED PARTICLES WHICH WOULD LATER GROW TO SEVERAL KILOMETERS IN A DIAMETER. The formation of more massive objects from coalescing planetesimal. The massive objects are referred as protoplanets would later become planets.
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- 43. END OF THETOPIC! THANK YOU! •KINDLY PROCEED TO THE NEXT TOPIC; EARTH AND EARTH SUBSYSTEM.
- 44. EARTH AND EARTH’SSUBSYSTEMS
- 45. OBJECTIVES: 1. RECOGNIZE THEUNIQUENESS OF EARTH BEING THE ONLY PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM WITH PROPERTIES NECESSARY TO SUPPORT LIFE. 2. EXPLAIN THAT THE EARTH CONSIST OF FOUR SUBSYSTEMS, ACROSS WHOSE BOUNDARIES MATTER AND ENERGY FLOW. 3. IDENTIFY THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH (CRUST, MANTLE, AND CORE).
- 46. EARTH • EARTH ISTHE ONLY PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM THAT CAN SUSTAIN LIFE DUE TO ITS CHARACTERISTICS.
- 47. CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTHTO SUSTAIN LIFE. • PRESENCE OF WATER ALLOWED FIRST PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS TO THRIVE. • SUN PROVIDES HEAT FROM RADIATION, NEEDED BY PLANTS TO CARRY ON WITH PHOTOSYNTHESIS. • COMPONENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONSISTS DIFFERENT TYPES OF GASES TO SUPPORT LIFE.
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- 49. HYDROSPHERE • THE TOTALITYOF EARTH’S WATER
- 50. ATMOSPHERE • COMPOSED AMIXTURE OF DIFFERENT GASES THAT SURROUNDS THE PLANET EARTH. • IT SERVES ALSO AS PROTECTION ON MATERIALS FROM THE OUTER SPACE THAT MIGHT HIT THE PLANET. • IT CONTAINS NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ARGON, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND WATER VAPOR. • APPROXIMATELY THE ATMOSPHERE CONSISTS OF (78% - NITROGEN) (21% - OXYGEN) (0.9% - ARGON) (0.1% -
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- 52. BIOSPHERE • ALSO CALLEDAS “ZONE OF LIFE” BECAUSE IT CONTAINS THE ENTIRETY OF EARTH’S LIVING THINGS. • INCLUDES ALL LIFE FORMS EVEN ORGANIC MATTER THAT HAS NOT YET DECOMPOSE. • IT IS ALSO IN THIS ZONE THAT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT SUBSYSTEMS IS MOST DYNAMIC.
- 53. BIOSPHERE: THE FLOWOF MATTER •NITROGEN CYCLE •OXYGEN CYCLE •CARBON CYCLE •WATER CYCLE
- 54. NITROGEN CYCLE • THESERIES OF THE PROCESS BY WHICH NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS ARE INTERCONVERTED IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND IN LIVING ORGANISMS.
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- 56. CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLE •CARBON CYCLE • CARBON DIOXIDE IS FIXED BY PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS TO FORM ORGANIC NUTRIENTS AND IS ULTIMATELY RESTORED TO THE INORGANIC STATE (AS BY RESPIRATION, PROTOPLASMIC DECAY, OR COMBUSTION). Oxygen Cycle Atmospheric oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) in animal respiration and regenerated by green plants in photosynthesis.
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- 58. WATER CYCLE • CONTINUOUSPROCESS BY WHICH WATER IS CIRCULATED THROUGH THE EARTH.
- 59. GEOSPHERE • REFERS TOTHE SOLID EARTH. • THE GEOSPHERE INCLUDES THE ROCKS AND MINERALS ON EARTH – FROM THE MOLTEN ROCK AND HEAVY METALS IN THE DEEP INTERIOR OF THE PLANET TO THE SAND ON BEACHES AND PEAKS OF MOUNTAINS. • THE GEOSPHERE ALSO INCLUDES
- 60. LAYERS OF THEEARTH •CRUST •MANT LE •CORE
- 61. LAYERS OF THEEARTH: CRUST • OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE EARTH. • (OCEANIC CRUST) RELATIVELY THIN PART WHICH UNDERLIES THE OCEAN BASINS. • (CONTINENTAL CRUST) RELATIVELY THICK PART THAT FORMS THE LARGE LANDMASSES
- 62. LAYERS OF THEEARTH: MANTLE • LONGEST PART OF EARTH (2900 KM.) MADE UP OF MOLTEN ROCKS CALLED MAGMA • LOWER (HOT AND EXHIBITS PLASTICITY) • UPPER (RELATIVELY RIGID)
- 63. LAYERS OF THEEARTH: CORE • COMPOSED OF DENSE METALS LIKE IRON AND NICKEL • THE INNER CORE (6000°C) (1250 KM.) • OUTER CORE (4000 – 5000°C) (2300 KM.)
- 64. STRUCTURE OF THEEARTH
- 65. END OF THETOPIC •KINDLY PROCEED TO THE NEXT TOPIC; MINERALS AND ROCKS.
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- 67. OBJECTIVES: 1.Identify common rock-formingminerals using their physical and chemical properties. 2.Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
- 68. ROCKS • Naturally occurringaggregate or a combination of minerals and mineraloids such as fossils and glass. • The natural building block of earth’s lithosphere. • An aggregate of one or more minerals.
- 69. ROCK CYCLE •A processwhere rocks are constantly being transformed, generated, and destroyed.
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- 72. IGNEOUS ROCKS • “Ignis”a Latin word meaning fire • Formed by volcanic activity. • Magma is molten rock generated by the partial melting of rocks in earth’s mantle.
- 73. TYPES OF IGNEOUSROCKS •EXTRUSIVE ROCKS •INTRUSIVE ROCKS
- 74. EXTRUSIVE ROCKS • Extrusiveigneous rocks form when magma reaches the earth's surface a volcano and cools quickly. • Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. • Examples include basalt, rhyolite, andesite, and obsidian.
- 75. INTRUSIVE ROCKS • Intrusive,or plutonic, igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly below the earth's surface. • Most intrusive rocks have large, well-formed crystals. • Examples include granite, gabbro, diorite and dunite.
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- 77. TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS •DetrimentalSedimentary Rocks •Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
- 78. Detrimental Sedimentary Rocks • Rockscome from weathered rocks such as igneous rocks.
- 79. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS • Rockscome from soluble materials produced largely by chemical weathering.
- 80. METAMORPHIC ROCKS • Formedfrom the exposure of sedimentary or igneous rocks to high pressure and temperature, or both, deep within the earth’s surface.
- 81. MINERALS • Solid substancesthat are present in nature and can be made of one element or more elements combined together (chemical compounds). • Solid inorganic compound, represented by a chemical formula.
- 82. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS •CRYSTALSTRUCTURE TRANSPARENCY •CRYSTAL HABIT LUSTER •HARDNESS CLEAVAGE •COLOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- 83. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE • Describesthe orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms in the internal structure of a mineral.
- 84. CRYSTAL HABIT • Refersto the overall shape of the crystal.
- 85. HARDNESS • Refers to themineral resistance to scratch.
- 86. COLOR • Caused byabsorption, or lack thereof, of visible light by their crystalline
- 87. STREAK • Refers tothe color of the mineral in powdered form.
- 88. TRANSPARENCY • Allows thelight to pass through and you can see objects through..
- 89. LUSTER • How lightis reflected off a surface of a mineral.
- 90. CLEAVAGE • Resistance tobeing broken.
- 91. SPECIFIC GRAVITY • Ameasure of the relative density of a mineral.
- 92. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • Solubility– the ability of a mineral to dissolve in a liquid.
- 93. END OF THETOPIC • KINDLY PROCEED TO THE NEXT TOPIC; PROCESSES WITHIN THE EARTH.
- 94. Earth’s Processes and PlateTectonics
- 95. OBJECTIVES: 1.Describe how rocksundergo weathering 2.Explain how the products of weathering we carried away by the erosion and deposited elsewhere. 3.Make a report on how rocks and soil move down slope due to the direct action of gravity.
- 96. EXOGENIC PROCESSES •External processesthat occur at or near the surface of earth. •Part of rock cycle •Weathering, Mass Wasting, Erosion, Transportation and Deposition
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- 98. WEATHERING •Combined action ofall physical and chemical processes that disintegrate and decompose rocks near the earth’s surface through the elements of
- 99. TYPES OF WEATHERING •Physical/ Mechanical Weathering •Chemical Weathering
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- 101. PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL WEATHERING •Breakingup of large rocks into smaller fragments without changing the rock’s mineral composition.
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- 103. CHEMICAL WEATHERING •Weakening or disintegrationof rocks and the formation of new compounds or substances caused by chemical reaction.
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- 107. MASS WASTING • Refersto the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil because of gravity. Rock and Debris Falls Flows Landslides
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- 109. EROSION • The processof transporting weathered sediments by agents of erosion to different places. Water Glaciers Wind
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