tofacitinib (Tofacent) is an oral drug used for treating rheumatoid arthritis. It belongs to a class of drugs called Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. buy tofacitinib only at $6. Visit our website to know more https://emergencydrug.com/drug/tofacitinib-5mg/
tofacitinib (Tofacent) is an oral drug used for treating rheumatoid arthritis. It belongs to a class of drugs called Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. buy tofacitinib only at $6. Visit our website to know more https://emergencydrug.com/drug/tofacitinib-5mg/
This ppt discusses pharmacological actions, toxic effects and clinical applications of corticosteroids. It also mentions precations to be taken while using steroids
Presentation for Medical undergraduates for teaching pharmacology. It deals with Physiology of steroid hormones and their action along with agents which are used therapeutically with their action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses.
DMARDs and biologics have made a huge difference in the lives of people with RA and other rheumatologic disorders. Biologics era was showed+ in the year 1998 with the FDA approval of TNF antagonist and etanercept. Biologics bring the disease under control in 4–6 weeks compared to 3–6 months taken by traditional DMARDs.
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
The current presentation include the pharmacotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. The definition, classification, mechanism of action of drugs, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, contraindications and uses.
This ppt discusses pharmacological actions, toxic effects and clinical applications of corticosteroids. It also mentions precations to be taken while using steroids
Presentation for Medical undergraduates for teaching pharmacology. It deals with Physiology of steroid hormones and their action along with agents which are used therapeutically with their action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses.
DMARDs and biologics have made a huge difference in the lives of people with RA and other rheumatologic disorders. Biologics era was showed+ in the year 1998 with the FDA approval of TNF antagonist and etanercept. Biologics bring the disease under control in 4–6 weeks compared to 3–6 months taken by traditional DMARDs.
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
The current presentation include the pharmacotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. The definition, classification, mechanism of action of drugs, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, contraindications and uses.
Overview of Discussion-
Anti-rheumatoid drugs
Classification of anti-rheumatoid drugs
Pharmacology of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Pharmacology of adjuvant drugs
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
DMARDs .pptx
1. DMARDS
MODERATOR- DR SREYA TODI (
Associate Professor MD
Pharmacology)
RESIDENT- DR TITIR BISWAS
(DEPT. of PHARMACOLGY)
2. INDEX
Rheumatoid Arthritits
a) Pathophysiology
b) Staging
Role of NSAIDs
DMARDs
a) Rationale
b) Classification
c) Individual drugs
Adjuvant Drugs
Recent advances
3. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multisystem
disease of unknown etiology characterized by
persistent inflammatory synovitis, usually
involving peripheral joints symmetrically.
Although cartilaginous destruction , bony
erosions, and joint deformity are hallmarks, the
course of RA can be quite variable.
4. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Immune complexes composed of IgM activate
complement and release cytokines
(mainly TNFα and IL-1)
These are chemotactic for neutrophils
These inflammatory cells secrete lysosomal enzymes
which damage cartilage and erode bone
While PGs produced in the process cause vasodilation and
pain.
8. ROLE OF NSAIDS
NSAIDs are the first line drugs which afford
symptomatic relief in pain, swelling, morning
stiffness, immobility.
They do not arrest the disease progress.
These blocks Cox enzymes of the body which
decreases the inflammation.
Examples: Aspirin, Celecoxib, Diclofenac, etc.
Side Effects: Stomach ulcers, Raised blood
pressure, Anemia, Headache, Rashes, etc.
9. DMARDs
Disease- modifying antirheumatic drugs
(DMARDs) are a group of medication commonly
used in people with Rheumatoid arthritis.
Some of these drugs are also used in treating
other conditions like Ankylosing spondylitis,
Psoriatic arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus,
Inflammatory bowel diseases, etc.
Rationale of DMARDs
Alleviate pain
Slow or stop progression of joint damage
Preservation of structure and function of joints
Maximise quality of life
11. CONVENTIONAL DMARDS
1. Methotrexate
2. Azathioprine
3. Cyclosporine
4. Chloroquine
5. Hydroxychloroqui
ne
6. Sulphasalazine
7. Leflunomide
8. Tofacitinib
Traditional DMARDs are made
from synthetic chemical
compounds with small
molecules.
These do not target specific
parts of the immune system.
12. METHOTREXATE (Mtx)
Methotrexate is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor and has
prominent immunosuppressant and antiinflammatory property.
Common first choice drug.
More rapid onset of action than other DMARDs.
PHARMACOKINETICS
Oral bioavailability of Mtx is variable and may be affected by food
Can be given Intramuscularly, Intravenously or Intrathecally
Excretion is hindered in renal diseases
Has low lipid solubility, thus does not cross Blood Brain Barrier
Dose- 7.5- 25 mg weekly, orally.
Half life – 3to10 hours in low doses; 8-15 hours in high doses.
13. METHOTREXATE (Mtx)
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Inhibits enzymes responsible for nucleotide synthesis
which prevents cell division and leads to anti-
inflammatory actions.
Has a long duration of action.
Has a narrow therapeutic index.
SIDE EFFECTS
Bone marrow depression
Oral ulceration
GI upset
Liver cirrhosis
15. AZATHIOPRINE
Purine synthase inhibitor.
Acts after getting converted into 6-mercaptopurine.
Given along with corticosteroids.
Less commonly used.
PHARMACOKINETICS
Oral Azathioprine is well absorbed.
Bioavailability varies between 30-90% because the
drug is partly inactivated in Liver.
T half- 5 hours
Excreted via urine and not detectable in urine after 8
hours.
Dose- 50 to 150mg/day.
16. AZATHIOPRINE
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Immunosuppressive agent functioning through
modulation of rac1 to induce T cell apoptosis.
Also affects differentiation and functioning of NK cells.
Has a long duration of action.
Has a narrow therapeutic index.
SIDE EFFECTS
Nausea and vomiting.
Leukopenia.
Increased chances of infection.
Reactivation of latent infections.
17. CYCLOSPORINE
A potent immunosuppressant drug used in
treatment of RA, lupus, psoriasis and other
autoimmune disease.
Used to prevent the rejection of transplanted
kidneys and various other organ transplant.
PHARMACOKINETICS
It is slowly and incompletely absorbed orally, food
delays and reduces the absorption.
Biphasic elimination and T Half : 6-18 hours.
The drug and the metabolites are mainly excreted
through bile in faeces and human milk.
18. CYCLOSPORINE
PHARMACODYNAMICS
It produces reversible inhibition of IL-2 and T
helper lymphocytes function.
SIDE EFFECTS
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Hirtuism
Gum hypertrophy
Hyperuricemia
19. SULFASALAZINE
Compound of sulfapyridine & 5 amino salicylic acid
Used as a second line drug for milder cases or is combined
with Mtx.
Useful in Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
PHARMACOKINETICS
Most of the drug reaches colon, where it is metabolized by
bacteria into sulfapyridine and mesalazine( also known as
5- aminosalicylic acid or 5-ASA)
Excreted with feces
Dose- 500mg OD for 7 days orally and increased by 500
mg every week to a maximum of 3g/day in 2-3 divided
doses
Half life – 6-15 hours
20. SULFASALAZINE
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Sulfasalazine is an anti- inflammatory indicated for the
treatment of ulcerative colitics and rheumatoid arthritis.
May act by scavenging the toxic oxygen metabolites
produced by neutrophils.
SIDE EFFECTS
Neutropenia/ Leucopenia/ Thrombocytopenia
Hepatitis is possible
Decreased sperm count
GI disturbances
Malaise
Headache
21. LEFLUNOMIDE
Pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor in actively dividing cells.
Also been used for the prevention of acute and chronic
rejection in recipients of solid organ transplants.
In clinical trials its efficacy has been rated comparable to Mtx
and onset of benefit is as fast as 4 weeks.
PHARMACOKINETICS
Well absorbed orally.
Half life- 2 weeks.
Metabolism is primarily hepatic.
Highly bound to plasma protein.
Around 43% of the drug is eliminated in urine and 48%
through feces.
Dose- 100mg for 3 days followed by 20mg OD
22. LEFLUNOMIDE
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Inhibits dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase and pyrimidine
synthesis in actively dividing cells.
Antibody production by B- cells may be depressed.
SIDE EFFECTS
Diarrhoea
Headache
Nausea
Loss of hair
Thrombocytopenia and leucopenia
Increased chances of chest infection
Raised hepatic transaminases
23. LEFLUNOMIDE
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Not to be used in children and pregnant.
Not to be used in lactating women.
Combination with Mtx is more hepatotoxic.
24. HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE AND
CHLOROQUINE
Anti malarial drug.
Employed in milder non erosive desease.
Has to be given for long periods.
Advantage is relatively low toxicity.
Efficacy is also low.
PHARMACOKINETICS
Well absorbed when given orally.
Both have prolonged half lives (40-50 days).
Protein binding ranges between 30-40% to both albumin and α
glycoprotein
40-50% excreted renally and 25% through feces
Dose- HCQ: 400mg/day for 4-6 weeks followed by 200mg/day for
maintenance
CQ- 150mg/day
25. HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE AND
CHLOROQUINE
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Mechanism of action is unclear.
Found to reduce monocyte IL-1, consequently inhibiting B
lymphocytes.
Antigen processing may be interfered.
Lysosomal enzymes may be stabilised.
Trapping of free radicals.
SIDE EFFECTS
Retinal damage and corneal opacity ( less common and reversible
with HCQ)
Skin rashes
Graying of hair
Irritable bowel syndrome
Myopathy and Neuropathy
26. d- PENICILLAMINE
Penicillamine is dimethylcysteine and obtained as a
degradation of pencillin
Efficacy is similar to that of other DMARDs but with
higher toxicity. Hence no longer in use.
Decreases IL-1 and the number of T- lymphocytes.
It also prevents collagen cross linkage.
SIDE EFFECTS
Rashes and stomatitis.
Anorexia and fever.
Nausea, vomiting and proteinuria.
Disturbance of taste due to chelation of Zinc.
27. GOLD COMPOUNDS
Gold is administered in the form of organic
complexes; SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE AND
AURANOFIN are the two most common
preparations.
Because of high toxicity these have gone out of
use.
The mechanism of action is not clear, but Auranofin
inhibits the induction of IL-1 and TNF-α.
SIDE EFFECTS
Unwanted effects are less frequent and less severe
with Auranofin but these include: Diarrhoea,
Abdominal cramps,etc.
Unwanted effects of Sodium aurothiomalate
28. BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
A. TNF α
antagonist
1. Etanercept
2. Infliximab
3. Adalimubab
B. IL-1 antagonist
1. Anakinra
C. T-cell
modulating
agents
1. Abatacept
D. B-lympho
depletor
1. Rituximab
Several recombinant
proteins/monoclonal antibodies
that bind and inhibit cytokines,
especially TNFα or IL-1 have
been produced.
They have substansial benefit in
autoimmune diseases like RA,
IBD, Psoriasis, Scleroderma, etc.
All of them produce prominent
adverse effect, are expensive,
and are used only as reserve
drugs for severe refractory
29. ETANERCEPT
It is a recombinant fusion protein of TNF-
receptor and Fc portion of Human IgG.
Administered by s.c. injection 50mg weekly.
Pain, redness, itching, and swelling occur at
injection site.
Chest infections may be increased.
30. INFLIXIMAB
It is a chimeral monoclonal antibody which
binds and neutralizes TNF alpha.
3-5mg/kg is infused i.v. every 4-8 weeks.
An acute reaction comprising of fever, chills,
urticaria, bronchospasm, rarely anaphylaxis
may follow the infusion.
Susceptibility to respiratory infections is
increased and worsening of CHF has been
noted.
31. ADALIMUMAB
This recombinant monoclonal anti- TNF
antibody is administered s.c. 40mg every 2
weeks.
Injection site reaction and respiratory infection
are the common adverse effects.
Combination with Mtx is advised to improve
the response and decrease antibody
formation.
32. ANAKINRA
It is a recombinant human IL-1 receptor
antagonist.
Though clinically less effective than TNF
inhibitors, it has been used in cases who have
failed on one or more DMARDS.
Dose: 100mg s.c. daily
Local reaction and chest infections are the
main adverse effects.
33. ABATACEPT
It inhibits T- cell activation.
Route of elimination is by kidney and liver.
Doses upto 50mg/kg have been administered
without apparent toxic effect.
Most common adverse events are headache,
upper respiratory tract infection,
nasopharyngitis and nausea.
34. RITUXIMAB
It is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD20,
an antigen present on the surface of pre-B and
mature B-lymphocytes.
35. ADJUVANT DRUGS
(CORTICOSTEROIDS)
Glucocorticoids have potent immunosuppressant
and antiinflammatory activity.
Can be inducted almost at any stage in RA along
with first or second line drugs.
Symptomatic relief is prompt and marked but they
do not arrest the rheumatoid process, joint
destruction may be slowed and bony erosions
delayed.
It is difficult to withdraw steroid; exacerbation is
precipitated and the patient becomes steroid
dependant.
36. RECENT ADVANCES
Sarilumab, a Human Monoclonal Ab directed
against IL-6 receptor complex, is the newest
biologic to be approved for RA by U.S. FDA in
2017.
At present, Tofacitinib,Baricitinib, Peficitinib,
Upadacitinib, Filgotinib designated as JAK
inhibitors have been approved for the
treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.