This document provides an overview of patterns of organization in paragraphs. It discusses six common patterns: definition, time order/dates and events, simple listing, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and classification. For each pattern, it provides characteristics, examples, and pointers for effective note-taking. It emphasizes that patterns are used to develop a main idea and may be combined. A brief quiz at the end tests the reader's ability to identify patterns from sample sentences.

1. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Chapter 9: Recognizing Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs
From this chapter, you’ll learn
• how to identify six common patterns of
organization.
• how to decide what’s essential to notes on
those six patterns.

2. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
9.1 Defining Terms
Patterns of Organization
• develop naturally or are selected based on the main idea.
• are emphasized by writers to make the relationships
between ideas clear to readers, e.g., writers use specific
transitions that help readers connect sentences.
• give readers a way of organizing information in long-term
memory, e.g., readers can mentally categorize information
into causes and effects, steps in a process, similarities and
differences, etc.
• are characteristic, or typical, methods of developing ideas
in writing.

3. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
A Word to the Wise
Keep in mind that organizational patterns are dictated by the
writer’s main idea, not the other way around. Writers may stick
to one pattern of development, combine two or three, or
dispense altogether with any pre-existing patterns of organization.
The method of development always depends on what the idea
being put forth calls for. Sometimes, when students learn about
organizational patterns, they think that maintaining the pattern is
more important than developing their point. It isn’t. Writers
don’t write cause-and-effect essays. They write essays, articles,
or, indeed, entire books, that may (or may not) use the cause-
and-effect pattern of organization to convey ideas.

4. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
The Six Patterns of Organization
1. Definition: offers a detailed meaning of a word or phrase.
2. Time Order: Sequence of dates and events: traces the events in a
career or the events preceding a cultural or social change. Process
describes the steps in a sequence to explain how something functions
or occurs in real time. Both require the author to organize the
supporting details according to when events or steps occur (or
occurred) in real time.
3. Simple listing: presents, in any order, characteristics, attitudes,
studies, etc., supporting or explaining a point.
4. Cause and effect: explains how one event led to or produced another.
5. Comparison and contrast: shows how two topics are similar
or different in order to develop the main idea.
6. Classification: describes the sub-groups that make up some larger
whole.

5. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
A Word to the Wise
Patterns of organization in paragraphs don’t always come in
the purest form. Sometimes they are mixed together in
exactly equal measure. Much of the time, though, one
pattern is primary, or the most important. That’s the one
you want to identify. The primary pattern is used for the
majority of sentences in the passage and is central to
explaining the main idea.

6. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Which pattern do you think is primary in the following paragraph?
Is it cause and effect or sequence of dates and events?
• When Elvis Presley, the acknowledged king of rock and roll
died in 1977, he was horribly overweight, addicted to
countless drugs, and subject to fits of rage. Exactly what
caused Presley’s decline is unknown, but many have
speculated that insecurities about his talent may have
tormented him more than most realized. Like actress
Marilyn Monroe, Presley would have liked to be taken
seriously as an actor, but critics treated his attempts at
dramatic roles as a joke. In addition, the entertainer seems
never to have quite recovered from the loss of his mother
in 1958 or his stint in the army, and the two events seem to
have broken his spirit. When he returned to civilian life in
1960 and resumed his career, Presley was a changed man,
and his music had lost its old energy and spark.

7. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
1. Pattern Characteristics
Definition: The topic sentence introduces a key
word or phrase, followed by one or more
meanings.
• Often the key word or phrase is in italics or
boldface.
• The paragraph fleshes out the definition by
giving an example of the word in context or
providing some general background.

8. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
1. Definition Pattern: Example
Deinstitutionalization is a mental health policy
that emerged in the 1960s. The policy re-
directed care of persons with severe mental
disorders from state mental hospitals to
community-based treatment settings. Based
on the policy of deinstitutionalization, many
state hospitals were closed and replaced by
community mental health centers or resi-
dential treatment facilities.

9. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Pattern Pointers for Notes
Make sure you
1. can paraphrase the definition, summing
it up in your own words.
2. remember how the definition is related
to any specific people, events, or dates.
3. understand how the details supplied
relate to the definition.

10. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
2. Pattern Characteristics
Time Order: Dates and Events: The
paragraph (1) includes a number of dates and events
comprising someone’s life or career or (2) traces the
events that preceded a particularly important social
change or historical occurrence.
• The pattern is likely to include transitions such as by
1972, after the fall of 1941, in the summer of 2010.
• The events are ordered according to how they
occurred in real time.

11. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
2. Dates and Events Pattern: Example
• Congresswoman Barbara Jordan’s life was punctuated by a long list
of personal and professional achievements. Born in Houston, Texas
in 1936, Jordan made history in 1966 when she became the first
African American to serve in the Texas senate since 1883. On
March 21, 1967, she became the first African American to preside
over the state senate. In 1972, Jordan ran for Congress and won.
She gained national prominence during the televised Watergate
proceedings of 1974, when her eloquence impressed a national
audience. In 1976, she became the first African American to give a
keynote address before the Democratic National Convention.
Jordan retired from politics in 1979 due to ill health. She died in
1996.

12. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Pattern Pointers for Notes
• A series of dates and events is a strong clue to
the presence of this pattern. So too are topic
sentences like “Creative writing programs are
not a modern invention, college catalogues
indicate their existence starting in 1897 and
continuing to the present.”

13. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
A Word to the Wise
Keep in mind, though, that one or two dates and events don’t
usually indicate that the primary pattern is a sequence of dates and
events. Passages that mention several dates and events or make
references to a number of dates and events are likely to be relying
on this method of organization. One or two dates and events,
however, do not add up to an overall pattern of development.

14. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
2. Pattern Characteristics
Time Order Process: The paragraph explains
how something functions, happens, or develops
• A specific number of individual steps or strategies
are named and described.
• Transitions like first, second, next, and at the end
often introduce the steps or stages.
• The order in which the steps or stages are
presented is based on events in real time.

15. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
2. Process Pattern: Example
• The earliest box camera had four essential
parts—shutter, lens, box, and film—and three
essential steps. When a picture was taken, the
shutter opened, allowing light to enter. Then
the lens, a circular piece of glass, focused the
light so it passed through the box. In the third
and final step, the light-sensitive film at the
back of the box received and recorded the
image.

16. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Make sure you
1. can identify and describe the individual steps
or stages.
2. know any specialized vocabulary necessary to
understanding the steps in the process.
3. consider using a flow chart that diagrams the
individual steps, phases, or stages.
Pattern Pointers for Notes

17. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Sample Flow Chart: Box Camera’s
Three Steps
Shutter
opens
and
allows
light to
enter.
The lens
focuses
the light
and lets
it pass
through.
Light-
sensitive
film at
back
records
image.

18. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
3. Pattern Characteristics
Simple Listing: The paragraph identifies or names a
number of specific features, characteristics or
examples that require no specific order of
presentation.
• The pattern is likely to include topic sentences with
phrases such as “several key cases,” “a number of
symptoms,” or “several studies.”
• The details give specifics about the cases, symptoms,
or studies, but they require no specific order of
presentation; they can be rearranged to suit the
author.

19. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
3. Simple Listing Pattern: Example
• There are three ways to ruin even the best
friendship. Best friends tell each other secrets
they would be unlikely to tell anyone else. Betray
that confidence, and the friendship can end
overnight. If a best friend’s romance goes down
in flames, don’t date the ex. No matter what
your friend says, he or she will not be happy
about the two of you getting together. Finally, if
your best friend confides in you about a problem,
don’t immediately come up with a solution.
Sometimes friends just want a listener, not a
problem solver.

20. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Pattern Pointers for Notes
• If the topic sentence announces the number of
items to be listed—“There are three things you
need to do to complete a successful job
interview”—you know right away that you need
to record at least three supporting details.
• Consider using diagrams for passages using the
simple listing pattern. Details that have no
intrinsic, or natural, order are sometimes hard to
remember. Diagramming them can be a memory
booster.

21. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Diagrams can help you remember by giving you
a visual image to attach to the author’s words.
Dating the
ex
Always being
a problem
solver.
Betraying a
friend’s secrets
How to lose a
best friend

22. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
4. Pattern Characteristics
Comparison and Contrast: The similarities
and/or differences between two topics are
discussed in detail.
• The comparison and contrast pattern has to
have two topics.
• Transitions such as in contrast, similarly,
and however turn up frequently.
• The supporting details describe similarities
and/or differences.

23. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
4. Comparison and Contrast Pattern:
Example
• Men have a harder time adjusting to
widowhood than women do. Although both
sexes suffer profoundly at the loss of a spouse,
men seem to have more problems. They have
difficulty, for instance, managing the household
chores once performed by their wives. They
also have difficulty keeping in touch with old
friends because it was the wife who, in the past,
kept up the couple’s social network.

24. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Pattern Pointers for Notes
• Don’t get so caught up in the similarities and
differences, you forget what they are there for.
Be sure you understand and record the main
idea they develop.
• Make your notes a visual reflection of the
pattern by putting the similarities and
differences into columns.

25. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Widowhood is harder on men than
women.
• Men have trouble
running the household.
• Men aren’t used to
keeping in touch with a
circle of former friends.
• Women are used to
maintaining a
household.
• Women don’t have
difficulty keeping up
social ties.

26. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
5. Pattern Characteristics
Cause and Effect: The paragraph explains how
one event produced or set off another event
or train of events.
• The paragraph is likely to include verbs like
caused, triggered, created and induced.
• It’s also like to include transitions such as
consequently, as a result, due to and in
response.

27. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
5. Cause-and-Effect Pattern:
Example
• In 2001 Abdel Baset al-Megrahi, who took part in
the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over
Lockerbie, Scotland, was released from prison.
Megrahi’s act had resulted in the death of all 259
people on board, and he had been sentenced to
life. However, because he was suffering from
incurable prostate cancer the Scottish Judge
Kenny MacAskill decided Megrahi was deserving
of compassionate release. According to
MacAskill, Megrahi’s condition obliged the court
to show mercy, especially since the man would
soon be judged by a “higher power.”

28. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Pattern Pointers for Notes
• Be aware that this pattern can identify a series of
causes or effects. Don’t assume that identifying
just one cause and one effect completes your
notes—or your understanding of the passage.
• Be aware as well that sometimes causes can
produce effects that turn into causes. Think of it
this way: Too much pollen in the air can cause
you to cough a lot. Coughing, in turn, can cause
yet another effect, in this case, laryngitis or loss
of your voice.

29. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
6. Pattern Characteristics
Classification: The topic sentence describes how
some larger group can be broken down into smaller
subgroups.
• topic sentences include words like categories and
subgroups.
• topic sentence use verbs like broken down into,
analyzed, or divided.

30. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
6. Classification Pattern: Example
• The animal kingdom is divided up into groups
called phyla (phylum is the singular.) Single-celled
animals like amoeba, for instance, belong to the
phylum called Protozoa while sponges belong to
the category labeled Porifera, and round worms
are classified as Nemanthelminthes. Clams and
snails belong to the category called Mollusca, and
insects are grouped under the heading
Arthropoda. And what category are humans in?
Humans, along with fish, birds and reptiles,
belong to the category Chordata.

31. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Pattern Pointers for Notes
• Make sure you know what larger group is being
sub-divided and how many categories emerge as
a result of the division.
• If the categories described are given specific
names, be sure to put the names into your notes.
• When you finish a passage that relies mainly on
the classification pattern, test your understanding
by seeing how well you can name and describe
the individual categories.

32. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Recognizing Patterns
of Organization in Paragraphs
You’ve previewed the major concepts and skills introduced
in Chapter 9. Take this quick quiz to test your mastery of
those skills and concepts, and you are ready to read the
chapter.

33. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Recognizing Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs
Identify the pattern of organization suggested by
each sentence and explain what it was about the
sentence that guided your choice:
1. Changing a person’s attitude is not easy, but it can
be done and there are several techniques that can
successfully be used to bring about change.
2. As first ladies go, no two were more distinctly
different from one another than Jacqueline
Kennedy and Patricia Nixon.

34. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Recognizing Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs
Sentence 1 is cause and effect because it
• emphasizes how one thing produces, or brings
about, another.
Sentence 2 is comparison and contrast because it
• introduces two different topics, Jacqueline
Kennedy and Patricia Nixon.
• points out how they differ.

35. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Identify the pattern of organization suggested by
each sentence:
3. In the corporate world, the term “means-end
analysis” refers to analyzing a task in order to
discover the method of action that would get
you most quickly to your final goal.
4. Depending on the method of division, glaciers
can be grouped into three or four different
categories.
Finishing Up: Recognizing Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs

36. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Recognizing Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs
Sentence 3 suggests the definition pattern because
• the opening phrase “means-end analysis” is followed by a
restatement of the phrase’s meaning.
• quotation marks (could also be italics or boldface) highlight the
opening phrase.
• the verb “refers” suggests a definition pattern will follow.
Sentence 4 suggests the classification pattern because
• it explains how some larger whole can be sub-divided into smaller
groups.
• combines the words “division,” “categories,” and “grouped” in the
same sentence.

37. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Recognizing Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs
Identify the pattern of organization suggested by
each sentence:
5. Russia’s Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, has had a
long and generally sinister career.
6. In order to remember new information for more
than a few minutes, the human brain requires
that several steps be completed in the following
order.

38. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Recognizing Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs
Sentence 5 suggests a sequence of dates and events
pattern because
• the topic sentence focuses on Putin’s career.
• it is impossible to discuss a “long career,” even a
sinister one, without discussing the dates and events
that make up the career.
Sentence 6 suggests a process pattern because
• the topic sentence explains how something happens.
• the topic sentence uses the phrase “a certain number
of different steps.”

39. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Recognizing Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs
Identify the pattern of organization
suggested by this sentence:
7. There are a number of specific things you
should not do when preparing to buy a
new or used car.

40. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Recognizing Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs
Sentence 7 is simple listing because
• the phrase “a number of specific things”
appears in the topic sentence.
• the order in which those “things” are
explained does not seem important.

41. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Brain Teaser Challenge

42. Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Brain Teaser Challenge
Read the following quotation from Bruce Lee, the
actor who became famous displaying his very real
martial arts abilities in a string of successful films.
In your own words, what does he mean to say
about pattern, and do his words apply to the
patterns of organization you just learned to
recognize?
“All fixed set patterns are incapable of
adaptability or pliability.* The truth is
outside of all fixed patterns. “
Pliability: flexibility, capable of changing
or bending