The document discusses the impact of the Internet of Things (IoT) on privacy and security, highlighting the increasing number of connected devices and the corresponding challenges they pose in critical infrastructure and personal settings. It outlines the security and privacy requirements, including confidentiality, integrity, and authentication, and introduces OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect as frameworks for securing application access. The importance of user consent and the management of relationships between users, devices, and applications are emphasized as critical for maintaining security and privacy in the IoT landscape.

1. Identity- defined Privacy & Security
for the Internet of Things
Paul Madsen
@paulmadsen
Ping Identity

2. 2

3. The Internet of Things
connects people and physical
objects together through
applications

4. What’s driving IoT
• The sensor legacy. Sensors and remote monitoring tools have
existed for decades, in a field known as machine-to-machine (M2M)
communications, monitoring, and control.
• Broadening connectivity. Mainstreaming of home wifi, 4G mobile,
low-power wireless standards such as Bluetooth and ZigBee are
enabling just about everything to be connected together.
• The cloud and big data. Cloud computing and big data allow the
massive data created by things to be sifted, processed, and acted upon
• APIs. Distributed, loosely coupled, transactional approaches in
software design are allowing things to exist and communicate
autonomously alongside internet-based services

5. Market
• Market size for IoT will be $290 billion by 2017, and
growing at 30 percent per year
(MarketsandMarkets)
• 31 billion internet-connected devices will exist by 2020
(Intel)
• A family of four will move from having 10 connected
devices in 2012 to 25 in 2017 to 50 in 2022 (Intel)

6. Privacy & Security Challenge
Most of the devices in the Internet of
Things will be used in two broad areas:
– Critical Infrastructure - power
production/generation/distribution,
manufacturing, transportation, etc.
– Personal "infrastructure" - personal medical
devices, automobiles, home entertainment
and device control, wearables, etc
Demands
security
Demands
privacy

7. Users surprised
& disappointed
Security
breach
Provider surprised
& disappointed
Privacy
breach

8. Security requirements
• Confidentiality. Protecting data from being inappropriately
accessed by unauthorized actors. Often manifests in authorization
policies & encryption
• Integrity protecting data or methods from modification or
deletion by unauthorized parties. Often manifests in digital
signatures
• Authentication. Verifying the identities of actors as they interact
with each other to ensure that malicious parties are not given
inappropriate permissions

9. Security challenges of the IoT
• Life and death implications
• Scale
• Heterogeneity
• Storage, processing, and connectivity constraints
• Usability implications of screenless devices
• Complex relationships between users & devices
• Implications of gateways for end-to-end security

10. Privacy requirements
• Transparency helps people understand who knows what about them —
give people information on how their data is to be used, with whom it is
shared with; how long is it held; etc
• Intervenability is the ability for users to view, change, correct, block,
revoke consent, and delete personal data stored by providers &
applications.
• Unlinkability is about the separation of informational contexts, such as
work, personal, family, citizen, and social. It’s about preventing undesired
linkages across different contexts.

11. Identity
Security
Privacy
Authentication Authorization

12. Authentication & Authorization Model
• IoT Actors authenticate by presenting security tokens
on their calls/messages to each other
• Tokens represent relationship between the relevant
user and the calling actor (and any
consents/permissions associated with that relationship
• Upon receiving a message, an actor validates the
token to verify the request is consistent with the
relationship/permissions
• If consent is removed, token is revoked, and access
disabled

13. OAuth 2.0 & OpenId Connect 1.0
• OAuth 2.0 is an IETF authentication & authorization framework for securing
application access to RESTful APIs
• OAuth allows a Client to send an API query to a Resource Server (RS), the
application hosting the desired information, such that the RS can authenticate
that the message was indeed sent by the Client.
• The Client authenticates to the RS through the inclusion of an access token on
its API call—a token previously provided to the Client by an Authorization
Server (AS).
• In those scenarios that the API in question protects access to a User’s identity
attributes, it may be the case that the access token will only be issued by the
AS after the User has explicitly given consent to the Client accessing those
attributes.
• OpenID Connect 1.0 profiles and extends OAuth 2.0 to add an identity layer—
creating a single framework that promises to secure APIs, mobile native
applications and browser applications in a single, cohesive architecture.

14. Representative IoT architecture
• Fitbit makes the Aria smart scale
• Scale syncs through home Wifi to
Fitbit cloud for display & analysis
through web & native
applications
• 3rd
party services can access
weight data to provide additional
analysis

15. Architecture
FitBit
Proprietary

16. Architecture
FitBit
Proprietary

17. Architecture
FitBit 3rd
party
services
REST APIProprietary

18. Security & privacy requirements
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Authentication
• Transparency
• Intervenability
• Unlinkability

19. Security & privacy requirements
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Authentication
• Transparency
• Intervenability
• Unlinkability

20. Confidentiality & Integrity
• Weight data must be secured both on servers &
in-transit
– Encryption & access control ensures confidentiality on
Fitbit & 3rd
party servers
– TLS ensures confidentiality in-transit
– TLS protects against modifications in-transit
• Both OAuth & Connect mandate TLS for over-
the-network messages

21. Security & privacy requirements
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Authentication
• Transparency
• Intervenability
• Unlinkability

22. Native application authentication
FitBit 3rd
party
services
REST APIProprietary

23. Native Application authentication
• Users can view their weight data
& trends from Fitbit ioS &
Android native applications
• Native apps pull data from Fitbit
cloud REST endpoints
• Native applications can use
OAuth to authenticate their API
calls as being on behalf of
particular user

24. 3rd
party application authentication
FitBit 3rd
party
services
REST APIProprietary

25. 3rd
party application authentication
• TrendWeight offers additional
insight & analysis of weight data
• Pulls weight data from Fitbit
cloud REST endpoints
• TrendWeight uses OAuth to
authenticate to Fitbit as acting
on behalf of particular user
• The token represents the
relationship between
TrendWeight and that user

26. Cloud to Cloud
Copyright © 2014 Ping Identity
Login & consent
Weight data
Login & consent
Weight data
Access token delivery

27. Device authentication
FitBit 3rd
party
services
REST APIProprietary

28. Copyright © 2014 Ping Identity
• Devices communicate with each other and the gateway via
the local network— sharing data, sending control messages,
etc.
• These local interactions may not use HTTP, but instead a
application protocol more optimized to the constraints (CPU
size, battery, etc.) of devices.
• Such application protocols include XMPP, MQTT and CoAP.
• Work has begun in exploring how to bind OAuth & Connect
to such IoT optimized protocols, e.g. ACE effort in IETF
Device authentication

29. Security & privacy requirements
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Authentication
• Transparency
• Intervenability
• Unlinkability

30. Transparency
• Users actively mediate the
issuance of tokens to native
applications & 3rd
parties
• Provides opportunity for an
explicit consent step
• In theory can enable
granular consent, ie view
only weight data but not step
data

31. Security & privacy requirements
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Authentication
• Transparency
• Intervenability
• Unlinkability

32. Intervenability
User can revoke permissions
assigned to 3rd
parties

33. Security & privacy requirements
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Authentication
• Transparency
• Intervenability
• Unlinkability

34. Unlinkability
• Authenticating to Fitbit or sharing weight data to
3rd
party services should not directly enable
inappropriate correlation at some other party ,
eg Facebook
• Linkages must be explicit and consensual, as in
that established between FitBit & TrendWeight

35. It will be relationships
between users, devices,
and applications that will be
fundamental

37. THANKS

38. Conclusion
• Authentication & authorization of actors is
fundamental to enabling IoT security & privacy
• Mechanisms must be secure, scalable and privacy
respecting
• OAuth & Connect promise to provide important
pieces of authentication & authorization framework
for IoT