Agricultural wastewater treatment is necessary to control pollution from farm runoff that may contain chemicals, organic matter, sediments, or saline drainage. Nonpoint source pollution occurs from surface runoff carrying contaminants from fields. Point sources include animal waste, silage waste, and processing wastewaters. Treatment methods include erosion controls, nutrient management plans, integrated pest management, containment of animal waste, and constructed wetlands. Proper treatment and disposal of agricultural wastewaters is needed to protect water quality.
This document summarizes various agricultural contaminants that can pollute water sources. It discusses how excess nutrients from human/animal waste, fertilizers and biosolids used in agriculture can lead to algal blooms. Animal manures and waste contain nitrogen that can contaminate groundwater if applied in excess. Pesticide and herbicide use also contributes to water contamination through runoff and leaching. Factors like soil type, rainfall and irrigation practices influence how much agricultural chemicals and nutrients pollute both surface and groundwater. Intensive animal farming also generates large amounts of waste with pollution potential if not properly managed.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This document discusses methods of soil and water conservation in agriculture. It outlines various physical, agronomic, and vegetative methods to control soil erosion and conserve water resources. Some key methods mentioned include contour bunding, terracing, strip cropping, mulching, and planting grass barriers or trees. The objectives of these conservation practices are to promote proper land use, prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintain soil fertility, and regulate water resources and availability.
Indigenous soil & water conservation techniquesBaskar Selvam
Indigenous techniques are cost effective and eco friendly. In our modern day intensive agriculture, soil and water resources are keep on degrading. So, these indigenous techniques are adopted to overcomes those soil and water conservation problems.
Practical productive and environment friendly utilization of salt affected landsShah Awan
1) The document discusses strategies for utilizing salt-affected soils in Pakistan in a practical, productive, and environmentally friendly manner.
2) It describes three types of salt-affected soils in Pakistan and introduces varieties developed to suit each soil type: short-stature wheat for irrigated saline soils, drought-tolerant wheat for saline soils in dry areas, and Durugen wheat to tolerate desert conditions of high salt, heat, and low water.
3) Testing showed these new varieties outperformed standard varieties by yielding more while requiring fewer inputs under harsh soil and climate conditions. Their cultivation could help increase wheat production and improve food security.
This document discusses the key properties and components of soil. It notes that soil acts as a key resource for crop production by supporting physical, chemical, and biological processes. Soils can be classified based on their particle size and amount of organic matter. Different soil types like sandy, loamy, and clay soils are described along with their characteristics. Organic matter, soil fertility, drainage, pH, and microbes are also discussed as important factors that influence soil quality and plant growth. Maintaining healthy soil through proper management is emphasized.
1) Soil degradation refers to processes that reduce a soil's ability to produce goods and services for current and future generations. It occurs when inappropriate land use practices are adopted, such as deforestation, overgrazing, or unsustainable agricultural practices.
2) Agricultural activities can cause physical, chemical, and biological degradation through practices like excessive tillage, improper fertilizer and pesticide use, lack of crop rotations, and burning of crop residues. This leads to reduced soil organic matter, compaction, erosion, salinization, and loss of biodiversity.
3) The consequences of soil degradation include substantial reductions in agricultural productivity, yields, and farmers' livelihoods, as well as negative downstream impacts
This document provides an overview of water harvesting techniques used historically and currently around the world. It discusses how water harvesting has been practiced for thousands of years in arid regions to irrigate crops and provide drinking water. The document then summarizes various water harvesting methods used historically in regions like the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It outlines factors to consider when implementing water harvesting systems, such as rainfall patterns, land use, topography, and maintenance requirements. The purpose is to provide context around water harvesting and define different techniques while examining its use and resurgence today.
Soil is one of the most important water storage in nature.
Water content in the soil is very significant parameter of water regime of the country which significantly depends on soil area and quality of soil. Lower acreage of soil and lower soil quality lead to less water content in the country and vice versa.
Human activities (agriculture, forest management, soil sealing) are still important factors of water regimes of land.
Mainly agriculture drives the soil water regime from positive or negative points of view.
This document summarizes various agricultural contaminants that can pollute water sources. It discusses how excess nutrients from human/animal waste, fertilizers and biosolids used in agriculture can lead to algal blooms. Animal manures and waste contain nitrogen that can contaminate groundwater if applied in excess. Pesticide and herbicide use also contributes to water contamination through runoff and leaching. Factors like soil type, rainfall and irrigation practices influence how much agricultural chemicals and nutrients pollute both surface and groundwater. Intensive animal farming also generates large amounts of waste with pollution potential if not properly managed.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This document discusses methods of soil and water conservation in agriculture. It outlines various physical, agronomic, and vegetative methods to control soil erosion and conserve water resources. Some key methods mentioned include contour bunding, terracing, strip cropping, mulching, and planting grass barriers or trees. The objectives of these conservation practices are to promote proper land use, prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintain soil fertility, and regulate water resources and availability.
Indigenous soil & water conservation techniquesBaskar Selvam
Indigenous techniques are cost effective and eco friendly. In our modern day intensive agriculture, soil and water resources are keep on degrading. So, these indigenous techniques are adopted to overcomes those soil and water conservation problems.
Practical productive and environment friendly utilization of salt affected landsShah Awan
1) The document discusses strategies for utilizing salt-affected soils in Pakistan in a practical, productive, and environmentally friendly manner.
2) It describes three types of salt-affected soils in Pakistan and introduces varieties developed to suit each soil type: short-stature wheat for irrigated saline soils, drought-tolerant wheat for saline soils in dry areas, and Durugen wheat to tolerate desert conditions of high salt, heat, and low water.
3) Testing showed these new varieties outperformed standard varieties by yielding more while requiring fewer inputs under harsh soil and climate conditions. Their cultivation could help increase wheat production and improve food security.
This document discusses the key properties and components of soil. It notes that soil acts as a key resource for crop production by supporting physical, chemical, and biological processes. Soils can be classified based on their particle size and amount of organic matter. Different soil types like sandy, loamy, and clay soils are described along with their characteristics. Organic matter, soil fertility, drainage, pH, and microbes are also discussed as important factors that influence soil quality and plant growth. Maintaining healthy soil through proper management is emphasized.
1) Soil degradation refers to processes that reduce a soil's ability to produce goods and services for current and future generations. It occurs when inappropriate land use practices are adopted, such as deforestation, overgrazing, or unsustainable agricultural practices.
2) Agricultural activities can cause physical, chemical, and biological degradation through practices like excessive tillage, improper fertilizer and pesticide use, lack of crop rotations, and burning of crop residues. This leads to reduced soil organic matter, compaction, erosion, salinization, and loss of biodiversity.
3) The consequences of soil degradation include substantial reductions in agricultural productivity, yields, and farmers' livelihoods, as well as negative downstream impacts
This document provides an overview of water harvesting techniques used historically and currently around the world. It discusses how water harvesting has been practiced for thousands of years in arid regions to irrigate crops and provide drinking water. The document then summarizes various water harvesting methods used historically in regions like the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It outlines factors to consider when implementing water harvesting systems, such as rainfall patterns, land use, topography, and maintenance requirements. The purpose is to provide context around water harvesting and define different techniques while examining its use and resurgence today.
Soil is one of the most important water storage in nature.
Water content in the soil is very significant parameter of water regime of the country which significantly depends on soil area and quality of soil. Lower acreage of soil and lower soil quality lead to less water content in the country and vice versa.
Human activities (agriculture, forest management, soil sealing) are still important factors of water regimes of land.
Mainly agriculture drives the soil water regime from positive or negative points of view.
EFFECT OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEM AND FARMING PRACTICES ON GROUND WATER QUALITY BY POO...HARISH J
This document discusses the effect of farming practices on groundwater quality. It identifies key sources of groundwater contamination from agriculture including fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and poor water management. Intensive crop cultivation and greenhouse vegetable production can lead to nitrate pollution of shallow groundwater aquifers. Pesticide leaching through soil and riverbeds also introduces pesticides into groundwater. Irrigation in arid areas can deteriorate groundwater quality by mobilizing salts. Management strategies discussed include limiting fertilizer and pesticide use, using less residual chemicals, bioremediation, and use of biochar to reduce leaching.
Judicious use of bio-wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value addition industrial byproducts, and improve the environment. In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural, municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized. Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of Carbon, plant nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials.There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal and use of bio-wastes through environmental education.
Following slides helps the fresher to understand the aspect of water logging and salinity of the soil and their control and management strategies for sustainable agriculture
Increased urbanization and industrialization in developing countries has created a huge demand for construction activities, which in turn has resulted in the fast growth of the brick-making industry. Unfortunately, brick-kilns are mostly situated on fertile agricultural land and moreover the process of digging soil from agricultural field for Brick industry is frequently accompanied by severe soil erosion, and destruction of mixed vegetation cover and grazing lands. Further transportation of raw materials for brick industry that is soil leads to environmental pollution by mixing of dust particles in the atmosphere along with Co2 accumulation during burning of fresh bricks. However the opportunity cost of selling top-soil for brick making is likely to increase as good quality soil for agriculture become more and more scare. Basic objectives of soil conservation measures are: (a) protection of surface from splash erosion, (b) increase in infiltration of rain water, (c) decrease in volume and velocity of surface and subsurface runoff, (d) modifying biological and mechanical measures to increase the resistance of soil erosion. Also foam bricks and concrete bricks can replace this problem. The present study investigates on the role of brick industry in the degradation of land and environment at Mallaram in Nizamabad District of Telangana. Furthermore, this investigation shows the increasing of agricultural density due to the above mention process.
The document discusses land capability classification (LCC), which classifies land based on its potentialities and limitations for agricultural use. LCC takes into account soil profile characteristics, external land features, and climate factors to assign lands to capability classes. There are two main groups - arable land classes suitable for cultivation, and non-arable land classes where cultivation is limited. The classification aims to properly match land use to its capabilities to prevent degradation. However, LCC has constraints as it does not consider special crops or economic factors, and assumes a moderate management level.
The document discusses various sources and impacts of water pollution. It describes point sources like industrial facilities that pollute water at specific locations, and nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff that are diffuse and hard to regulate. Major causes of water pollution include agriculture, industry, and mining. Water pollutants can harm human health and aquatic ecosystems. Solutions discussed include better regulation, pollution prevention, water treatment and protecting watersheds.
1) The document discusses orchard floor management in fruit orchards and provides examples of different floor management techniques like clean cultivation, sod culture, mulching, use of herbicides, cover crops, and intercropping.
2) Orchard floor management aims to maintain soil fertility and moisture levels, control weeds, and increase fruit tree growth and yields.
3) Research has shown that sod mulching and intercropping in mango orchards can increase soil nutrient levels and leaf nutrient content in mango trees compared to clean cultivation.
This document summarizes key aspects of soil health for organic production. It defines soil as a combination of minerals, organic matter, air and water that supports plant growth. Soil health is determined by the interaction of physical, chemical and biological properties. Maintaining soil organic matter through practices like cover cropping and composting is important for soil structure, nutrient retention, and supporting beneficial microbes. Proper management of soil texture, structure, pH, and nutrients also influences soil health and sustainability for organic agriculture.
Different types of fertilizers & manures used inAparna Sharma
Organic and inorganic fertilizers can be used to increase primary productivity in aquaculture ponds. Applying fertilizers increases the availability of nutrients that promote the growth of plankton. As more primary producers are produced, it activates the entire food chain and enhances aquaculture productivity. Different types of soils require different fertilizer applications. Organic manures provide nutrients over a longer period but may deplete oxygen, while inorganic fertilizers are quickly available but lose nutrients faster. Fertilizers can be applied by broadcasting over the pond surface or using platforms and bags suspended in the water.
The document discusses various erosion control methods including physical, vegetative, biotechnical methods and controlling gullies. The goals are to control water flow and restore the soil's ability to absorb water like a sponge. It also discusses developing an erosion control and revegetation plan, including assessing the site conditions, selecting appropriate plant species, implementing measures, and providing ongoing maintenance. The key is to minimize disturbance, control water flow, use local materials, cover areas quickly, and rehabilitate progressively.
Groundwater Quality from Basaltic Aquifers, Dr. S. K. Vadagbalkar, Associat...SHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR
This document discusses groundwater quality from basaltic aquifers in Maharashtra, India. It provides background on the geological and hydrological properties of basaltic aquifers, noting they provide good storage of groundwater. However, it warns that groundwater contamination is a serious problem, as surface water pollution can infiltrate into groundwater. Both natural processes and human activities are contaminating groundwater resources. Proper monitoring and analysis of groundwater quality is needed to understand and address the threats to this essential water source.
This document discusses soil erosion and methods to prevent it. It begins by defining soil and describing the different types of soil degradation, including physical, chemical, and biological degradation. It then focuses on soil erosion, describing it as the movement of soil particles from their original site via agents like water, wind, ice, and human activity. The main types of water erosion are then outlined, including splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, and shore erosion. Causes of erosion like deforestation and overgrazing are also listed. The document concludes by describing various biological and agronomic methods that can be used to prevent erosion, such as contour farming, strip cropping, intercro
This document provides an overview of assessing soil quality. It discusses the importance of evaluating soil quality to understand the impacts of management practices on soil functions. Key parameters for assessing soil quality are organized into physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Common methods for evaluating soil quality indicators include statistical analysis, soil quality indexing, and case studies. Maintaining or improving soil quality is important for ensuring soil health and sustainable agricultural productivity over the long term.
This document discusses various agronomic measures for soil conservation. It defines contour cultivation as conducting agricultural activities like plowing and sowing across the slope of the land. This reduces soil and water loss by interrupting runoff. Choice of crops and cropping systems can also impact soil conservation, with close-growing crops providing better protection than row crops. Other agronomic measures discussed include strip cropping, cover crops, mulching, and applying manures/fertilizers. Mechanical measures to conserve soil include contour bunding, graded bunding, bench terracing, and vegetative barriers.
Compacted Soil, Reduced air permeability.
• Reduced water infiltration.
• Restricted plant root growth.
• Restricted accessibility of nutrients due to the increase in bulk density and reduced soil pore size.
• Dry topsoil.
• Reduced soil pore size.
• Decreased oxygen diffusion causing anaerobic conditions in the soil.
• Increased soil water saturation.
• Increased denitrification processes in the soil which leads to increased N2O emission, decreased
available nitrogen in the soil, and reduced efficiency of nitrogen usage by crops which further lead
to an increase of fertilizer use.
• Reduced soil aeration.
• Reduced microbial biomass.
• Reduced number of macrofauna like Earthworm due to the reduction of large pores.
• Reduced crop yield,Causes,Management
Mechanical methods to control soil pollutionO.P PARIHAR
The document discusses various mechanical methods for soil conservation to supplement biological methods. These include (i) basin leaching to collect water, (ii) pan breaking to improve drainage, (iii) subsoiling to loosen soil, and (iv) contour terracing, trenching, and outlets to reduce runoff. Other methods are (v) gully control, (vi) ponds/reservoirs, (vii) stream bank protection, (viii) level spreaders, (ix) fiber rolls, and (x) flumes to control water flow down slopes. The mechanical practices aim to reduce runoff velocity, divide slopes, and protect against erosion.
This document provides an overview of dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation relying entirely on rainfall in areas receiving less than 750 mm of annual rainfall. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil-related constraints to crop production in dryland regions. It also outlines several strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting crops suited to moisture stress conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of practices like intercropping, conservation tillage, and contour cultivation to conserve soil moisture in dryland areas.
This document discusses land degradation and wastelands. It defines wastelands as land that is unusable for growing plants or building structures. Land degradation is any change to land that is considered harmful, and is caused by human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, agriculture, and urbanization. The document then discusses strategies to prevent land degradation like strip farming, crop rotation, and contour farming. It provides a case study of a basalt quarry in Timba, Gujarat that was degraded but then restored to a nature woodland over 8 years using techniques like planting native trees and developing the soil.
This document discusses agricultural pollution, including its types, causes, effects, challenges in India, and ways to reduce it. The main types are leaching and groundwater poisoning from chemicals in soil running into groundwater; water runoff with fertilizers and chemicals mixing into nearby watercourses; and eutrophication from excess nutrients promoting algal blooms and reducing oxygen in water. The primary causes are chemical fertilizers, pesticides, heavy metals, soil erosion, sedimentation, and improper animal management. Effects include water and air pollution harming human and environmental health. Challenges to addressing it in India include population pressures, lack of policy and awareness, and climate/soil issues. Ways to reduce it include following best
The document discusses various abiotic stresses that negatively impact crop production including drought, waterlogging, soil salinity, and nutrient stresses. It provides details on the causes and effects of each stress. The document then outlines several agronomic practices that can be used to mitigate these abiotic stresses, such as adopting drought-resistant varieties, applying growth regulators, improving irrigation and drainage, leaching soils to remove salts, optimizing fertilizer management through techniques like integrated nutrient management, and increasing soil organic matter. The key message is that using the right agronomic practices can help convert the negative effects of abiotic stresses into positive effects for crop production.
EFFECT OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEM AND FARMING PRACTICES ON GROUND WATER QUALITY BY POO...HARISH J
This document discusses the effect of farming practices on groundwater quality. It identifies key sources of groundwater contamination from agriculture including fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and poor water management. Intensive crop cultivation and greenhouse vegetable production can lead to nitrate pollution of shallow groundwater aquifers. Pesticide leaching through soil and riverbeds also introduces pesticides into groundwater. Irrigation in arid areas can deteriorate groundwater quality by mobilizing salts. Management strategies discussed include limiting fertilizer and pesticide use, using less residual chemicals, bioremediation, and use of biochar to reduce leaching.
Judicious use of bio-wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value addition industrial byproducts, and improve the environment. In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural, municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized. Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of Carbon, plant nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials.There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal and use of bio-wastes through environmental education.
Following slides helps the fresher to understand the aspect of water logging and salinity of the soil and their control and management strategies for sustainable agriculture
Increased urbanization and industrialization in developing countries has created a huge demand for construction activities, which in turn has resulted in the fast growth of the brick-making industry. Unfortunately, brick-kilns are mostly situated on fertile agricultural land and moreover the process of digging soil from agricultural field for Brick industry is frequently accompanied by severe soil erosion, and destruction of mixed vegetation cover and grazing lands. Further transportation of raw materials for brick industry that is soil leads to environmental pollution by mixing of dust particles in the atmosphere along with Co2 accumulation during burning of fresh bricks. However the opportunity cost of selling top-soil for brick making is likely to increase as good quality soil for agriculture become more and more scare. Basic objectives of soil conservation measures are: (a) protection of surface from splash erosion, (b) increase in infiltration of rain water, (c) decrease in volume and velocity of surface and subsurface runoff, (d) modifying biological and mechanical measures to increase the resistance of soil erosion. Also foam bricks and concrete bricks can replace this problem. The present study investigates on the role of brick industry in the degradation of land and environment at Mallaram in Nizamabad District of Telangana. Furthermore, this investigation shows the increasing of agricultural density due to the above mention process.
The document discusses land capability classification (LCC), which classifies land based on its potentialities and limitations for agricultural use. LCC takes into account soil profile characteristics, external land features, and climate factors to assign lands to capability classes. There are two main groups - arable land classes suitable for cultivation, and non-arable land classes where cultivation is limited. The classification aims to properly match land use to its capabilities to prevent degradation. However, LCC has constraints as it does not consider special crops or economic factors, and assumes a moderate management level.
The document discusses various sources and impacts of water pollution. It describes point sources like industrial facilities that pollute water at specific locations, and nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff that are diffuse and hard to regulate. Major causes of water pollution include agriculture, industry, and mining. Water pollutants can harm human health and aquatic ecosystems. Solutions discussed include better regulation, pollution prevention, water treatment and protecting watersheds.
1) The document discusses orchard floor management in fruit orchards and provides examples of different floor management techniques like clean cultivation, sod culture, mulching, use of herbicides, cover crops, and intercropping.
2) Orchard floor management aims to maintain soil fertility and moisture levels, control weeds, and increase fruit tree growth and yields.
3) Research has shown that sod mulching and intercropping in mango orchards can increase soil nutrient levels and leaf nutrient content in mango trees compared to clean cultivation.
This document summarizes key aspects of soil health for organic production. It defines soil as a combination of minerals, organic matter, air and water that supports plant growth. Soil health is determined by the interaction of physical, chemical and biological properties. Maintaining soil organic matter through practices like cover cropping and composting is important for soil structure, nutrient retention, and supporting beneficial microbes. Proper management of soil texture, structure, pH, and nutrients also influences soil health and sustainability for organic agriculture.
Different types of fertilizers & manures used inAparna Sharma
Organic and inorganic fertilizers can be used to increase primary productivity in aquaculture ponds. Applying fertilizers increases the availability of nutrients that promote the growth of plankton. As more primary producers are produced, it activates the entire food chain and enhances aquaculture productivity. Different types of soils require different fertilizer applications. Organic manures provide nutrients over a longer period but may deplete oxygen, while inorganic fertilizers are quickly available but lose nutrients faster. Fertilizers can be applied by broadcasting over the pond surface or using platforms and bags suspended in the water.
The document discusses various erosion control methods including physical, vegetative, biotechnical methods and controlling gullies. The goals are to control water flow and restore the soil's ability to absorb water like a sponge. It also discusses developing an erosion control and revegetation plan, including assessing the site conditions, selecting appropriate plant species, implementing measures, and providing ongoing maintenance. The key is to minimize disturbance, control water flow, use local materials, cover areas quickly, and rehabilitate progressively.
Groundwater Quality from Basaltic Aquifers, Dr. S. K. Vadagbalkar, Associat...SHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR
This document discusses groundwater quality from basaltic aquifers in Maharashtra, India. It provides background on the geological and hydrological properties of basaltic aquifers, noting they provide good storage of groundwater. However, it warns that groundwater contamination is a serious problem, as surface water pollution can infiltrate into groundwater. Both natural processes and human activities are contaminating groundwater resources. Proper monitoring and analysis of groundwater quality is needed to understand and address the threats to this essential water source.
This document discusses soil erosion and methods to prevent it. It begins by defining soil and describing the different types of soil degradation, including physical, chemical, and biological degradation. It then focuses on soil erosion, describing it as the movement of soil particles from their original site via agents like water, wind, ice, and human activity. The main types of water erosion are then outlined, including splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, and shore erosion. Causes of erosion like deforestation and overgrazing are also listed. The document concludes by describing various biological and agronomic methods that can be used to prevent erosion, such as contour farming, strip cropping, intercro
This document provides an overview of assessing soil quality. It discusses the importance of evaluating soil quality to understand the impacts of management practices on soil functions. Key parameters for assessing soil quality are organized into physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Common methods for evaluating soil quality indicators include statistical analysis, soil quality indexing, and case studies. Maintaining or improving soil quality is important for ensuring soil health and sustainable agricultural productivity over the long term.
This document discusses various agronomic measures for soil conservation. It defines contour cultivation as conducting agricultural activities like plowing and sowing across the slope of the land. This reduces soil and water loss by interrupting runoff. Choice of crops and cropping systems can also impact soil conservation, with close-growing crops providing better protection than row crops. Other agronomic measures discussed include strip cropping, cover crops, mulching, and applying manures/fertilizers. Mechanical measures to conserve soil include contour bunding, graded bunding, bench terracing, and vegetative barriers.
Compacted Soil, Reduced air permeability.
• Reduced water infiltration.
• Restricted plant root growth.
• Restricted accessibility of nutrients due to the increase in bulk density and reduced soil pore size.
• Dry topsoil.
• Reduced soil pore size.
• Decreased oxygen diffusion causing anaerobic conditions in the soil.
• Increased soil water saturation.
• Increased denitrification processes in the soil which leads to increased N2O emission, decreased
available nitrogen in the soil, and reduced efficiency of nitrogen usage by crops which further lead
to an increase of fertilizer use.
• Reduced soil aeration.
• Reduced microbial biomass.
• Reduced number of macrofauna like Earthworm due to the reduction of large pores.
• Reduced crop yield,Causes,Management
Mechanical methods to control soil pollutionO.P PARIHAR
The document discusses various mechanical methods for soil conservation to supplement biological methods. These include (i) basin leaching to collect water, (ii) pan breaking to improve drainage, (iii) subsoiling to loosen soil, and (iv) contour terracing, trenching, and outlets to reduce runoff. Other methods are (v) gully control, (vi) ponds/reservoirs, (vii) stream bank protection, (viii) level spreaders, (ix) fiber rolls, and (x) flumes to control water flow down slopes. The mechanical practices aim to reduce runoff velocity, divide slopes, and protect against erosion.
This document provides an overview of dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation relying entirely on rainfall in areas receiving less than 750 mm of annual rainfall. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil-related constraints to crop production in dryland regions. It also outlines several strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting crops suited to moisture stress conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of practices like intercropping, conservation tillage, and contour cultivation to conserve soil moisture in dryland areas.
This document discusses land degradation and wastelands. It defines wastelands as land that is unusable for growing plants or building structures. Land degradation is any change to land that is considered harmful, and is caused by human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, agriculture, and urbanization. The document then discusses strategies to prevent land degradation like strip farming, crop rotation, and contour farming. It provides a case study of a basalt quarry in Timba, Gujarat that was degraded but then restored to a nature woodland over 8 years using techniques like planting native trees and developing the soil.
This document discusses agricultural pollution, including its types, causes, effects, challenges in India, and ways to reduce it. The main types are leaching and groundwater poisoning from chemicals in soil running into groundwater; water runoff with fertilizers and chemicals mixing into nearby watercourses; and eutrophication from excess nutrients promoting algal blooms and reducing oxygen in water. The primary causes are chemical fertilizers, pesticides, heavy metals, soil erosion, sedimentation, and improper animal management. Effects include water and air pollution harming human and environmental health. Challenges to addressing it in India include population pressures, lack of policy and awareness, and climate/soil issues. Ways to reduce it include following best
The document discusses various abiotic stresses that negatively impact crop production including drought, waterlogging, soil salinity, and nutrient stresses. It provides details on the causes and effects of each stress. The document then outlines several agronomic practices that can be used to mitigate these abiotic stresses, such as adopting drought-resistant varieties, applying growth regulators, improving irrigation and drainage, leaching soils to remove salts, optimizing fertilizer management through techniques like integrated nutrient management, and increasing soil organic matter. The key message is that using the right agronomic practices can help convert the negative effects of abiotic stresses into positive effects for crop production.
Unsustainable agricultural practices can negatively impact the environment through land conversion and habitat loss, wasteful water consumption, soil erosion, pollution, climate change, and loss of genetic diversity. However, sustainable agriculture uses ecological principles to produce food without compromising future generations' ability to do the same. Key techniques of sustainable farming include integrated pest management, crop rotation, use of organic fertilizers, conservation tillage, and sustainable biotechnology.
According to the UN report, The population of India expected to surpass China and become the largest country in population size by 2022.
Water-related challenges including water scarcity and water quality deterioration where the pace of urbanization is fastest and the local governments have limited capacity to deal with the rising water supply and sanitation challenges.
Industrial growth is completely related to the addition of a large number of toxic pollutants that are harmful to the environment, hazardous to human health.
The document discusses various types of irrigation methods including fertigation, paleo irrigation, sub-surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. It describes the key components, advantages and applications of these different irrigation techniques. Participatory irrigation management and its objectives to involve users in irrigation system management are also summarized. The principles of irrigation scheduling, distribution and organic farming are briefly covered.
Agriculture has significant environmental impacts including climate change effects on crop yields, deforestation, genetic engineering issues, irrigation problems, water and soil pollution from pesticides and fertilizers, soil degradation, plastic waste, and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Sustainable practices like organic farming, conservation tillage, and reducing excess nitrogen and phosphorus use can help minimize these impacts, but may result in lower food production. Overall agriculture involves difficult tradeoffs between high yields and environmental protection that require modifying current practices.
Resources conservation & managementRAJKUMARPOREL
The document discusses the conservation and management of land, water, and biotic resources. It outlines several methods for managing land degradation, including afforestation, regulating grazing and mining activities. Water conservation requires judicious use, rainwater harvesting, and treating industrial and agricultural runoff to prevent pollution. Biotic resources provide food, medicine, and ecosystem services, and their conservation can be achieved through protected areas and ex-situ conservation methods like botanical gardens and gene banks. Overall, the sustainable management of Earth's resources is important for protecting environments and meeting human needs over the long term.
Water hyacinth is an invasive plant that grows rapidly in dense mats, degrading water quality and harming biodiversity. It clogs waterways, hindering transportation and causing flooding. However, it can be used to produce biogas, fiberboards, and as fertilizer or animal feed after processing. To control eutrophication, integrated approaches should be taken, including dewatering water bodies, cleaning, installing wastewater treatment systems, and in situ bioremediation techniques like constructed wetlands and phycoremediation.
Water hyacinth is an invasive plant that grows rapidly in dense mats, degrading water quality and harming biodiversity. It clogs waterways, hindering transportation and causing flooding. However, it can be used to produce biogas, fiberboards, and as fertilizer or animal feed after processing. To control eutrophication, integrated approaches should be taken, including dewatering water bodies, cleaning, installing wastewater treatment systems, and in situ bioremediation techniques like constructed wetlands and phycoremediation.
Salinization of soils and waterways is a risk for aquaculture due to several factors like flooding, high salt content in irrigation water or groundwater, and drainage from ponds. It can be managed by prohibiting shrimp farming in freshwater areas, using rotational rice-fish/shrimp systems, and increasing soil wetness. Destruction of mangrove habitats impacts water quality, food chains, and coastal protection. Overexploitation of wild stocks is driven by demand and poor governance, damaging habitats and disrupting ecosystems. Solutions include controlling fishing vessels and catch, advancing monitoring technology, and improved information sharing.
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients, leading to excessive plant growth.
Causes :- The main causes of eutrophication include agricultural runoff, wastewater discharge, and industrial pollution, which introduce high levels of nutrients into water bodies.
Human Induced cause :- Decomposition of organic matter releases nutrients into the water.
Runoff from natural sources such as forests and wetlands contributes nutrients to water bodies.
Aquatic plants and algae release nutrients during their life cycle.
Natural Cause :-Decomposition of organic matter releases nutrients into the water.
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1. INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHVAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)
College Of Agriculture, Raipur
2019-20
SUBMITTED TO , SUBMITTED BY,
Dr. Sunil Kumar Verma Nikunj Shrivas
Asst. Prof. PMBB Dept. of PMBB
IGKV, Raipur M.Sc.(Ag.) 1st year 2nd sem.
20192447
MBB-591
2.
3. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE WASTE WATER TREATMENT
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE WASTE WATER
SOURCE OF AGRI. WASTE WATER
NON-PONIT SOURCE POLLUTION
PONT SOURCE POLLUTION
THERE TREATMENTS
WATER BASED WATER TREATMENT
CONCLUTION
REFERENCE
4. Agricultural wastewater treatment is a farm management
agenda for controlling pollution from surface runoff that may
be contaminated by chemicals in fertiliser, pesticides, animal
slurry, crop residues or irrigation water.
Agriculture, which accounts for 70 percent of water
withdrawals worldwide, plays a major role in water pollution.
Farms discharge large quantities of agrochemicals, organic
matter, drug residues, sediments and saline drainage into
water bodies, that's why agriculture wastewater treatment is
necessary.
5. •Agricultural wastewater is primarily the excess
water that runs off the field at the low end of furrows,
border strips, basins, and flooded areas during
surface irrigation. This wastewater is also referred to
as irrigation tail water. A certain amount of tail water
runoff is necessary to ensure adequate penetration
of water along the length of the furrow or border strip
being irrigated and to achieve a modicum of
irrigation efficiency.
6. SOURCES OF AGRICULTURE WASTE
WATER
NON-PIONT SOURCE POLLUTION
i. Sediment runoff
ii. Nutrient runoff
iii. pesticide
POINT SOURCE POLLUTION
i. Animal waste
ii. Silage waste
iii. Milking parlour waste
iv. Vegetable washing water
7. Nonpoint source pollution from farms is caused
by surface runoff from fields during rain storms.
Agricultural runoff is a major source of pollution, in some
cases the only source, in many watersheds.
Agricultural activities that cause NPS pollution most
generally occur in the absence of a conservation plan.
Impacts can be generated from activities such as poorly
located or managed animal feeding operations and
manure, overgrazing, ploughing too often or at the wrong
time and improper application of fertilizer.
8. • Soil washed off fields is
the largest source of
agricultural pollution .
Excess sediment causes
high levels of turbidity in
water bodies, which can
inhibit growth of aquatic
plants, clog fish gills and
smother animal larvae.
i. Sediment runoff
9. TREATMET
Farmers may utilize erosion controls to reduce
runoff flows and retain soil on their fields.
Common techniques include:
Contour ploughing
Crop mulching
Crop rotation
Planting perennial crops
Installing riparian buffers
10. Contour Ploughing :- Contour bunding or contour
farming or Contour ploughing is the farming practice
of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its
elevation contour lines . These contour lines create a water
break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during
times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of soil
erosion.
Crop mulch :- A mulch is a layer of material applied to the
surface of soil . Reasons for applying mulch include
conservation of soil moisture, improving fertility and health of
the soil, reducing weed growth and enhancing the visual
appeal of the area.
11. Crop rotation :- Crop rotation is the practice of growing a
series of different types of crops in the same area across a
sequenced of growing seasons. It reduces reliance on one
set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, and the probability
of developing resistant pest and weeds.
Planting perennial crops :- Perennial crops are crops that
– unlike annual crops – don't need to be replanted each
year. After harvest, they automatically grow back. By
eliminating replanting, perennial cropping can reduce topsoil
losses due to erosion, increase biological carbon sequestration
due to reduced soil-disturbing tillage, and greatly reduce
waterway pollution through agricultural runoff due to less
nitrogen input.
12. Installing riparian buffers :-
A riparian buffer or stream buffer is
a vegetated area (a "buffer strip")
near a stream, usually forested, which
helps shade and partially protect the
stream from the impact of adjacent
land uses. It plays a key role in
increasing water quality in associated
streams, rivers, and lakes, thus
providing environmental benefits.
With the decline of many aquatic
ecosystems due to agriculture,
riparian buffers have become
a very common conservation practice
aimed at increasing water quality and
reducing pollution.
13. •Nitrogen and phosphorus
are key pollutants found in
runoff, and they are applied
to farmland in several ways,
such as in the form of
commercial fertilizer,
animal manure. These
chemicals may also enter
runoff from crop
residues, irrigation
water, wildlife, and
atmospheric deposition.
ii. Nutrient runoff
14. • Mapping and documenting fields, crop types, soil types ,water
bodies
• Developing realistic crop yield projections
• Conducting soil tests and nutrient analyses of manures
and/or sludges applied
• Identifying other significant nutrient sources (e.g., irrigation
water)
• Evaluating significant field features such as highly erodible
soils, subsurface drains, and shallow aquifers
• Applying fertilizers, manures, and/or sludges based on
realistic yield goals and using precision agriculture technique
TREATMENT
Farmers can develop and implement nutrient management
plans to mitigate impacts on water quality by:
15. iii. Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control
pests, including weeds. The term pesticide includes all
of the following: herbicide, insecticides (which may
include insect growth regulators, termiticides, etc.)
nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide,
bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent,
antimicrobial, and fungicide. The most common of these
are herbicides which account for approximately 80% of
all pesticide use. Most pesticides are intended to serve
as plant protection products (also known as crop
protection products), which in general, protect plants
from weeds, fungi, or insects.
16. Pesticides are widely used by farmers to control plant
Pests and enhance production, but chemical pesticides can
also cause water quality problems.
Pesticides may appear in surface water due to:
direct application (e.g. aerial spraying or broadcasting over
water bodies)
runoff during rain storms
aerial drift (from adjacent fields).
Some pesticides may leach into groundwater causing human
health problems from contaminated wells.
17. • Farmers may use Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
techniques (which can include biological pest control) to
maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical
pesticides, and protect water quality.
• Using of Insect & pest resistant crop varieties
•There are few safe ways of disposing of pesticide surpluses
other than through containment in well managed landfills . In
some parts of the world, spraying on land is a permitted
method of disposal.
•Promote the use of mechanical and biological alternatives to
pesticides.
TREATMENT
18. • Reduction in use of pesticides (by up to 50% in some
countries).
•Bans on certain active ingredients.
•Revised pesticide registration criteria.
•Training and licensing of individuals that apply pesticides.
•Reduction of dose and improved scheduling of pesticide
application to more effectively meet crop needs and to reduce
preventative spraying.
•Testing and approval of spraying apparatus.
•Limitations on aerial spraying.
19. 2. Point Source Pollution
• Farms with large livestock and poultry operations, such
as factory farms, can be a major source of point
source wastewater.
"The term "point source" means any discernible, confined
and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe,
ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container,
rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel
or other floating craft, form which pollutants are or may be
discharged. This term does not include agricultural storm
water discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture."
21. •While solid manure heaps outdoors can give rise to polluting
wastewaters from runoff, this type of waste is usually relatively
easy to treat by containment and/or covering of the heap.
•Animal slurries require special handling and are usually
treated by containment in lagoons before disposal by spray or
trickle application to grassland. Constructed wetlands are
sometimes used to facilitate treatment of animal wastes, as
are anaerobic lagoons. Excessive application or application to
sodden land or insufficient land area can result in direct runoff
to watercourses, with the potential for causing severe pollution.
Application of slurries to land overlying aquifers can result in
direct contamination or, more commonly, elevation of nitrogen
levels as nitrite or nitrate.
TREATMENT
22. • The disposal of any wastewater containing animal waste
upstream of a drinking water intake can pose serious health
problems to those drinking the water because of the highly
resistant spores present in many animals that are capable of
causing disabling disease in humans. This risk exists even for
very low-level seepage via shallow surface drains or from
rainfall run-off.
• Some animal slurries are treated by mixing with straws and
composted at high temperature to produce a bacteriologically
sterile and friable manure for soil improvement.
• Animal wastes from cattle can be produced as solid or
semisolid manure or as a liquid slurry. The production of
slurry is especially common in housed dairy cattle.
23. Fresh or wilted grass or other green crops can be made into a semi-
fermented product called silage which can be stored and used as winter
forage for cattle and sheep. The production of silage often involves the
use of an acid conditioner such as sulfuric acid or formic acid. The
process of silage making frequently produces a yellow-brown strongly
smelling liquid which is very rich in simple sugars, alcohol, short-chain
organic acids and silage conditioner. This liquor is one of the most
polluting organic substances known. The volume of silage liquor produced
is generally in proportion to the moisture content of the ensiled material.
ii. Silage liquor
Silage is a type of fodder made from green foliage crops which
have been preserved by acidification, achieved through
fermentation .
24. Silage liquor is best treated through prevention by wilting
crops well before silage making.
Any silage liquor that is produced can be used as part of the
food for cattels.
The most effective treatment is by containment in a slurry
lagoon and by subsequent spreading on land following
substantial dilution with slurry. Containment of silage liquor on
its own can cause structural problems in concrete pits
because of the acidic nature of silage liquor.
Treatment
25. • Although milk is an important food product, its
presence in wastewaters is highly polluting because
of its organic strength, which can lead to very
rapid de-oxygenation of receiving waters. Milking
parlour wastes also contain large volumes of wash-
down water, some animal waste together with
cleaning and disinfection chemicals.
iii. Milking parlour (dairy
farming) wastes
26. Milking parlour wastes are often treated in Admixture with
human sewage in a local sewage treatment plant. This ensures
that disinfectants and cleaning agents are sufficiently diluted
and amenable to treatment.
Running milking wastewaters into a farm slurry lagoon is a
possible option although this tends to consume lagoon
capacity very quickly. Land spreading is also a treatment
option.
Treatment
27. Washing of vegetables produces large volumes of water
contaminated by soil and vegetable pieces. Low levels of
pesticides used to treat the vegetables may also be present
together with moderate levels of disinfectants such as chlorine.
iv. Vegetable washing water
In the plant production sector, wastewater is produced
primarily where products are cleaned and processed. As an
example, today it is common to wash potatoes before bagging.
Vegetables or fruit, such as apples, are also often washed
before being packaged for sale. This results in wastewater,
which requires treatment. Water is also essential for fruit
harvesting and processing.
28. Most vegetable washing waters are extensively recycled with
the solids removed by settlement and filtration. The recovered
soil can be returned to the land.
TREATMENT
As an example, up to five cubic metres of water are
required to process one ton of potatoes. To reduce costs,
water in many agricultural processing plants is increasingly
re-circulated in a loop. Impurities are expelled, and the water
is reprocessed for reuse.
29. Water based water treatment
Floating Aquatic Macrophytes :-
Several varieties of macrophytes show considerable
promise for the treatment of wastewater and have
been employed for this purpose in a number of tropical and
sub-tropical countries .Numerous studies demonstrate the
value of floating and emergent aquatic macrophytes to
perform wastewater treatment .
Water hyacinth and duckweed, water lettuce (pistia
stratiotes) and salvinia (salvinia spp.) have shown
high performance potential as well (Brix and Schierup, 1989).
30. It is well known that agriculture is the single largest user of freshwater
resources, using a global average of 70% of all surface water supplies.
Except for water lost through evapotranspiration, agricultural water is
recycled back to surface water and/or groundwater. However, agriculture is
both cause and victim of water pollution. It is a cause through its discharge
of pollutants and sediment to surface and/or groundwater, through net loss
of soil by poor agricultural practices, and through salinization and
waterlogging of irrigated land. It is a victim through use of wastewater and
polluted surface and groundwater which contaminate crops and transmit
disease to consumers and farm workers. Agriculture exists within a
symbiosis of land and water and, as
FAO (1990) makes quite clear, "... appropriate steps must be taken to ensure
that agricultural activities do not adversely affect water quality so that
subsequent uses of water for different purposes are not impaired."
CONCLUTION
31. REFERENCE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment
Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture - FAO irrigation and drainage
paper 47
by M.B. Pescod
• EPA. "National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source
Pollution from Agriculture.“
• http://agwaterstewards.org/practices/reuse_of_agricultural_wastewater
•https://watertreatmentservices.co.uk/wastewater-treatment
• Water, Science & Technology, 33 (10): 59-70.
Mitsch, W. J. Energy conservation through interface ecosystems