This document discusses joint restorative orthodontic treatment and summarizes several situations where combined orthodontic and restorative treatment may be required, including uprighting tilted molars, managing peg laterals or other diminutive teeth, managing traumatized teeth before or during orthodontic treatment, treating periodontal patients, managing cleft lip and palate patients, and treating orthognathic patients. It also discusses the impact of endodontically treated teeth, the role of orthodontics in prosthodontic treatment, tooth surface loss, and modification of tooth color.
Expansion with removable orthodontic appliance /certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Expansion with removable orthodontic appliance /certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis-orthodontic /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Balanced occlusion and its importance/ cosmetic dentistry trainingIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Anoverview of TMD'S categories and main types of interocclusal appliances( occlusal splints ) used during the management of these musculoskeletal disorders .
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis-orthodontic /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Balanced occlusion and its importance/ cosmetic dentistry trainingIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Anoverview of TMD'S categories and main types of interocclusal appliances( occlusal splints ) used during the management of these musculoskeletal disorders .
Overdentures are a useful treatment option in many clinical situations. A simple complete lower overdenture which encloses the roots of two root-treated canines has been shown above (Fig. 12.51). Cases can be more complicated than this. The reduction in the crowns of the teeth may have occurred due to tooth wear from a combination of erosion and attrition. In the elderly, where such tooth reduction has occurred, root canal treatment may not be necessary. The removal of the roots will not benefit the patient and the overdenture is the best form of treatment.
Less common situations, such as partial anodontia, cleft palate or loss of tooth crown substance in dentinogenesis imperfecta, may also require restoration using overdentures. The distinction between an onlay and an overdenture is not clear-cut and a potentially difficult partial denture treatment, such as the restoration of a free end saddle, may be helped by the coverage of a canine or molar tooth with a reduced crown rather than a more involved crown restoration.
In the case illustrated in Figure 12.53, an elderly patient has severe tooth surface loss. The aetiology of this wear must be diagnosed before treatment is commenced. For instance, is this wear a result of parafunction or erosion from the consumption of acidic drinks? The remaining dentition has been restored and a definitive overdenture placed.
Orthodontic-periodontic interactions are mutually beneficial. Orthodontic treatment can be justified as a part of periodontal therapy if it is used to reduce plaque accumulation, correct abnormal gingival and osseous forms, improve aesthetics, and facilitate prosthetic replacement.
the aims of orthodontics is to treat protruded teeth to prevent trauma . crowded teeth help initiation of caries so their treatment is indicated by orthodontics
fixed prosthodontic planning and treatment in periodontally compromised situations is essential in dental therapy. It is important to have the knowledge needed in treating such situations in day to day life.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Overdenture is a favored treatment modality for elderly patients with few remaining teeth. Roots maintained under the denture base preserve the alveolar ridge, provide sensory feedback and improve the stability of the dentures. Furthermore, the use of copings and precision attachments on the remaining teeth enhances the retention of the denture. This clinical report describes a novel method of fabricating a tooth supported overdenture retained with custom made ball attachments using orthodontic separators as a female component. Customized ball attachments with orthodontic separators are a simple and cost effective alternative treatment to the use of prefabricated attachments for enhancing the retention of tooth supported overdentures.
Similar to Restorative dentistry and orthodontics by almuzian (20)
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Restorative dentistry and orthodontics by almuzian
1. Joint Restorative Orthodontic
Treatment
The classic situations where combined orthodontic-restorative management may
be required include:
(i) Up-righting severelytilted molar teeth (refer to PD note)
(ii) Management of 'peg laterals'or other diminutive teeth. (refer to
hypodontia note)
(iii) Managementof teeth that been traumatized before or during
orthodontic treatment (refer to The Orthodontic Implications of Traumatized
Upper IncisorTeeth note)
(iv) Periodontalpatients (refer to PD note)
(v) Management of Cleft Lip and Palate patients (refer to CLP note)
(vi) Orthognathic patients May to be older or present with incomplete
dentitions and hence their treatment may require input from a Restorative
Dentist. Scenarios are too diverse to summarize but major or more minor
'finishing touches' should be discussed in the treatment planning stage to
ascertain the potential benefits. (refer to orthognathic surgery note)
(vii) Hypodontia. (refer to hypodontia note)
(viii) Impact of endodontically treated teeth
(ix) Role of orthodontic in prosthodontics treatment
(x) ToothSurface Loss
(xi) Modificationof tooth color
2. Impact of endodontically treatedteeth
RCT:The aim of root canal treatment is shaping the canal system to producea
gradual smoothtaper that would allow easy access of antimicrobial irrigants to
cleanand remove microorganisms and pulpal debris followed by filling and
obturating the canal with an insoluble filling material.
Indications to RCT:
Pulpal or periapical pathology.
Overdenture abutments.
Internal/ external resorption.
Pulp exposure is expected.
Perio-endo lesions, hemisection.
Pulpal sclerosis
Contraindications:
Inadequate access.
Contamination.
Unrestorable tooth.
Poorperiodontal supportand tooth mobility.
Rootfracture.
RCT preparation techniques:
1. Stepbacktechnique
2. Stepdown, crown down allowing the coronal aspectof the canal to be
widened and cleaned before the apical part, with the advantage of
Improving access ofthe irrigating solution to the apical region,
3. Reducing the risk of pushing pulp tissue debris and microorganisms into
the periradicular area
Therefore diminishing the incidence of post-operative pain.
3. The double-flare techniques
4. Hand instrumentation
5. Rotary instrumentation
The endodontic-orthodontic relationship
The effects oforthodontic tooth movement on the pulp
RCT needs during orthodontic treatment
Difficulty in performing RCT during orthodontic treatment
Orthodontic in assisting RCT
Rootresorption of endodontically treated teeth causedby orthodontic
forces.
In details:
A. The effects oforthodontic tooth movement on the pulp
One of the iatrogenic effect is loss of the pulp vitality
B. RCT needs during orthodontic treatment
If RCT commenced during orthodontic treatment, it is suggested that the
canals be cleaned and dressed and filled with non-setting calcium hydroxide in
the interim, this is usually changed every 3 months as it is prone to leakage. The
tooth itself should be well sealed between visits to prevent coronal leakage and
the tooth filled conventionally with well-condensed gutta percha at the end of
treatment. Observation period, usually of a minimum of 6 months, is
recommended for signs of bony healing.
4. Intermediate filling is not recommended anymore except in apexification
cases (Attack 2008)
C. Difficulty in performing RCT during orthodontic treatment
Difficulty to diagnose from radiographs due to radiolucent changes at the
apex.
Brackets/bands may obscuredecay radiographically/clinically.
The tooth movement may mask symptoms.
Metal brackets/bands affect pulp testing
Toothisolation may be compromised
Working length determination may be hampered as resorption may
destroy the apical constriction and radiographically the periodontal spaceis
widened.
Canal obturation can be hampered by dentinal sclerosis.
D. Orthodontic in assisting RCT:Toothextrusion using light forces (30-
50gm) may be indicated for fractured teeth with margins below the crestal bone
and deep carious margins. The prime objectives of extrusion being to provide a
sound tissue margin for the ultimate restoration also a sound biological width
for the patient to maintain.
E. Rootresorption of endodontically treated teeth causedby
orthodontic forces.
Rootfilled teeth are less likely to resorb (Drysdale 1996)
Other said the opposite
Initial radiographs followed by radiographic monitoring 6 months after
the start of tooth movement. If signs of resorption are noted, a delay of 3
months should be instituted and endodontic advice should be sought.
Where resorption is severe, treatment goals should be re-evaluated and
patients and parents informed.
5. Role of orthodontic in prosthodontics treatment
Short-span bridges have a better overall prognosis than longer-span
bridges (orthodontics can help by reducing space)
Rootfilled abutments are less reliable than vital abutments (This may be
a factor when there is a choice of teeth which could be extracted as part of an
orthodontic treatment plan)
If the dynamic guidance is carried on the pontic, the bridge needs
abutments at bothends (Orthodontics may be able to help reduce a hostile
overbite, or create a canine protected occlusion, or levelling arches, simplifying
matters). However, if the dynamic guidance is not carried on the pontic, the
bridge may not need abutments at both ends, (but vertical forces in intercuspal
position may mean that supportat both ends is preferable to prevent a 'tilting'
force on a single abutment)
Since fixed bridges with more than one abutment need the underlying
preparations to be parallel to one another, it is helpful if the teeth are reasonably
parallel to start with, to avoid the need for excessive removal of tooth tissue
(Orthodontics can help with uprighting teeth)
Enough tooth height needs to be available to retain a bridge once the
tooth is prepared (Orthodontics may be able to help by extruding/ intruding
teeth)
ToothSurface Loss
Relevance
Toothsurface loss is important to the orthodontist in these ways:
Orthodontists often see TSL and should be able to recognize the condition, give
advice and consider a tertiary referral.
6. Orthodontists may be involved in treatment planning and treating of patients
with TSL
Complications of the TSL
1. Aesthetics
2. Mucosal irritation from worn or fractured teeth
3. Functional problems such as difficulty in biting into food.
4. Sensitivity
5. Loss of vertical dimension which make restorative treatment complicated
6. Loss of tooth substance which make restorative treatment complicated
Types of TSL
1. Erosion
2. Abrasion
3. Attrition
4. Demastication
5. Abfraction
In details
1. Erosion
Aetiology
Acids that have a pH below the critical pH 5.5 erode tooth structure as well as
reduced buffering capacity of the mouth. It can be classified into:
A. Exogenous (dietary)
B. Endogenous (regurgitation of stomachcontents).
7. Feature
1. Smooth, polished appearance
2. Absence of staining
3. Absence of developmental ridges
4. Rounded teeth
5. Increased translucency due to thinning of enamel
6. Amalgam and compositerestorations stand proud
7. Palatal erosion often leaves a small line of enamel at the gingival margin
probably a result of the buffering from gingival crevicular fluid
8. Eroded teeth are more susceptible to attrition and abrasion
2. Abrasion
Aetiology
Overzealous oral hygiene techniques.
Toothbrushing soon(within one hour) after the teeth have been softened by acid
insult
Use of an abrasive toothpaste
in orthodontics esp. when teeth contactceramic brackets
Feature
Rounded or V-shaped groove
3. Attrition
Aetiology
Associated with parafunctional habits such as clenching and grinding
8. Features
1. Flat cusp tips or incisal edges (dentine and enamel wear at the same rate)
2. Localized facets on occlusal or palatal surfaces
3. Flat facets related to functional movements
4. Restorations show faceting as well as teeth
4. Demastication
This term has appeared in the literature and represents a combination of attrition
and abrasion where tooth-tooth contactmay occurduring chewing of fibrous
foods.
It can be defined as "the loss of tooth tissue by wear during the mastication of
food" and is influenced by the abrasiveness of individual food and chewing
patterns.
5. Abfraction
This can be defined as "the pathological loss of hard tissue caused by
biomechanical eccentric loading forces".
Non-centric loading leads to deformation and tooth flexure which disruptions
the enamel crystalline structure at the neck of a tooth that then break away.
Abfraction is a controversial issue but it is important to appreciate that not all
cervical lesions can be explained by acid erosion and toothbrush/dentifrice
abrasion and the mechanics has been substantiated by finite element analysis
modelling
9. Management (RCS Eng. Guidelines)
I. History
A. Establishing the Patient’s Complaints
B. MedicalHistory
1. Gastric disorders such as gastro-oesophageal reflux, sphincter incompetence,
hiatus hernia,oesophagitis and increased gastric pressure and volume.
2. Repeatedvomiting can result from disorders of psychosomatic, gastrointestinal
and metabolic processes ormay be drug
3. Pregnancyas the increased pressure in the abdomen may predisposeto
regurgitation
4. Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia,
5. Medications suchas hydrochloric acid for achlorhydria,iron preparations or
chewable vitamin C. Other drugs may have a less direct role to play, for
example, diuretics and antidepressants cause xerostomia
C. Eating and drinking habits
1. Type of food and drinks like fizzy drink and spicy food
2. Frequency of consuming these foods
3. Habit of eating or drinking certain food or drinks. Eg.holding citrus fruits
against the teeth9 or swishing carbonated drinks in the mouth until the gas
escapes
D. Socioeconomic condition
1. Economic and social condition determine the education background as well as
the quality of food consumed
2. Industrial erosion was frequently described in people exposed to acidic fumes
but it is unlikely to be a factor today due to the more industrial legislation.
10. E. Hobbies and sporting activities
1. Erosion is more common in people who swim regularly in gas chlorinated pools
where the water is acidic.
2. Vigorous exercise will result in dehydration and damage will be compounded if
acidic .sports drinks are consumed after exercise,
F. Habits
1. Localized areas of tooth wear may be seen in hairdressers who hold clips
between their teeth
2. Musicians who play instruments with mouth-pieces that contactthe teeth.
3. Pipe smoking pen chewing and nail biting
G. Alcohol and drugs
1. Alcohol intake given that binge drinking followed by vomiting may cause
substantial damage.
2. Use of drugs due to the low pH of the drug or dehydration it induces
H. OH measures
1. The patient tooth brushing technique should be assessed
2. Oral hygiene products used
II. EXAMINATION
1. An extra-oral examination
TMJ clicking (associated with attrition)
masseteric hypertrophy (associated with attrition)
Parotid enlargement (associated with bulimia).
2. Intra-oral examination
Features characteristic of the different wear processesmentioned above.
Location of tooth wear
11. a) Palatal erosion suggests an intrinsic aetiology
b) Labial erosion implicates extrinsic factors
c) Incisal edges and cusps are generally associated with attrition Asymmetric
lesions may be due to abrasion
intermaxillary occlusion and dynamic occlusion
a) lack of posterior supportcan predisposeto anterior tooth wear
b) Interferences in lateral excursions should be identified as they may encourage
bruxism
3. Special investigations
Periapical radiographs
Measure salivary parameters
Initial study casts
clinical photographs
silicone index
III. TREATMENT
A. Prevention must remain the corner stone in the management of dental erosion.
B. Elimination of the aetiological factors: the first priority in treatment of all forms
of tooth substance loss should be to control the aetiological factors and prevent
further destruction of the already compromised tooth tissue
C. Patient advice and counselling including:
Modifying the diet
Changing eating habits and frequency of eating
Instruction in non-abrasive oral hygiene habits
12. Use of alkaline mouth rinses, such as bicarbonate of sodaNeutral sodium
fluoride mouthwashes.
a mouthguard or splint may be provided for night wear however, if a
mouthguard is provided in the presence of a condition such as reflux becauseit
would hold the acid against the teeth for prolonged periods and so increase the
damage. This may be overcome by applying an alkali suchas sodium
bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide or milk of magnesia to the fitting surface of
the tray to neutralize any acids approaching the tooth surfaces
D. Restorative treatment:
Toothsubstance loss generally proceeds slowly, so for most patients there is no
pressure to commence active restorative therapy (the exception to this would be
a young patient with rapid erosive tooth wear and sensitivity due to the loss of
tooth substanceencroaching on the pulp, or decreasing dental aesthetics due to
chipping of incisal edges)
Definitive treatment categorizedinto:
A. Appearance satisfactory:
Counselling,
Resorting the tooth loss by CF or GIC
Restoration of edentulous spaces where appropriate by fixed or removable or
implant
Treatment for controlling bruxist or clenching habits,
Adjustment and elimination of any occlusal interferences
B. Appearance not satisfactory: no increase in occlusal face height required.
Patients in category 2 are managed as for category 1 plus the treatment of the
aesthetic problems by conventional restorative measures.
13. C. Appearance not satisfactory: increase in occlusal face height required:
(i) Sufficient spaceavailable; Patients in this category are managed as for category
2 plus prosthetic work
(ii) Insufficient spaceavailable. Spacecan be provided by:
1. Toothpreparation with the consequent removal of more tooth tissue
2. Changing the jaw relationship surgically.
3. Conventional orthodontic treatment using combinations of fixed and/or
removable appliances:
In cases of localised anterior tooth wear, interocclusal spacecan be created by
careful overbite reduction and in certain cases lower incisor retraction or upper
incisor proclination.
4. Fixed or removable bite platforms
Originally described by Dahl in 1970.
The Dahl appliance is a removable or cemented cobalt chrome appliance which
covers the palatal surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth.
This allows contact of the mandibular anterior teeth with the appliance, holding
the posteriors out of occlusion.
This, in turn, promotes intrusion of the anterior teeth and eruption of the
posteriors, thus providing spaceanteriorly.
It has been shown in an implant-cephalometric study to result in intrusion of
the anterior teeth by an average of 1.05 mm, and extrusion or eruption of the
remaining teeth, averaging 1.47 mm after 6–14 months, without causing undue
incisor proclination or TMD problems.
14. Current Dahl 'appliances' Over a period of 3 - 9 months the ICP contact
re-establishes.
Briggs 1997
I. removable chrome bite plane
II. fixed bite plane (essentially Maryland/Resin-bonded bridge retainer
wings otherwise called metal palatal veneers)
III. porcelain palatal veneers
IV. direct composite veneers
V. definitive or temporary crowns.
Modificationof tooth colour
Relevance
A. Before treatment, Discolouration of an individual tooth may signify non-vitality,
which may require attention prior to orthodontic movement
B. During treatment, in respectof bonding appliances to abnormal tooth surfaces,
or restorations
Previously bleached teeth do not seem to posea major barrier to normal
appliance bonding.
Teeth, which have been orthodontically bonded and debonded, may respond
more slowly to bleaching than previously unbonded teeth
C. After treatment, in optimizing an aesthetic result
15. Value Hue and Chroma
There are a number of ways of classifying colour, but one way is by dividing it
into three basic components, value, hue and chroma.
Value is most easily explained by imagining that one is looking at a colour on a
black and white television set. Pure white will appear white, and will have the
highest value. Black will appear black and have the lowest value. All other
colours will appear as various shades of grey, with a continuous gradation
between white and black. The position of a colour on this greyscale determines
the value.
Hue can be explained by the colours of the rainbow, red, yellow, blue etc
Chroma relates to the amount of a certain pigment present, bestexplained by
imagining taking a potof white paint, then adding a few drops of red paint to
producea pink of certain chroma. If more red paint is added, the chroma will
alter, but the hue will remain red.
Classification
1. Genetically determined
Normal dentine/enamel shade (intrinsic)
Dentinogenesis imperfecta (intrinsic)
Amelogenesis imperfecta (intrinsic)
2. Acquired during tooth formation
Fluorosis (intrinsic)
Drug e.g. tetracycline (intrinsic)
16. Medical condition effects e.g. high levels of circulating bilirubin, porphyria
(intrinsic)
Trauma e.g. to deciduous predecessor, ordue to birth (intrinsic)
3. Acquired after tooth formation
Trauma e.g. deposition of blood products, pulpal sclerosis (intrinsic)
Restorative materials, e.g. amalgam (intrinsic)
Caries (intrinsic)
Physiological reparative deposition of dentine and age-related darkening
(intrinsic)
Stains onto the surface of the tooth e.g. from foods and drinks, or due to the
action of chromogenic bacteria (extrinsic)
Iatrogenic due to pooraesthetic dentistry
Treatment
RCSEng. Guidelines by Wellbury 2004
1. Prophylaxis
2. Whitening tooth paste
3. Microabrasion
A. Hydrochloric Acid / Pumice Microabrasion :
Using this technique a maximum of 100 μm. of enamel is removed.
Mix 18/% hydrochloric acid with pumice.
Continue rubbing up to a maximum of 10 x 5 second applications per tooth.
Apply fluoride drops to the teeth for 3 minutes.
B. Phosphoric Acid / Pumice Microabrasion
Phosphoric acid 35% to enamel surface for 30 secs, wash and dry.
Remove frosted enamel with tungsten carbide composite finishing bur,