The Congress of Viena The reign of Fernando VII

1. Restoration, liberalism and
nationalism

2. Political developments
● The Ancient Régime and absolute monarchy were
restored in Europe
● 19th century a lot of revolts and revolutions took place
● United States expanded its frontiers
● Spanish colonies in Central and South America won
their independence
● Romanticism

3. The restoration in Europe
The Congress of Vienna
● The leaders of various European States met at the
Congress of Vienna whre they agreed the following
measures:
-The restoration of absolute monarchy:The European
monarchs who had been deposed by Napoleon returned to
power.
-Changes to Europe's borders: Napoleon's conquests had
transformed the map of Europe. After his defeat, another
series of changes were made.

4. Europe in 1815

5. The Congress of Vienna
● Two alliances were formed:
-The Holly Alliance: Russia, Austria and Prussia
– The Quadruple Alliance: +United Kingdom

6. The reign of Fernando VII
● After the Spanish victory over Napoleon in the War of
Independence, Joseph I (Napoleon's brother) left Spain and
Fernando VII returned to the Spanish throne.
● Three periods:
1. The restoration of absolutism:
- He had the support of bthe Spanish people
-Supported by the absolutists
-He abolished the Constitution of 1812

7. The reign of Fernando VII
2) The liberal period:
- There was a successful revolt by two ramy officers Riego and
Quiroga (1820)
-The king restored the liberal Constitution of 1812
3)The victory of absolutism:
-Fernando VII asked the Holly Alliance (1823) to assist him in
re-establishing absolutism

8. The reign of Fernando VII
● Fernando VII proclaimed his pragmatic sanction (replacing Salic
law)
● Under Salic Law, Fernando's heir would have been his brother
Carlos.(Carlists wars)