The document discusses the mechanics of respiration, including the roles of primary and accessory muscles in the respiratory process. It explains gas exchange in the lungs, detailing how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the atmosphere, alveoli, blood, and tissues. Additionally, the document covers various forms of gases as they are carried in the blood, emphasizing the significance of hemoglobin.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Dr. ANIKET A. SHILWANT
Associate Professor
Dept. of Sharir Kriya
Noble Ayurved College & Research Institute
Junagadh, Gujarat

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Table of Contents
 Mechanics of Respiration
 Exchange of Gases
 Transport of Gases

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Mechanics of Respiration
Respiration process is assisted by muscles
Muscles involved-2types
1) Primary
2) Accessory
1) Primary muscles- Which actually involve in change of shape
of thoracic cage
2) Accessory muscles-Which assist or support the primary
muscles in their function
Muscles involved -2types
a) Inspiratory
b) Expiratory
i. Inspiratory Primary M
ii. Inspiratory Accessory M
iii. Expiratory Primary M
iv. Expiratory Accessory M

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Lungs expands with expansion of thoracic cage.
This is supported by –
1) Thoracic lid
2) Upper coastal series
3) Lower coastal series
4) Diaphragm
Thoracic cage expands in –
1) Anteroposterior diameter
2) Transverse diameter
3) Vertical diameter
Mechanics of Respiration

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1) Thoracic lid
a) Formed by manubrium and Ist pair of ribs
b) Also known as Thoracic Operculum
c) Movement direction-Forward, Upward
d) Thoracic cage expansion – Anteroposterior diameter
2) Upper coastal series
a) Formed by IInd to VIth pair of ribs
b) Movement direction-
Pump handle movement
 Forward, Upward
 Thoracic cage expansion-Antero-posterior
diameter
Mechanics of Respiration

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Bucket handle movement
Upward, Outward
Thoracic cage expansion-Transverse diameter
3) Lower coastal series
a) Formed by-VIIth to Xth pair of ribs
b) Movement direction-Upward, Outward
c) Thoracic cage expansion-Transverse diameter
4) Diaphragm
a) Initially dome shaped
b) Inspiration-gets flattened
c) Thoracic cage expansion-Vertical diameter
d) Expiration-gets curved, convex shape
Mechanics of Respiration

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Exchange of gases
Exchange of gases-
O2 -----IN
CO2----OUT
Method-Bulk diffusion
ATMOSPHERE
ALVEOLI
BLOOD
TISSUES
TISSUES
BLOOD
ALVEOLI
ATMOSPHERE
CO2 O2

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Exchange of gases at
alveolar level
Circulation of oxygenated
blood throughout body
Exchange of gases

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Exchange of gases

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Exchange of gases= Oxygen
pO2=159mm of Hg
ATM
pO2=104mm of Hg
ALVEOLI
pO2=95mm of Hg
SYS.ARTERY
Po2=40mm of Hg
TISSUES
pO2=40mm of Hg
PUL.CAPILLARY

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Exchange of gases=Carbon Dioxide
pCO2=46mm of Hg
TISSUES
pCO2=40mm of Hg
SYS.CAPILLARY
pCO2=40mm of Hg
ALVEOLI
pCO2=0.3mm of Hg
ATM
pCO2=46mm of Hg
VEINS

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Transport of gases
Oxygen
1) Simple physical form
2) Oxyhemoglobin
Simple physical form
Freely suspended in blood
Travels through plasma
Very minimal amount
0.3ml/100ml accounts to only 3% of total oxygen

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Oxy- hemoglobin form
Readily combines with hemoglobin in RBC
Specific affinity of hemoglobin towards oxygen, carbon dioxide
and carbon monoxide
Studied via oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
Transport of gases

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Carbon dioxide
1) Simple physical form
2) Carbonic acid form
3) Bicarbonate form
4) Carbamino compounds
Simple physical form
Freely suspended in blood
Travels through plasma
Very small amount
3ml/100ml accounts to only 7% of total oxygen
Transport of gases

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Carbonic acid form
Very negligible amount
Highly unstable
Easily dissociated
Bicarbonate form
Carbonic acid almost 200times more in RBC than other cells
or plasma
Chloride shift / Hamburger phenomenon
Reverse chloride shift
CO2+H20-----H2CO3---H+ + HCO3-
H+ + Hb----HHb
NaCl----Na + Cl Cl(ECF) Chloride Shift HCO3(RBC)
Na+ HCO3- ----- NaHCO3
Transport of gases

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Carbamino compounds
Hemoglobin readily attaches with carbon dioxide, plasma
proteins
Forms Carbamino hemoglobin and Carbamino proteins
Transport of gases

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Dr. ANIKET A. SHILWANT
Associate Professor
Dept. of Sharir Kriya
Noble Ayurved College & Research Institute
Junagadh, Gujarat
ayuraniket18@gmail.com
aniket.shilwant@ngivbt.edu.in
THANK YOU !!!