This document provides information on drugs used for upper and lower respiratory infections. It discusses the anatomy of the respiratory tract and the process of respiration. For upper respiratory infections, it describes antihistamines, decongestants, intranasal glucocorticoids, antitussives, and expectorants. For lower respiratory disorders like asthma, it discusses beta-2 adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, methylxanthine derivatives, leukotriene modifiers, glucocorticoids, cromolyn, and nedocromil. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these various drug classes.
This document provides information about asthma, including its definition, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, management, and nursing considerations. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. It affects over 300 million people globally. Management involves both long-term control medications and quick-relief medications. The goals of nursing management are to stabilize respiratory status, relieve symptoms, reduce anxiety, promote health, prevent complications, and prevent further asthma episodes.
Respiratory drugs and its side effects And useswajidullah9551
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD. It begins by defining key terms like antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, and expectorants. It then covers specific drug classes for respiratory diseases like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. For each drug class, it discusses mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing implications. The document provides an in-depth review of pharmacology for treating common respiratory conditions.
Histamine is an autacoid that acts as a local hormone near its site of synthesis. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine. There are four types of histamine receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. H1 receptors mediate various physiological effects like gastric acid secretion, allergic responses, and cardiovascular effects. Antihistamines like chlorpheniramine and cetirizine act as antagonists at H1 receptors to relieve allergy symptoms. H2 receptor antagonists like cimetidine and ranitidine are used to reduce gastric acid secretion. H3 receptors are presynaptic autoreceptors that regulate histamine release, and their antagonists have potential for improving cognition
- Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing of the airways. It causes symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
- It is diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and symptoms, and confirmed via spirometry testing which shows improved lung function after use of a bronchodilator.
- Treatment involves controlling triggers, medications like inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and managing exacerbations which involve increasing medications under a treatment plan.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma. It discusses the pathogenesis of asthma and the role of inflammation. It describes the classes of drugs used including beta-agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, and cromolyn sodium. Beta-agonists are the most widely used for rapid relief of bronchospasm. Inhaled corticosteroids are effective anti-inflammatory agents and the mainstay of long-term control. Leukotriene modifiers and methylxanthines are also used but have greater side effects.
This document provides an overview of drugs used for bronchial asthma. It discusses the history and pathophysiology of asthma, as well as the various drug classes used in treatment including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and novel drug classes. The main routes of drug delivery and goals of pharmacological management are also summarized.
This document discusses drugs that affect the respiratory system, including the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It covers antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and bronchodilators. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors, relieving allergy symptoms. Decongestants constrict blood vessels in the nasal passages to relieve stuffiness. Antitussives suppress the cough reflex. Expectorants thin mucus making it easier to cough up. Bronchodilators relax airway smooth muscle to dilate the bronchioles and make breathing easier. The document discusses the mechanisms, effects, uses, and side effects of these drug classes in treating common conditions like col
This document summarizes drugs acting on the respiratory system, including expectorants, antitussives, nasal decongestants, respiratory stimulants, antiasthmatic drugs, and drugs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It describes the mechanisms and classifications of expectorants, antitussives, nasal decongestants, respiratory stimulants, bronchodilators, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and glucocorticoids. It also discusses the mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of these drug classes in treating respiratory conditions.
This document provides information about asthma, including its definition, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, management, and nursing considerations. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. It affects over 300 million people globally. Management involves both long-term control medications and quick-relief medications. The goals of nursing management are to stabilize respiratory status, relieve symptoms, reduce anxiety, promote health, prevent complications, and prevent further asthma episodes.
Respiratory drugs and its side effects And useswajidullah9551
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD. It begins by defining key terms like antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, and expectorants. It then covers specific drug classes for respiratory diseases like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. For each drug class, it discusses mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing implications. The document provides an in-depth review of pharmacology for treating common respiratory conditions.
Histamine is an autacoid that acts as a local hormone near its site of synthesis. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine. There are four types of histamine receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. H1 receptors mediate various physiological effects like gastric acid secretion, allergic responses, and cardiovascular effects. Antihistamines like chlorpheniramine and cetirizine act as antagonists at H1 receptors to relieve allergy symptoms. H2 receptor antagonists like cimetidine and ranitidine are used to reduce gastric acid secretion. H3 receptors are presynaptic autoreceptors that regulate histamine release, and their antagonists have potential for improving cognition
- Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing of the airways. It causes symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
- It is diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and symptoms, and confirmed via spirometry testing which shows improved lung function after use of a bronchodilator.
- Treatment involves controlling triggers, medications like inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and managing exacerbations which involve increasing medications under a treatment plan.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma. It discusses the pathogenesis of asthma and the role of inflammation. It describes the classes of drugs used including beta-agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, and cromolyn sodium. Beta-agonists are the most widely used for rapid relief of bronchospasm. Inhaled corticosteroids are effective anti-inflammatory agents and the mainstay of long-term control. Leukotriene modifiers and methylxanthines are also used but have greater side effects.
This document provides an overview of drugs used for bronchial asthma. It discusses the history and pathophysiology of asthma, as well as the various drug classes used in treatment including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and novel drug classes. The main routes of drug delivery and goals of pharmacological management are also summarized.
This document discusses drugs that affect the respiratory system, including the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It covers antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and bronchodilators. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors, relieving allergy symptoms. Decongestants constrict blood vessels in the nasal passages to relieve stuffiness. Antitussives suppress the cough reflex. Expectorants thin mucus making it easier to cough up. Bronchodilators relax airway smooth muscle to dilate the bronchioles and make breathing easier. The document discusses the mechanisms, effects, uses, and side effects of these drug classes in treating common conditions like col
This document summarizes drugs acting on the respiratory system, including expectorants, antitussives, nasal decongestants, respiratory stimulants, antiasthmatic drugs, and drugs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It describes the mechanisms and classifications of expectorants, antitussives, nasal decongestants, respiratory stimulants, bronchodilators, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and glucocorticoids. It also discusses the mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of these drug classes in treating respiratory conditions.
Respiratory physiology on airway resistance Faez Toushiro
1. The document outlines the relationships between airflow, pressure, and resistance in the conducting airways and the effects of various substances.
2. Catecholamines like epinephrine cause bronchodilation through adrenergic receptors while cholinergic agonists like carbachol cause bronchoconstriction.
3. Histamine causes bronchoconstriction through H1 receptors by increasing mucus and vascular permeability. Prostaglandins have dual effects with prostacycline causing bronchodilation and PGE2 having both constricting and dilating effects.
The document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of the respiratory system as delivering oxygen to cells, eliminating carbon dioxide from the body, and regulating blood pH. It then discusses various components of lung function including ventilation, distribution, diffusion, and perfusion. It provides details on common respiratory drugs like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, and methylxanthines. It also covers adverse effects and guidelines for treating conditions like asthma and acute bronchitis.
The document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory conditions like the common cold, asthma, and COPD. It describes the actions and side effects of various classes of drugs including antihistamines, decongestants, expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and others. Treatment approaches are outlined for different severities of asthma using a stepwise approach beginning with short-acting bronchodilators and progressing to inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, oral corticosteroids, and IV corticosteroids as needed.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It can be triggered by various factors including allergens, respiratory infections, exercise, smoke, and pollutants. Management involves medication, identifying triggers, creating an action plan, monitoring symptoms, staying active, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting vaccinated, and regular check-ups with healthcare providers. Effective management aims to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and improve overall quality of life.
This document discusses the pharmacology of various drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD. It begins by describing asthma as a recurrent and reversible shortness of breath caused by bronchospasm, inflammation, and mucus production. It then outlines categories of asthma and defines COPD. The rest of the document summarizes different classes of drugs used to treat these conditions, including long-term controllers, quick relievers, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, and other respiratory agents. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing implications.
This document provides information about asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, mucosal edema, mucus production, and air flow obstruction due to underlying inflammation.
- It can be triggered by environmental factors, allergens, irritants, infections, emotions, and certain medications.
- Symptoms include recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, cough, and chest tightness. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and classified as mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent, or severe persistent.
- Management includes medications like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as non-pharmacological approaches.
This document reviews pulmonary diseases including COPD, asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes COPD as consisting of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both causing difficulty exhaling air. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory lung disease causing recurrent breathing issues. Tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which primarily attacks the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when coughing or sneezing. The document outlines symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for each disease.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary diseases including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. COPD is characterized by difficulty exhaling air and includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma involves constricted airways, swollen bronchial linings, and excess mucus production. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, transmitted via airborne droplets.
Pharmacotherapy of Cough & Bronchial asthmaDr.Arka Mondal
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough and bronchial asthma. It begins by describing the etiology and types of cough, as well as the cough reflex process. It then covers the types of drugs used to treat cough, including expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, and pharyngeal demulcents. The mechanisms and examples of each drug type are provided. The document also discusses the pathophysiology and classification of drugs used to treat bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists, glucocorticoids, and monoclonal antibodies. The mechanisms and examples of the major drug classes used for asthma treatment are summarized.
This document discusses cough physiology and antitussives. It begins by explaining the physiology of cough including the receptors, afferent and efferent pathways involved. It then classifies antitussives as expectorants, which promote secretion clearance, anti-tussives which suppress cough, and other drugs. Specific expectorants discussed include mucolytics like acetylcysteine and carbocisteine. Anti-tussives are classified as opioids like codeine, non-opioids like dextromethorphan, and antihistamines. The document cautions against fixed dose combinations of antitussives that are not rational.
This document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes different types of respiratory diseases including restrictive and obstructive diseases. It then focuses on defining asthma, describing the different types of asthma, and explaining the hypersensitivity process. It also discusses COPD and its classification. The document outlines several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory diseases, including sympathomimetics like salbutamol, methylxanthines like theophylline, anticholinergics like ipratropium bromide, and mast cell stabilizers like sodium cromoglycate. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses and side effects of these drug classes and examples within each class.
This document discusses the treatment of cough. It begins by classifying cough based on duration as acute (less than 3 weeks), subacute (3-8 weeks), or chronic (more than 3 weeks). For acute cough, the most common causes are viral infections, sinusitis, pertussis, COPD exacerbations, and allergies. Post-infectious cough can last 1-2 weeks. Chronic cough is often caused by postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux, or smoking-related chronic bronchitis. The document provides guidance on evaluating and treating cough based on duration and suspected etiology. Emphasis is placed on treating the underlying cause rather than just suppressing cough symptoms.
This document discusses drugs for cough. It begins by describing the mechanism and causes of cough. Cough can be voluntary or reflexive, and has afferent and efferent pathways involving various nerves. Causes include upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and other conditions. The document then classifies drugs for cough into four main categories: pharyngeal demulcents to soothe the throat; expectorants to increase or thin mucus; antitussives to suppress coughing; and bronchodilators to relieve cough caused by bronchospasm. Specific drugs and combinations are provided as examples for each category. The document concludes by describing specific treatments for cough based on its underlying cause.
Unit II. Respiratory system disorders.pptxSani191640
This document provides information on disorders of the respiratory system. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system, including the conducting airways. It then discusses various upper and lower respiratory tract disorders like tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, acute tracheo-bronchitis, and chronic bronchitis. For each disorder, it provides information on definition, causes, signs and symptoms, management, and nursing interventions. The document concludes with describing assessment techniques for respiratory disorders.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchospasm and airway hyperresponsiveness. Several drugs are used to treat asthma including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists which relax airway smooth muscle, corticosteroids which reduce airway inflammation, and leukotriene antagonists which block inflammatory mediators. Theophylline is a methylxanthine bronchodilator that works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase and antagonizing adenosine receptors to relax smooth muscle and reduce airway constriction.
This document summarizes drugs that affect the respiratory system, including those used to treat common colds, allergies, asthma, and COPD. It describes the actions, indications, and side effects of various antihistamines, decongestants, expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs. These include diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine, pseudoephedrine, guaifenesin, albuterol, cromolyn, fluticasone, prednisone, ipratropium, salmeterol, and theophylline. Non-pharmacological treatment strategies are also mentioned, such
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory disorders. It covers drugs that treat bronchoconstriction, chronic inflammation, and loss of lung elasticity. Specific drug classes covered include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, antiallergic drugs, mucolytics, and antihistamines. For each drug class, it provides examples of medications, their mechanisms of action, indications for use, and important cautions.
Bronchial asthma is a disease characterized by airway inflammation and episodic, reversible bronchospasm. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath and can be triggered by allergens, infections, exercise or cold air. Treatment involves avoiding triggers and using medications to control symptoms, including bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs like inhaled corticosteroids. Common bronchodilators are beta-2 receptor agonists like salbutamol, which provide rapid relief during asthma attacks, and long-acting drugs like salmeterol to prevent symptoms. Side effects of beta-2 agonists include increased heart rate and tremors.
This document provides information about the respiratory system and respiratory drugs. It describes the parts of the respiratory tract from the nose to the lungs. It then discusses several respiratory diseases that affect the upper and lower tract, including sinusitis, pneumonia, asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. The document explains drug classifications for respiratory agents and inhalant products. It provides details about common respiratory drugs like Flonase, Ventolin, and Mucomyst, describing their classification, action, indications, side effects, dosing and more. References are listed at the end.
Approach to patient with chronic coughJoyshree Das
This document discusses the approach to a patient presenting with chronic cough lasting more than 8 weeks. It describes the cough reflex pathway and etiologies of chronic cough, including upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, and ACE-inhibitor use. It provides details on diagnosing and managing these conditions through clinical history, examinations, diagnostic tests, and treatment trials. Other potential causes discussed include psychogenic cough and underlying structural lung diseases.
Potassium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes as an electrolyte and mineral. It helps maintain fluid, acid-base, and electrolyte balance. Potassium is also essential for nerve and muscle function, including the heart. It is involved in generating and transmitting nerve impulses, and regulating muscle contraction and relaxation. The kidneys play an important role in potassium balance by filtering it from the blood and excreting excess through urine. Abnormal potassium levels can disrupt these functions and cause adverse health effects.
Sodium plays several key roles in physiology. It is the main cation in extracellular fluid and helps maintain membrane potentials and nerve/muscle function. Sodium levels are tightly regulated by the kidneys through reabsorption and excretion and other factors like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Imbalances in sodium levels can cause hyponatremia or hypernatremia with neurological symptoms, so careful management is required.
Respiratory physiology on airway resistance Faez Toushiro
1. The document outlines the relationships between airflow, pressure, and resistance in the conducting airways and the effects of various substances.
2. Catecholamines like epinephrine cause bronchodilation through adrenergic receptors while cholinergic agonists like carbachol cause bronchoconstriction.
3. Histamine causes bronchoconstriction through H1 receptors by increasing mucus and vascular permeability. Prostaglandins have dual effects with prostacycline causing bronchodilation and PGE2 having both constricting and dilating effects.
The document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of the respiratory system as delivering oxygen to cells, eliminating carbon dioxide from the body, and regulating blood pH. It then discusses various components of lung function including ventilation, distribution, diffusion, and perfusion. It provides details on common respiratory drugs like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, and methylxanthines. It also covers adverse effects and guidelines for treating conditions like asthma and acute bronchitis.
The document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory conditions like the common cold, asthma, and COPD. It describes the actions and side effects of various classes of drugs including antihistamines, decongestants, expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and others. Treatment approaches are outlined for different severities of asthma using a stepwise approach beginning with short-acting bronchodilators and progressing to inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, oral corticosteroids, and IV corticosteroids as needed.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It can be triggered by various factors including allergens, respiratory infections, exercise, smoke, and pollutants. Management involves medication, identifying triggers, creating an action plan, monitoring symptoms, staying active, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting vaccinated, and regular check-ups with healthcare providers. Effective management aims to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and improve overall quality of life.
This document discusses the pharmacology of various drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD. It begins by describing asthma as a recurrent and reversible shortness of breath caused by bronchospasm, inflammation, and mucus production. It then outlines categories of asthma and defines COPD. The rest of the document summarizes different classes of drugs used to treat these conditions, including long-term controllers, quick relievers, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, and other respiratory agents. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing implications.
This document provides information about asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, mucosal edema, mucus production, and air flow obstruction due to underlying inflammation.
- It can be triggered by environmental factors, allergens, irritants, infections, emotions, and certain medications.
- Symptoms include recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, cough, and chest tightness. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and classified as mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent, or severe persistent.
- Management includes medications like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as non-pharmacological approaches.
This document reviews pulmonary diseases including COPD, asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes COPD as consisting of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both causing difficulty exhaling air. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory lung disease causing recurrent breathing issues. Tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which primarily attacks the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when coughing or sneezing. The document outlines symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for each disease.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary diseases including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. COPD is characterized by difficulty exhaling air and includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma involves constricted airways, swollen bronchial linings, and excess mucus production. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, transmitted via airborne droplets.
Pharmacotherapy of Cough & Bronchial asthmaDr.Arka Mondal
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough and bronchial asthma. It begins by describing the etiology and types of cough, as well as the cough reflex process. It then covers the types of drugs used to treat cough, including expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, and pharyngeal demulcents. The mechanisms and examples of each drug type are provided. The document also discusses the pathophysiology and classification of drugs used to treat bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists, glucocorticoids, and monoclonal antibodies. The mechanisms and examples of the major drug classes used for asthma treatment are summarized.
This document discusses cough physiology and antitussives. It begins by explaining the physiology of cough including the receptors, afferent and efferent pathways involved. It then classifies antitussives as expectorants, which promote secretion clearance, anti-tussives which suppress cough, and other drugs. Specific expectorants discussed include mucolytics like acetylcysteine and carbocisteine. Anti-tussives are classified as opioids like codeine, non-opioids like dextromethorphan, and antihistamines. The document cautions against fixed dose combinations of antitussives that are not rational.
This document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes different types of respiratory diseases including restrictive and obstructive diseases. It then focuses on defining asthma, describing the different types of asthma, and explaining the hypersensitivity process. It also discusses COPD and its classification. The document outlines several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory diseases, including sympathomimetics like salbutamol, methylxanthines like theophylline, anticholinergics like ipratropium bromide, and mast cell stabilizers like sodium cromoglycate. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses and side effects of these drug classes and examples within each class.
This document discusses the treatment of cough. It begins by classifying cough based on duration as acute (less than 3 weeks), subacute (3-8 weeks), or chronic (more than 3 weeks). For acute cough, the most common causes are viral infections, sinusitis, pertussis, COPD exacerbations, and allergies. Post-infectious cough can last 1-2 weeks. Chronic cough is often caused by postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux, or smoking-related chronic bronchitis. The document provides guidance on evaluating and treating cough based on duration and suspected etiology. Emphasis is placed on treating the underlying cause rather than just suppressing cough symptoms.
This document discusses drugs for cough. It begins by describing the mechanism and causes of cough. Cough can be voluntary or reflexive, and has afferent and efferent pathways involving various nerves. Causes include upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and other conditions. The document then classifies drugs for cough into four main categories: pharyngeal demulcents to soothe the throat; expectorants to increase or thin mucus; antitussives to suppress coughing; and bronchodilators to relieve cough caused by bronchospasm. Specific drugs and combinations are provided as examples for each category. The document concludes by describing specific treatments for cough based on its underlying cause.
Unit II. Respiratory system disorders.pptxSani191640
This document provides information on disorders of the respiratory system. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system, including the conducting airways. It then discusses various upper and lower respiratory tract disorders like tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, acute tracheo-bronchitis, and chronic bronchitis. For each disorder, it provides information on definition, causes, signs and symptoms, management, and nursing interventions. The document concludes with describing assessment techniques for respiratory disorders.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchospasm and airway hyperresponsiveness. Several drugs are used to treat asthma including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists which relax airway smooth muscle, corticosteroids which reduce airway inflammation, and leukotriene antagonists which block inflammatory mediators. Theophylline is a methylxanthine bronchodilator that works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase and antagonizing adenosine receptors to relax smooth muscle and reduce airway constriction.
This document summarizes drugs that affect the respiratory system, including those used to treat common colds, allergies, asthma, and COPD. It describes the actions, indications, and side effects of various antihistamines, decongestants, expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs. These include diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine, pseudoephedrine, guaifenesin, albuterol, cromolyn, fluticasone, prednisone, ipratropium, salmeterol, and theophylline. Non-pharmacological treatment strategies are also mentioned, such
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory disorders. It covers drugs that treat bronchoconstriction, chronic inflammation, and loss of lung elasticity. Specific drug classes covered include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, antiallergic drugs, mucolytics, and antihistamines. For each drug class, it provides examples of medications, their mechanisms of action, indications for use, and important cautions.
Bronchial asthma is a disease characterized by airway inflammation and episodic, reversible bronchospasm. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath and can be triggered by allergens, infections, exercise or cold air. Treatment involves avoiding triggers and using medications to control symptoms, including bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs like inhaled corticosteroids. Common bronchodilators are beta-2 receptor agonists like salbutamol, which provide rapid relief during asthma attacks, and long-acting drugs like salmeterol to prevent symptoms. Side effects of beta-2 agonists include increased heart rate and tremors.
This document provides information about the respiratory system and respiratory drugs. It describes the parts of the respiratory tract from the nose to the lungs. It then discusses several respiratory diseases that affect the upper and lower tract, including sinusitis, pneumonia, asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. The document explains drug classifications for respiratory agents and inhalant products. It provides details about common respiratory drugs like Flonase, Ventolin, and Mucomyst, describing their classification, action, indications, side effects, dosing and more. References are listed at the end.
Approach to patient with chronic coughJoyshree Das
This document discusses the approach to a patient presenting with chronic cough lasting more than 8 weeks. It describes the cough reflex pathway and etiologies of chronic cough, including upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, and ACE-inhibitor use. It provides details on diagnosing and managing these conditions through clinical history, examinations, diagnostic tests, and treatment trials. Other potential causes discussed include psychogenic cough and underlying structural lung diseases.
Potassium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes as an electrolyte and mineral. It helps maintain fluid, acid-base, and electrolyte balance. Potassium is also essential for nerve and muscle function, including the heart. It is involved in generating and transmitting nerve impulses, and regulating muscle contraction and relaxation. The kidneys play an important role in potassium balance by filtering it from the blood and excreting excess through urine. Abnormal potassium levels can disrupt these functions and cause adverse health effects.
Sodium plays several key roles in physiology. It is the main cation in extracellular fluid and helps maintain membrane potentials and nerve/muscle function. Sodium levels are tightly regulated by the kidneys through reabsorption and excretion and other factors like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Imbalances in sodium levels can cause hyponatremia or hypernatremia with neurological symptoms, so careful management is required.
Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration below 135 mEq/L. It is commonly seen in hospitalized patients and those with conditions like heart failure, cirrhosis, and SIADH. Treatment involves correcting the underlying cause and raising the serum sodium level, but too rapid of a correction can cause serious neurological complications. Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor antagonist that promotes water excretion without electrolyte loss, allowing for a safe correction of hyponatremia within 24-48 hours. Clinical trials demonstrated its ability to significantly increase serum sodium levels compared to placebo.
The document contains schedules for an annual planner spanning January through December, a more detailed January planner, and a sample weekly planner with times for scheduled activities broken out by day of the week and time slots. It provides templates for planning various events and activities over different time periods.
This calendar document shows the days of the week and dates for the month of January. It includes columns for the days of the week and dates along with spaces to write or type events for each day in the morning and afternoon. The days, dates, and time slots provide a structure for planning and scheduling activities throughout January.
The document contains schedules for weekly, monthly, and annual planning. The weekly schedule shows PowerPoint and design activities scheduled each hour between 10am and 5pm from Monday to Friday. The monthly schedule lists various project schedules and their contents from January 1st to 31st. The annual planner schedules 6 projects from January 2019 to December 2019.
This presentation provides tips for making effective presentations using awesome backgrounds to engage audiences and capture their attention. It discusses using backgrounds and features of Product A and Product B.
This document provides information on heat illnesses including heat rash, sunburn, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. It details symptoms of each and recommends first aid treatments. Additional tips include drinking water regularly to avoid dehydration, resting in shade, and monitoring others for signs of heat stroke. Proper hydration is key to preventing heat illnesses, with recommendations to drink before thirst sets in and replace electrolytes through foods or sports drinks.
OCUUPATION RELATED RISK FACTORS FOR HEALTH.pptxMSrujanaDevi
2.9 billion workers worldwide are exposed to hazardous occupational risks that caused 775,000 deaths in 2000. The leading causes of death were unintentional injuries (41%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (40%), and lung cancer (13%). Occupational risks also accounted for a significant percentage of back pain, hearing loss, asthma, injuries, and leukemia. Common occupational risks include carcinogens, airborne particulates, noise, ergonomic stressors, and injury risks. Workplace disasters in the early 1900s, such as the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire that killed 146 workers, sparked legislation to better protect workers' safety and health.
This document provides guidelines for medical professionals on managing medicolegal cases. It discusses the duties of doctors towards patients and the state in such cases. Key points include registering medico-legal cases as early as possible, treating patient care as the top priority, properly documenting examination findings and sample collection, and being aware of relevant legal provisions around providing medical evidence.
This document outlines a project plan to increase volumes at Apollo Hospitals in Kakinada, India. The primary challenge is to increase volumes. The plan is to double profits in the second half of the year compared to the first half by identifying consultant doctors, conducting digital marketing campaigns, and hosting community outreach events. Challenges include a high number of below poverty line patients and competition from other hospitals in the area. Key performance indicators like inpatient volumes, outpatient volumes, scans, and health checks are benchmarked against targets for the third quarter.
This document discusses respiratory physiology and the management of respiratory conditions. It covers topics such as ventilation, gas exchange in the lungs, the cough reflex, treatments for cough including suppressants and expectorants, bronchodilators for conditions like asthma, and the adverse effects of medications like inhaled corticosteroids.
The document discusses several key terms related to cardiac output and heart function. It defines terms like contractility, preload, afterload, stroke volume, end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, cardiac reserve, and the Frank-Starling principle. It also examines how factors like heart rate, preload, afterload, and contractility can influence stroke volume and ultimately cardiac output.
The document discusses factors that regulate cardiac output, including preload, contractility, and afterload. It describes how the respiratory pump, cardiac pump, and muscle pump influence venous return and end-diastolic volume. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in increasing heart rate and contractility is explained. Methods for measuring cardiac output are outlined, including the Fick principle using oxygen consumption, indicator dilution techniques, thermodilution, and non-invasive methods like Doppler echocardiography and impedance cardiography. Disease states that increase or decrease cardiac output are briefly mentioned.
The document discusses cardiac output, including its definition as the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute which is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. It describes various methods to measure cardiac output based on Fick's principle and dye dilution, and factors that can cause cardiac output to vary such as age, sex, environment, exercise, and disease states. Physiological variations include increases with exercise, pregnancy, and environmental temperature, and decreases with cardiac conditions, arrhythmias, and hemorrhage.
This document outlines various methods for measuring cardiac output. It begins with a historical perspective on cardiac output measurement, noting that Adolf Fick first developed a technique for measuring it in 1870 using what is now called the Fick principle. The document then discusses the importance of cardiac output and ideal features of measurement devices. It describes both non-invasive techniques like echocardiography and invasive methods like thermodilution that use indicator dilution. The relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac reserve is also explained.
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma. It describes the types and causes of asthma and the two main approaches to treatment: targeting bronchial smooth muscle tone and inhibiting inflammation. Bronchodilators like beta-agonists are used to increase adrenergic tone and relax smooth muscle. Corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, and other drugs target the inflammatory process. Treatment follows a stepwise approach based on asthma severity, starting with short-acting bronchodilators and adding controllers like inhaled corticosteroids as needed. Key drugs and their mechanisms of action are explained in detail.
This document discusses neuromuscular diseases, focusing on peripheral nerve disorders, motor neuron disease, and myopathies. It describes various types of polyneuropathies including diabetic, chronic inflammatory demyelinating, and hereditary neuropathies. Guillain-Barré syndrome is discussed as an example of an acute polyneuropathy. Evaluation methods like electromyography and nerve conduction studies are also summarized.
This document discusses pericardial diseases. It begins by defining the pericardium and its layers. The main types of pericardial syndromes encountered in clinical practice are then summarized as pericarditis, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, and pericardial masses. Epidemiology, aetiology, classification, and specific syndromes like acute pericarditis are then explored in more detail over several sections. Therapies for different conditions are discussed, including acute pericarditis, recurrent pericarditis, and pericarditis associated with myocardial involvement.
This document discusses supraglottic airway devices. It begins by defining supraglottic airway devices as those that maintain airway patency by sitting just above the glottic opening without entering the trachea. It then classifies these devices based on generation, sealing mechanism, number of lumens, and other characteristics. Key devices discussed include the LMA Classic, Flexible LMA, ProSeal LMA, and Intubating LMA. Advantages and disadvantages of supraglottic airway devices are provided. Insertion techniques and signs of correct placement are also summarized.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
2. Respiratory Tract
• Upper respiratory tract
includes: nares, nasal
cavity, pharynx, and
larynx.
• Lower respiratory tract
includes: trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli, and alveolar-
capillary membrane
• Air enters the upper
resp. tract & travels to
the lower tract where
gas exchange takes
place
3. Respiratory Tract
• Respiration = the process whereby gas exchange occurs at
the alveolar-capillary membrane. 3 phases:
1. Ventilation - movement of air from the atmosphere
through the upper & lower airways to the alveoli
2. Perfusion - blood from the pulmonary circulation is
adequate at the alveolar-capillary bed
3. Diffusion - molecules move from area of higher
concentration to lower concentration of gases - O2 passes
into the capillary bed to be circulated & CO2 leaves the
capillary bed & diffuses into the alveoli for vent. excretion
4. Respiratory Tract
• Perfusion - influenced by alveolar pressure. For gas
exchange, the perfusion of each alveoli must be matched
by adequate ventilation. Mucosal edema, secretions, &
bronchospasms increase the resistance to airflow & dec.
ventilation & diffusion of gases
• Bronchial Smooth Muscle - In the tracheobronchial tube is
smooth muscle whose fibers spiral around the tube
contraction constriction of airway
- Parasympathetic Nervous system releases acetylcholine
bronchoconstriction
- Sympathetic Nervous system releases epinephrine
stimulates beta-2 receptors in bronchial smooth muscle
bronchodilation
5. Drugs for Upper respiratory
Infections
• Upper Respiratory Infections (URI’s) = common cold,
acute rhinitis, sinusitis, acute tonsillitis, acute laryngitis
- The common cold = most expensive > $500 million
spent on OTC preparations
• Common Cold & Acute Rhinitis -
- Common cold caused by the rhinovirus & affects
primarily the nasopharyngeal tract.
- Acute rhinitis (inflammation of mucus membranes of
nose) usually accompanies the common cold
- Allergic rhinitis - caused by pollen or a foreign substance
6. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections
• Incubation period of a cold = 1 to 4 days before
onset of symptoms & first 3 days of the cold
- Home remedies = rest, chicken soup, hot toddies,
Vitamins
- 4 groups of drugs used to manage symptoms =
antihistamins (H-1 blocker), decongestants
(sympathomimetic amines), antitussives,
expectorants
7. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - Antihistamines
• Antihistamines or H-1 blockers - compete w/ histamine for
receptor sites prevents a histamine response.
2 types of histamine receptors - H-1 & H-2
H-1 stimulation = extravascular smooth muscles
(including those lining nasal cavity) are constricted
H-2 stimulation = an inc. in gastric secretions = peptic
ulcer disease
Do not confuse the 2 receptors - antihistamines decrease
nasopharyngeal secretions by blocking the H-1 receptor
8. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - antihistamines
• Histamines - A compound derived from an amino acid
histadine. Released in response to an allergic rxn (antigen-
antibody rxn) - such as inhaled pollen
- When released it reacts w/ H-1 receptors = arterioles &
capillaries dialate = inc. in bld flow to the area =
capillaries become more permeable = outward passage of
fluids into extracellular spaces= edema (congestion) =
release of secretions (runny nose & watery eyes)
- Large amts. of released histamine in an allergic rxn =
extensive arteriolar dilation = dec. BP, skin flushed &
edematous = itching, constriction & spasm of bronchioles
= SOB & lg. amts. of pulmonary & gastric secretions
9. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - Antihistamines
• Astemizole (Hismanal), Cetirizine (Zertec), Loratadine
(Claritin), Chlorpheniramine (Chlortrimeton),
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
• Actions = competitive antagonist at the histamine
receptor; some also have anticholinergic properties
• Uses = Treat colds; perennial/seasonal allergic rhinitis
(sneezing, runny nose); allergic activity (drying &
sedation); some are also antiemetic
• SE = Drowsiness, dizziness, sedation, drying effects
• CI = glaucoma, acute asthma
10. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - Decongestants
• Nasal congestion results from dilation of nasal bld.
vessels d/t infection, inflammation, or allergy.
With dilation there’s transudation of fluid into
tissue spaces swelling of the nasal cavity
• Decongestants (sympathomimetic amines)
- stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptor
vasoconstriction of capillaries w/in nasal mucosa
shrinking of the nasal mucus membranes &
reduction in fluid secretion (runny nose)
11. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - Decongestants
• Naphazoline HCL (Allerest), Pseudoephedrine
(Actifed, Sudafed), Oxymetolazone (Afrin),
Phenylpropanolamine HCL (Allerest, Dimetapp)
• Use - Congestion d/t common cold, hayfever, upper resp.
allergies, sinusitis
• SE = Jittery,nervous,restless, Inc BP, inc. bld. sugar
• CI = Hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes
• Preparations = nasal spray, tablets, capsules, or liquid
• Frequent use, esp. nasal spray, can result in tolerance &
rebound nasal congestion - d/t irritation of nasal mucosa
12. Drugs for Upper Respiratory Infections -
Intranasal Glucocorticoids
• Beclomethasone (Beconase, Vancenase, Vanceril),
Budesonide (Rhinocort), Dexamethasone
(Decadron)fluticasone (Flonase)
- Action - steroids used to dec. inflammation locally in the
nose
- Use - Perennial/seasonal allergic rhinitis (sneezing, runny
nose) - May be used alone or w/ antihistamines
- SE - rare, but w/ continuous use dryness of the nasal
mucosa may occur
13. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - Antitussives
• Action - Acts on the cough control center in the medulla to
suppress the cough reflex
• Use - Cough suppression for non-productive irritating
coughs
* Codeine - Narcotic analgesic to control a cough d/t the
common cold or bronchitis
* Dextromethorphan - nonnarcotic antitussive that
suppresses the cough center in the medulla, widely used
- syrup, liquid, chewable & lozenges
- SE = drowsiness, sedation
14. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
infections - Expectorants
• Action - Loosens bronchial secretions so they can
be eliminated w/ coughing
* A nonproductive cough becomes more productive
and less frequent
• Uses - Nonproductive coughs
• Guaifenesin (Robitussin) = Most common
* Use alone or in combo w/ other resp. drugs
• Hydration is the best expectorant
16. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Lung Compliance - Lung volume based on the unit of
pressure in the alveoli
* Determines the lung’s ability to stretch (tissue elasticity)
* Determined by: connective tissue; surface tension in the
alveoli controlled by surfactant
- surfactant lowers surface tension in alveoli & prevents
interstitial fluid from entering
* Inc. (high) lung compliance in COPD
* Dec. (low) lung compliance in restrictive pulmonary
disease = lungs become “stiff” & need more pressure
17. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Chronic obstructed pulmonary disease (COPD) &
restrictive pulmonary disease = 2 major lower resp. tract
diseases
• COPD = airway obstruction w/ inc. airway resistance to
airflow to lung tissues - 4 causes
- Chronic bronchitis - emphysema
- Bronchiectasis - asthma
* Above frequently result in irreversible lung tissue
damage. Asthma reversible unless frequent attacks and
becomes chronic.
18. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Restrictive lung disease = a dec. in total lung
capacity as a result of fluid accumulation or loss of
elasticity of the lung.
* Causes: Pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis,
pneumonitis, lung tumors, scoliosis
• Bronchial Asthma = 10-12 million people of all
ages affected - a chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease characterized by periods of bronchospasm
resulting in wheezing & difficulty in breathing
19. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Asthma - Bronchospasm or bronchoconstriction results
when the lung tissue is exposed to extrinsic or intrinsic
factors that stimulate a bronchoconstrictive response
- Causes: humidity, air pressure changes, temp. changes,
smoke, fumes, stress, emotional upset, allergies, dust,
food, some drugs
* Pathophys = Mast cells (found in connective tissue
throughout the body) are directly involved in the asthmatic
response - esp. to extrinsic factors
- allergens attach themselves to mast cells & basophils =
antigen-antibody rxn
20. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Asthma
• Mast cells stimulate release of chemical mediators
(histamines, cytokines, serotonin, ECF-A (eosinophils))
• These chemical mediators stimulate bronchial constriction,
mucous secretions, inflammation, pulmonary congestion
• Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - a cellular
substance responsible for maintaining bronchodilation -
When inhibited by histamines & ECF-A bronchoconst.
• Sympathomimetic (adrenergic) bronchodilators inc. amt.
of cAMP & promote dilation first line drugs used
21. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Sympathomimetics: Alpha & Beta-2 Adrenergic
Agonists
• Increase cAMP dilation of bronchioles in acute
bronchospasm caused by anaphylaxis from allergic rxn
give nonselective epinephrine (Adrenalin) - SQ in an
emergency to promote bronchodilation & inc. BP
SE = tremors, dizziness, HTN, tachycardia, heart
palpitations, angina
• For bronchospasm d/t COPD - selective beta-2 adrenergic
agonists are given via aerosol or tablet
22. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Metaproterenol (Alupent, Metaprel) - some beta-1, but
primarily used as a beta-2 agent - PO or inhaler/nebulizer
- For long-term asthma Rx beta-2 adrenergic agonists
frequently given by inhalation
* more drug delivered directly to constricted bronchial
site
* Effective dose less than PO dose & less side effects
- Action = relaxes bronchial smooth muscle - onset = fast
- SE = Nervousness, tremors, restlessness, insomnia & inc.
HR
23. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) - More beta-2 selective
- PO or inhaler
- Used for acute/chronic asthma
- Rapid onset of action & longer duration than
Metaproterenol
- Fewer SE because more beta-2 specific, but high doses
can still effect beta-1 receptors & cause nervousness,
tremors & inc. pulse rate
24. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Anticholinergics
• Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) -
- Action - competitive antagonist (inhibits) of cholinergic
receptors in bronchial smooth muscle = bronchiole
dilation - Inhaler
- Use - In combination w/ beta agonist for asthma & for
bronchospasm associated w/ COPD
- Need to teach clients how to use properly: If using
Atrovent w/ a beta-agonist, use beta-agonist 5 min. before
Atrovent; If using Atrovent w/ an inhaled steroid or
cromolyn, use Atrovent 5 min. before the steroid or
cromolyn - bronchioles dilate & drugs more effective
25. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Methylxanthine derivatives
• Aminophylline, Theophylline (TheoDur), Caffeine –
* PO or IV -
* Use - Treatment of asthma & COPD
* Action - Inc. cAMP bronchodilation; also - diuresis,
cardiac, CNS & gastric acid stimulation
* When given IV a low therapeutic index & range -
Monitor levels frequently
* PO doses can be given in standard dosages
* Avoid smoking, caffeine & inc. fluid intake
26. Methylxanthine derivatives
• Drug Interactions: Inc the risk of dig toxicity, decreases the
effects to lithium,dec theophyllin levels with Dilantin,
theophyllin and beta-adrenergic agonist given together -
synergistic effect can occurcardiac dysrhythmias. Beta
blockers, Tagamet, Inderal and e-mycin decrease the liver
metabolism rate and inc. the half-life and effects of theophyllin
• SE : Anorexia, N&V, nervousness, dizziness, palpitations, GI
upset & bleeding, HA, restlessness, flushing, irritability,
marked hypotension, hyper-reflexia and seizures.
• CI: Severe cardiac dysrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, peptic
ulcer disease (increases gastric secretions)
27. Drugs for Lower Respiratory Disorders -
Leukotrine Receptor Antagonists & Synthesis
Inhibitors
• Leukotriene (LT) a chemical mediator that can cause
inflammatory changes in the lung. The group cysteinyl
leukotrienes promotes and inc in eosinophil migration,
mucus production, and airway wall edema, which result
in broncho-constriction.
• LT receptor antagonists & LT synthesis inhibitors
(Leukotriene modifiers) effective in reducing the
inflammatory symptoms of asthma triggered by allergic
& environmental stimuli - Not for acute asthma
28. Leucotriene receptor antagonist and synthesis
inhibitors
•Zafirlukast (Accolate), Zileuton (Zyflo), Montelukast
sodium (Singulair) – PO
• Action - Decreases the inflammatory process Use -
prophylactic & maintenance drug therapy for asthma
•Accolate – 1st in group, leukotriene receptor antagonist
reduce inflammation & dec bronchoconstriction, PO-
BID-rapidly absorbed
•Singulair –New leukotriene receptor antagonist, short
t1/2 (2.5-5.5) Safe for children under 6yo.
29. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Glucocorticoids (Steroids)
• Glococorticoids have an anti-inflammatory action and are
used if asthma is unresponsive to bronchodilator therapy
• Given: inhaler- beclomethasone (Vanceril, Beclovent);
tablet - triamcinolone (Amcort, Aristocory),
dexamethasone (Decadron), prednisone; injection -
dexamethasone, hydrocortisone
• SE significant w/ long-term oral use - fluid retention,
hyperglycemia, impaired immune response
• Irritating to the gastric mucosa - take w/ food
• When d/c’ing taper the dosage slowly
30. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Cromolyn & Nedocromil
• Cromolyn (Intal) - for prophylactic Rx of bronchial
asthma & must be taken on a daily basis - NOT used for
acute asthma - Inhaler
* Action - inhibits the release of histamine that can cause an
asthma rxn
* SE - mouth irritation, cough & a bad taste in the mouth
** Caution - rebound bronchospasm is a serious side effect
do not d/c the drug abruptly
• Nedocromil sodium - action & uses similar to Intal -
prophylactic usage - inhalation therapy - may be more
effective than Intal
31. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Mucolytics
• Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) - nebulization
* Action - liquefies & loosens thick mucous secretions so
they can be expectorated
* Use - dissolves thick mucous, acetaminophen overdose
(bonds chemically to reduce liver damage)
* SE - N & V, chest tightness, bronchoconstriction
* Use w/ a bronchodilator
• Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) - an enzyme that digests the
DNA in thick sputum of cystic fibrosis (CF) clients
32. MATH
NDC 000w-7293-01 VIAL No. 7293
R/X Lilly
ADD-Vantage Vial
NEBCIN
Tobramycin sulfate
injection, usp
60 Mg per 6ml
You need to prepare 30 mg. How
much solution will you need?
30 mg X 6 ml =
60 mg
1 X 6 ml =
2
6 = 3 ml
2