2. •Research design is a plan of how, when and where data are
to be collected and analysed.
•Research design is the research’s overall plan for
answering the research questions or testing the research
hypotheses.
•it is the master plan specifying the methods and
procedures for collecting and analysing the needed
information in a research study.
•Research Design is blueprint to conduct research study
includes research approach, sample size, technique, tool,
method and analysis to answer research question.
3. • .
ELEMENTS
OF
RESEARCH
DESIGN
THE APPROCH
METHOD OF
DATA
ANALYSIS POPULATION,
SAMPLEAND
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE
TOOLSAND
METHODS OF
DATA
COLLECTION
TIMESAND PLACE OF
DATA COLLECTION
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
OR BOTH
WITH/WITH
OUTA
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
4. APPROACH
•Systematic investigative process .
•it involves the description of the plan to investigate the
phenomenon under study in a structured (quantitative),
unstructured (qualitative) or a combination of the two
methods (qualitative quantitative).
5. FACTORS OF RESEARCH
APPROACH
•Population, sample, and sampling technique.
•The time, place, and sources of data collection.
•Tools and methods of data collection.
•Methods of the data analysis.
6. SELECTION OF RESEARCH
DESIGN
•Selection of a research design largely depends
on the nature of the research problem, the
research available, accessible of subjects, and
research ethics.
7. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF
RESEARCH DESIGN
• Nature of the research problem
• purpose of the study
• research’s knowledge and experience
• researcher’s interest and motivation
• research ethics and principles
• subjects/participants
• resources
• time
• possible control on extraneous variables
• users of the study findings
8. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
• QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
• QUALITATITIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
11. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
• According to riley, experimental research design is a
powerful design for testing hypothsese of causal
relationship among variables.
•Its observation under controlled condition
12. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
•true experimental research designs are those where
researchers have complete control over the extraneous
variables and can perdict confidently that the observed
effect on the dependable variable is only due to the
manipulation of the independent variable.
17. SOLOMON FOUR- GROUP
DESIGN
EXP.GROUP.1 PRE
TEST
TREATMENT
o POST-
TEST
CONTROL
GROUP.1
PRE
TEST
o POST-
TEST
EXP.GROUP.2 TREATMENT
EXP.GROUP.1
o POST-
TEST
CONTROL
GROUP.2
o POST-
TEST
18. FACTORIAL DESIGN
In this researcher manipulates 2 or more independent
variables and observe there effect on dependent variable
19. RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN
TYPE OF
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
DRUGS
BLOCK
PATIENTS WITH
PRIMARY
HYPERTENSION(I)
DIABETIC PATIENTS
WITH
HYPERTENSION(II)
RENAL
PATIENTS WITH
HYPERTENSION(III)
A A,I A,II A,III
B B,I B,II B,III
C C,I C,II C,III
Use when large number of experimental comparison group ,to bring
homogeneity among selected different group
21. ADVANTAGES
most powerful design.
to estabilish the causal relationship between independent and
dependent variables.
the purpose of research is explanation,causal relationship may be
established among the variables by experimentation.
in these studies the controlled environment in which the study is
conducted can yield a greater degree of purity in observation.
a short period of time that may take years to occur naturally.
22. DISADVANTAGES
experimental research designs cannot be replicated in
studies conducted on human being due to ethical
problems.
many of the human variables neither have valid
measurable criteria nor instrumental to measure them.
in experimental studies conducted in natural setting
like hospitals or community, it is not possible to impose
control over extraneous variables.
it is very difficulty to get cooperation from the study
participants.
23. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
•it involves the manipulation of independent variable to
observe the effect on dependent variable.
• lack of at least one of the two other essential
characteristics of the true experiment.
• quasi- independent variables are used instead of true
independent variables.
• A- Non Randomized control group
• B-Time Series Design
24. NON RANDOMIZED CONTROL
GROUP DESIGN
• NON
EXP.GROUP PRE
TEST
TREATMENT
o POST-
TEST
CONTROL
GROUP
PRE
TEST
o POST-
TEST
26. ADVANTAGES
• they are more practical and feasible to conduct research studies in
nursing.
• in the absence of a large sample size, randomization and/or
availalability of control group are not always possible.
• it may be able to establish causal relationship, wherein some of the
hypotheses are practically answered through this design only.
27. DISADVANTAGE
• there is no control over extraneous variables influencing the
dependent variables.
• the absence of a control group or a lack of control over the
research setting makes the result of this design less reliable and
weak for the estabilishment of casual relationship between
independent and dependent variables.
29. TYPES
•ONE SHOT CASE DESIGN;
EXP.GROUP TREATMENT o POST-TEST
•ONE- GROUP PRETEST-
POSTTEST DESIGN;
EXP.GROUP TREATMENT
o POST-
TEST
PRE
TEST
30. ADVANTAGES;
• very simple and convenient to conduct these studies in natural
setting, especially in nursing.
• most suitable design for the beginners in the field of experimental
research.
DISADVANTAGE
• it has very little control over the research.
• it has a higher threat to internal validity of research .
31. NON EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
•it is one of the broad categories of research designs, in
which the research observes the phenomena as they
occur naturally, and no external variables are
introduced.
32. NEEDS OF NONEXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
• the independent variables cannot be manipulated.
• it is unethical to manipulate the independent variable.
• the research situations where it is not practically possible to
conduct experiments.
• descriptive-type studies that do not require any experimental
approaches.
34. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
• it is used to observe, describe, and document aspect of a situation
as it naturally occurs, and sometimes to serve as a starting point for
hypothesis generation or theory development.
• used to observe, document,and describe a phenomenon occuring
in natural setting.
• to gain more information about characteristics within a particular
field of inquiry.
• used to develop theories, identify problems with current practice,
make judgements, or determine other practices in similar
situations
35. UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE
DESIGN
• univariant descriptive design are undertaken to describe the
frequency of a phenomenon.
• this design does not focus on the study of a single variable; there
may be one or more variables involved in the study.
36. EXPLORATORY DESIGN
it is used to identify, explore , and describe existing phenomenon
and its related factors.
37. COMPARATIVE DESIGN
• it involves comparing and contrasting two or more sample of study
subject on one or more variables often at a single point of time.
38. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN
• this is a non experimental design, where researcher examines
the relationship between two or more variables in a natural
setting with out manipulation of control.
• the researcher find the strength of relationship between the
variables.
• generally it has independent and dependent variables effect
of independent variable is observe with out manipulating the
dependent variable.
• some times identification of dependent and independent
variable.
• it finded by using correlation and co- efficient
39. PROSPECTIVE DESIGN
•here the researcher relates the present to the future is a
prospective research design.
RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
here the researcher studies the current phenomenon by
seeking information from past.
40. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
• it examines the phenomenon with reference to time
TYPE
• CROSS SECTION DESIGN
in which researcher collect data at particular time (one period of
data collection) it is more convenient.
• LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
here the data collect at long time( long time study).
it has three types;
TREND STUDIES
PANEL STUDIES
FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
41. EPIDEMOLOGICAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
•it involves investigate the distribution and causes of the
diseases in population.
•the prospective studies are know as cohort study and
retrospetive studies are know as case- control studies.
42. TYPES
• COHORT STUDIES
here the longitudinal approach is used to investigate the diseases
and causes.
• CASE CONTROL STUDIES
in this design, causes of a disease are investigated after the
occurrence of a disease.
43. SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
• if the survey is conducted on a sample of population, it is called
sample survey.
• if the entire population is involved, it is called a population survey
such as censuses, ect.,
TYPE
1. Depending on the nature of phenomenon under study
2. based on method of data collection
44. NONEXPERIMENTALRESEARCH
DESIGN
ADVANTAGES
•it is a convenient method.
•suitable for nursing
research.
•it is simple.
•low cost compare to
experiment.
DISADVANTAGES
•the relationship between
variables finding is never
clear.
•it has more error
•non randomized method
will resulting in error.
45. OTHER ADDITIONAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES-To assess method ,intruments
META –ANALYSIS-integarate or combin multiple re data
SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS- reanalyze research data for new
hypothesis
OUTCOME RESEARCH- care out come- QA
EVALUATION STUDIES-program practice ,procedure or policy
OPERATIONAL RESEARCH- knowledge ,program
46. SUMMARY
Various type of research approaches and design are use. The research
approaches are broadly categorized in to qualitative and quantative approach
under quantitative research approach are experimental and non-experimental
other additional. further experimental are divided in three categories true
experimental Quasi experimental pre-experimental design. On experimental
divided in six categories
47. CONCLUSION
Research design is a master plan that specifies the
methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the
needed information.
It is a strategy for how the data will be collected it provide
the scheme for answering research questions
It maintain control to avoid bias that may effect the
outcome .
