A smart art presentation of research process - statistics

1. RESEARCH
PROCESS
- D E E K S H A N A U

3. 1 . F O R M U L AT I N G T H E R E S E A R C H
P R O B L E M
• Formulation of a general topic into a specific research problem,
thus, constitutes the first step in a scientific enquiry.
Steps
understanding
the problem
thoroughly
rephrase it into
meaningful
terms
Types of
literature
conceptual
literature
empirical
literature

4. 2 . E X T E N S I V E
L I T E R A T U R E S U R V E Y

5. 3 . D E V E L O P M E N T O F W O R K I N G
H Y P O T H E S E S
• Working hypotheses is tentative assumption made in order to
draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.
Discussions with colleagues
and experts
Examination of data and
records
Review of similar studies
Exploratory personal
investigation

6. 4 . P R E PA R I N G T H E R E S E A R C H
D E S I G N
Means of obtaining information
Availability and skills of the researcher
Time available
Cost factor

7. 5 . D E T E R M I N I N G S A M P L E
D E S I G N
• A sample design is a definite plan determined before any data
are actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given
population.
Probability Sampling
simple random sampling
systematic sampling
stratified sampling
cluster/area sampling
Non - Probability
Sampling
convenience sampling
judgement sampling
quota sampling

8. 6 . C O L L E C T I N G T H E D ATA
Observation
Personal
Interviews
Telephone
Interviews
Questionnaire Schedules

9. 7 . E X E C U T I O N O F T H E P R O J E C T

10. 8 . A N A LY S I S O F D ATA
Coding Tabulation Statistical inferences

11. 9 .
H Y P O T H E S I S -
T E S T I N G

12. 1 0 . G E N E R A L I S AT I O N S A N D
I N T E R P R E TAT I O N

13. 1 1 . P R E PA R AT I O N O F T H E R E P O R T
O R T H E T H E S I S
PRELIMINARY
PAGES
• Title & date
• Acknowledgements
• Foreword
• Table of contents
MAIN TEXT
• Introduction
• Summary of
findings
• Main report
• Conclusion
END MATTER
• Appendices
• Bibliography