This document discusses how to generate a research problem and formulate a research question. It explains that the research question is the most important part of a research proposal as it defines the research and guides the inquiry. The document provides guidance on developing a good research question, including that it should be feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant. It also describes different types of research questions such as those asking about existence, description, relationships, causality, and comparisons. Overall, the key aspects covered are identifying a research problem and narrowing it down to a specific research question.
The IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Research [and] Discussion) Research Paper Format is a mnemonic for a common format used for academic ['scientific'] research papers. While used primarily in the hard sciences, like physics and biology, it is also widely used in the social and behavioral sciences. The IMRAD format is also known as the APA format, as the American Psychological Association uses the IMRAD headings in its APA style sheet.
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
This document is highly relevant for early learner candidates of doctoral research in different disciplines. The illustrative examples would serve highly instrumental for the potential PhD candidate to visualize a research idea of selective interests and shaping an argument before framing a statement of problem. Additionally, it will also serve useful in learning how to link up purpose of a research, statement of problem, research questions, objectives and working hypotheses.
The IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Research [and] Discussion) Research Paper Format is a mnemonic for a common format used for academic ['scientific'] research papers. While used primarily in the hard sciences, like physics and biology, it is also widely used in the social and behavioral sciences. The IMRAD format is also known as the APA format, as the American Psychological Association uses the IMRAD headings in its APA style sheet.
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
This document is highly relevant for early learner candidates of doctoral research in different disciplines. The illustrative examples would serve highly instrumental for the potential PhD candidate to visualize a research idea of selective interests and shaping an argument before framing a statement of problem. Additionally, it will also serve useful in learning how to link up purpose of a research, statement of problem, research questions, objectives and working hypotheses.
Selecting the research problem for your doctoral dissertationMaria Sanchez
Criteria for choosing the most promising topic and research problem for your dissertation is presented. This presentation was designed for DoctoralNet.com free conferences.
How to Identify the Research Gap While Writing a PhD Dissertation Literature ...PhD Assistance
PhD Assistance gives you tips to Identify Research Gaps in the Literature Review for writing a PhD dissertation.
A Research Gap is a Topic or field for which insufficient data restrict the ability to conclude a research question. If we are looking for a research issue, what is the healthiest beverage for humans? You can discover multiple studies and potential answers to the questions. Research gap identification eventually makes way for new and exciting research.
PhD Assistance offers UK Dissertation Research Topics Services. When you Order Dissertation Services at PhD Assistance, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
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This document is quoted from Academic Writing Skill, IFL, Cambodia. It's for students in year three not only at IFL but also other universities in Cambodia.
RESEARCH PROBLEM PRESENTATION WITH GAMES
-SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
-TOPIC IDENTIFICATION
-ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
-CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM
Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research)Nheru Veraflor
Introduction to Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) for Senior High School. This includes lesson on Scientific Process, Characteristic of Quantitative Research and Types of Variables.
How to write the introduction section of a research paper, a Research paper, or Call for a Paper, Background of the Study, Purpose of the Study, Research Question and Hypothesis, Research Objectives.
Selecting the research problem for your doctoral dissertationMaria Sanchez
Criteria for choosing the most promising topic and research problem for your dissertation is presented. This presentation was designed for DoctoralNet.com free conferences.
How to Identify the Research Gap While Writing a PhD Dissertation Literature ...PhD Assistance
PhD Assistance gives you tips to Identify Research Gaps in the Literature Review for writing a PhD dissertation.
A Research Gap is a Topic or field for which insufficient data restrict the ability to conclude a research question. If we are looking for a research issue, what is the healthiest beverage for humans? You can discover multiple studies and potential answers to the questions. Research gap identification eventually makes way for new and exciting research.
PhD Assistance offers UK Dissertation Research Topics Services. When you Order Dissertation Services at PhD Assistance, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Learn More:http://bit.ly/3aomOF3
Contact Us:
For Any Queries : Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
This document is quoted from Academic Writing Skill, IFL, Cambodia. It's for students in year three not only at IFL but also other universities in Cambodia.
RESEARCH PROBLEM PRESENTATION WITH GAMES
-SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
-TOPIC IDENTIFICATION
-ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
-CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM
Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research)Nheru Veraflor
Introduction to Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) for Senior High School. This includes lesson on Scientific Process, Characteristic of Quantitative Research and Types of Variables.
How to write the introduction section of a research paper, a Research paper, or Call for a Paper, Background of the Study, Purpose of the Study, Research Question and Hypothesis, Research Objectives.
8 PEER RESPONSES DUE IN 20 HOURSFLYER DISCUSSIONGuided.docxfredharris32
8 PEER RESPONSES DUE IN 20 HOURS
FLYER DISCUSSION
Guided Response:
Please respond to at least two of your peers, as early in the learning week as possible so they can make improvements to their final draft. Offer your peers feedback based on the following points:
· Is the flyer clear and easy to follow?
· Is the flyer engaging and does it make you want to attend the workshop?
· Is the objective of the workshop clear? Do you know what you should be learning?
· Do you know who should attend this workshop?
· Does this flyer make you interested in attending the workshop? Why or why not?
· What other suggestions do you have for your peers?
JENNIFER’S POST: (FLYER ATTACHED)
State your degree program- Bachelor of Arts in Early Childhood Education
The position you interviewed for at the University of Arizona Global Campus Multigenerational Center- Assistant Teacher
Your clients- parents and caregivers of babies through children age 10 years old
Title of your workshop- Conscious Discipline (Dr. Becky Bailey)
The topic of your workshop- Conscious Discipline ways and methods for social-emotional growth
Why you chose this topic for your workshop- It is a very helpful program for children that attend the center. We use it here at the multi-generational enter and it would help the children to have the same methods echoed at home. It also lets the parents know what we do and why.
Your biggest concern about hosting this workshop- Some parents may find it too "new school" and not effective.
KELLIE’S POST: (FLYER ATTACHED)
Hello, my degree program I am currently in is Bachelors of Arts Early Childhood Education. I applied for the Assistant Teacher posting. My workshop is geared toward parents who have children attending preschool. The title of my workshop is The Art of Teaching Preschoolers. This particular workshop aims to assist parents with fun and creative ways to keep their preschooler engaged while learning. I choose this topic for my workshop because, during parent-teacher conferences, parents have stressed that their child shows no interest in learning when they are at home. My biggest concern about hosting this workshop is speaking in from of a crowd.
Regards,
Kellie
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN DISCUSSION
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings by providing evaluations of their questionnaires. Responses to students should be at least 200 words in length. In addition, remember that this is a group discussion forum so be sure to ask questions or provide direction to your classmates as needed. The discussion format was designed to give you an opportunity to learn from your peers and talk about your understanding of different survey research and questionnaires.
SHEMAIAH’S POST:
1. Do you enjoy listening to music?
2. What types of music do you enjoy listening to?
3. What types of food or dishes do you enjoy eating?
4. What activities do you enjoy doing in your leisure time?
5. What culture (s) do you identify w.
A workshop for academic librarians on using qualitative methods for user assessment and research in the library. Part 1 focuses on asking and refining holistic research questions.
Use the Capella library to locate two psychology research articles.docxdickonsondorris
Use the Capella library to locate two psychology research articles: a quantitative methods article and a qualitative methods article. These do not need to be on the same topic, but if you have a research topic in mind for your proposal (see Assessment 5), you may wish to pick something similar for this assessment. Read each article carefully.
Then, in a 2–3-page assessment, address the following elements:
1 Summarize the research question and hypothesis, the research methods, and the overall findings.
2 Compare the research methodologies used in each study. In what ways are the methodologies similar? In what ways are they different? (Be sure to use the technical psychological terms we are studying.)
3 Describe the sample and sample size for each study. Which one used a larger sample and why? How were participants selected?
4 Describe the data collection process for each study. What methods were used to collect the data? Surveys? Observations? Interviews? Be specific and discuss the instruments or measures fully—what do they measure? How is the test designed?
5 Summarize the data analysis process for each study. How was the data analyzed? Were statistics used? Were interviews coded?
6 In conclusion, craft 1–2 paragraphs explaining how these two articles illustrate the main differences between quantitative and qualitative research.
Additional Requirements
· Written communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
· APA formatting: Your assessment should be formatted according to APA (6th ed.) style and formatting.
· Length: A typical response will be 2–3 typed and double-spaced pages.
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
Research Methods
There are many different types of research studies, and the type of study that is done depends very much on the research question. Some studies demand strictly numerical data, such as a comparison of GPA among different college majors or weight loss among different types of eating programs. Others require more in-depth data, like interview responses. Such studies might include the lived experience of people that have been through a terrorist attack or understanding the experience of being physically disabled on a college campus. While there are a number of different types of studies that can be done, all of them fall under two basic categories: quantitative and qualitative.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research deals with numerical data. This means that any topic you study in a quantitative study must be quantifiable—grades, weight, height, depression, and intelligence are all things that can be quantified on some scale of measurement. Quantitative data is often considered hard data—numbers are seen as concrete, irrefutable evidence, but we have to take into account a number of factors that could impact such data. Errors in measurement and recording of such data, as well as the influence of other factors outside those in the study, make for ...
Feedback for Professor on week 1 discussionMental health and illalisondakintxt
Feedback for Professor on week 1 discussion
Mental health and illness are always a question for individuals in the criminal justice system, regardless of their age. Understanding mental health and how that might impact decision making and criminal behavior are important questions. But you need to look at the alignment of your Research Problem / Purpose / Question. These should all be different ways of saying the same thing. So, if you are talking about mental illness and rehabilitation in one, you should be talking about illness and rehabilitation in all of them. Please work on this alignment for both the quantitative research design and the qualitative research design for Week 2.
Week 1 discussion question
Specific Program of Study and Area of Concentration
My major and program of study is PhD in Forensic Psychology with a concentration in victimology. My career interest is to work with juveniles that are charged with serious and violent murderers. Working with juveniles that has committed serious and violent crimes has always been a fascination of mine, the fascination stems from my interest in understanding their thought process and thinking, their social background, their environmental background and any mental health diagnosis.
Social Problem
The social problem with juvenile murderers is that behavioral problems and mental health diagnosis are often grossly overlooked.
Quantitative Research Problem
The Scholarly community does not know the proper therapeutic therapies to apply to these child murderers instead of putting them in prison.
Quantitative Research Purpose
The purpose of this quantitative research is developing a research study that will be implemented into juvenile prisons, to better rehabilitate these children instead of further damaging them, implementing programs that will better prepare them for future release.
Quantitative Research Question
The quantitative research question is as follows; What is the relationship of a diagnosed mental illness and juveniles that commit serious and violent murders.
Qualitative Research Problem
The scholarly community does not know that behavioral problems and mental illnesses may result in children becoming serious violent murders. The qualitative research problem is does diagnosed mental health diagnoses contribute to juveniles becoming murderers.
Qualitative Research Purpose
The purpose of this qualitative study is to correlate previous studies of juvenile murderers and mental health illnesses. As a result, strategic rehabilitation programs will help in reintegrated back into society.
Qualitative Research Question
In this qualitative research the question will be posed as, are their early signs of mental health diagnoses that will detect juvenile murders, and can detecting these early signs reduce the number of juvenile murderers?
Please review the previous questions and revised as needed. Please keep layout as is and the assignmen ...
Since Islam originated and has developed in an Arab culture, other cultures which have adopted Islam have tended to be influenced by Arab customs. Thus Arab Muslim societies and other Muslims have cultural affinities, though every society has preserved its distinguishing characteristics. Islamic culture inherited an Arab culture born in the desert, simple but by no means simplistic. It has an oral tradition based on the transmission of culture through poetry and narrative. However, it has been the written record that has had the greatest impact on civilization. Islam civilization is based on the value of education, which both the Qur'an and the Prophet stressed.
One of the distinctive features of the Islamic tradition is its rapid expansion into a large and diverse civilization, soon becoming divided into several centers of political authority. Although the Prophet’s activities were mostly limited to the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, after his death the first four “Rightly Guided” caliphs sent armies to conquer Syria, Egypt, Iraq and parts of Persia, which were then within the declining Byzantine and Persian empires.
Carthage was a Phoenician state that included, during the 7th–3rd centuries BC, its wider sphere of influence known as the Carthaginian Empire. The empire extended over much of the coast of Northwest Africa as well as encompassing substantial parts of coastal Iberia and the islands of the western Mediterranean Sea.
The Kingdom of Carthage was the major power in the western Mediterranean from its establishment by the semi-legendary Queen Dido in 814 B.C. until its fall following its struggles against the rising Roman Republic. Carthage was one of the great trading powers of the Mediterranean and had relatively few rivals until its fall from grace, namely the Etruscans and the Greek city-states of Sicily and Cyrenaica. Much of Carthage's foreign policy depended on maintaining its mercantile dominance and expanding its control over island territories with which it could base its powerful navies and trade fleet.
The Phoenicians were the great mariners of the ancient world, and their thalassocracy (maritime realm) was organized into city-states. It is important to understand there was never a country or empire called “Phoenicia.” A possible origin of the historical name for this Semitic/Canaanite culture might have come from the ancient Greek Φοινίκη (Phoiníkē) meaning “Purple Land.” That is because the Phoenicians were famous in their own time for their dark purple dye—a rare and prized commodity. Inhabitants of the Phoenician city-states along the Eastern Mediterranean coast (like Sidon and Tyre) might have called themselves Kenaani (Canaanites).
With the coming of the new millenuim, the entire world has entered the globalized age, which is characterized by the US global power leading the world after the fall of the ex- USSR. The emergence of globaization rose several questions about the role of the US: Is it acting in favor preserving the world cultures, or trying to model the world according to the US Western and liberal values? This; in fact, has paved the way to rise of such theories, expliaing that the US has enetered a new phase of conflict which is basically cutural in order to survive and promote its cultural values.
The Bush era has seen remarkable change in the US foreign policy. After 9/ 11 attacks, President Bush (the son) initiated the Bush Doctrine and started his war on terror which had such implications as the invasion of Afghanistan in 2011, and the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) refers to human communication via computers and includes many different forms of synchronous, asynchronous or real-time interaction that humans have with each other using computers as tools to exchange text, images, audio and video.
The Bill Clinton Era the 1990s and the new millenniumBoutkhil Guemide
The Presidency of Bill Clinton has been an important era in the history of the US. Clinton is best known of his economic policies; namely, Clintonomics which produced a huge surplus of the budget. In foreign policy, Clinton is best known of the Engagement and Enlargement which relied on building of a new world order based on both Democracy and Freemarket economy.
Globally, educational systems are adopting new technologies to integrate ICT in the teaching and learning process, to prepare students with the knowledge and skills they need in their subject matter. In this way the teaching profession is evolving from teacher-centered to student-centered learning environments. ICT integration is understood as the usage of technology seamlessly for educational processes like transacting curricular content and students working on technology to do authentic tasks. Nowadays ICT facilitate not only the delivery of lessons but also the learning process itself. This includes computer based technologies, digital imaging, the internet, file servers, data storage devices, network infrastructure, desktops, laptops and broadcasting technologies namely radio and television, and telephone which are used as instructional tools at schools.
Globally, educational systems are adopting new technologies to integrate ICT in the teaching and learning process, to prepare students with the knowledge and skills they need in their subject matter. In this way the teaching profession is evolving from teacher- centered to student- centered learning environments. ICT integration is understood as the usage of technology seamlessly for educational processes like transacting curricular content and students working on technology to do authentic tasks.
Nowadays ICT facilitate not only the delivery of lessons but also the learning process itself. This includes computer based technologies, digital imaging, the internet, file servers, data storage devices, network infrastructure, desktops, laptops and broadcasting technologies namely radio and television, and telephone which are used as instructional tools at schools.
The US presence in the Middle East can be explained to the fact that it always defends its interets in the region. For, that reason, the US uses divergent means and methods to achieve its ends.
The lecture analyzes the phenomenon of Globalization, the technological revolution, the over exploitation of ICTs, and the rise of Information Society.
Reagan's 1980 election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society programs and priorities that had dominated the national agenda since the 1930s.
Domestically, the Reagan administration enacted a major tax cut, sought to cut non-military spending, and eliminated federal regulations. The administration's economic policies, known as "Reaganomics", were inspired by supply-side economics. The combination of tax cuts and an increase in defense spending led to budget deficits, and the federal debt increased significantly during Reagan's tenure. Reagan signed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (which simplified the tax code by reducing rates and removing several tax breaks) and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Reagan also appointed more federal judges than any other president, including four Supreme Court Justices.
Reagan's foreign policy stance was resolutely anti-communist; its plan of action, known as the Reagan Doctrine, sought to roll back the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. Under this doctrine, the Reagan administration initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems; and, in 1983, undertook an invasion of Grenada, the first major overseas action by U.S. troops since the end of the Vietnam War. The administration also created controversy by granting aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan. Specifically, the Reagan administration engaged in covert arms sales to Iran to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua that were fighting to overthrow their nation's socialist government; the resulting scandal led to the conviction or resignation of several administration officials. During Reagan's second term, he sought closer relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and the two leaders signed a major arms control agreement known as the INF Treaty.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Research Process
“ Research is organized curiosity ”
- Curiosity involves asking questions;
- If others do not know the answers, research is needed;
What is research?
“Research is the term applied to any form of systematic and
organised investigation to establish facts or collect information,
and is usually related to a problem that needs to be solved.”
3. Research Cycle
Identify the Research Question:
The first research problem is to find
something to research, which we call 'the
research question’…
4. The Research Cycle
Practical Problem
Research Problem
Research Question
Research Answer
motivates
definesfinds
helps to solve
5. Formulating Research Questions:
A most important part of research,
The first step in the research process is the selection of a
suitable problem from the field chosen by the researcher,
The choice and fomulation of a suitable problem is one of the
most difficult tasks for a researcher,
This problem is narrowed down to a more specific research
question, which then represents the central issue being
addressed,
The features of a good research problem:
a) Significance,
b) Originality,
c) Feasibility,
7. DEVELOPING THE RESEARCH QUESITON
Research Question is:
a statement that identifies the phenomenon to be studied
a formulation of uncertainty about science … that you wish to
explore or resolve [Hulley SB & Cumming SR, 1988]
• It should be the central question of a research,
• It is a problem that someone would like to investigate,
• It is considered a situation that needs to be changed or addressed,
9. These problems consist of:
Areas of concern Conditions to be improved
Research problem
Difficulties to be eliminated Questions seeking answers
10. Your research question is the most critical part of your research
proposal— because it:
• defines the research,
• guides your inquiry, and
• provokes the interests of the reviewer;
General characteristics:
Implies the possibility of investigation;
Identifies a need for the research;
Provides focus;
11. Research Problems
Two ways of stating the problem
Research problems: typically a rather general overview of
the problem with just enough information about the scope
and purpose of the study to provide an initial understanding
of the research;
Research statements and/or questions: more specific,
focused statements and questions that communicate in
greater detail the nature of the study;
12. A general research problem:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the
attitudes of high school students to mandated drug
testing programs
Specific statements and questions:
This study examines the differences between males’
and females’ attitudes toward mandated high
school drug testing programs,
What are the differences between freshmen,
sophomore, junior, and senior students’ attitudes
toward mandated high school drug testing
programs?
13. Researchable problems imply the possibility of
investigation:
What are the achievements and social skill
differences between children attending an
academically or socially oriented pre-school
program?
What is the relationship between teachers’
knowledge of assessment methods and their use
of them?
Researchable vs. Non-researchable Questions
14. Non-researchable problems include
explanations of how to do something, vague
propositions, and value-based concerns;
Is democracy a good form of government?
Can crime be prevented?
Should Islamic and ethical education
classes be dropped from the high school
curriculum?
Researchable vs. Non-researchable Questions
15.
16. Factors to consider in Selecting a Research Problem
A good research question:
Defines the investigation,
Sets boundaries,
Provides direction,
17. A good research question is described by the acronym FINER
(Hulley & Cummings, 1998),
Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethical
Relevant
18. A strong research question should be:
Evocative,
Relevant,
Clear,
Researchable,
19. Evocative
Evocative questions are ones that catch the interest of the
reviewer and draw her/him into the research,
Questions tend to be evocative because of the ways they engage
with challenging topics,
Make it timely:
Evocative questions are often distilled from very contemporary
social or theoretical concerns,
Frame it as a paradox:
Frame your question around a provocative paradox,
why have indigenous organizations in Bolivia markedly declined while the
number and quantity of funding sources has increased?
or
why have violent conflicts over forest resources increased in the last ten
years while the very people involved in these conflicts have become less and
less dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods?
20. Relevant
Questions that clearly demonstrate their relevance to
society, a social group, or scholarly literature and
debates are likely to be given more weight by reviewers,
21. CLEAR
Clear questions tend to be short and conceptually
straightforward,
Work to keep your questions as lucid and simple as
possible,
Keep your questions close to the topic or place you are
researching,
Limit variables:
If a question is burdened with too many variables, it will
become both difficult to read and difficult to research,
“Was the decline of population growth in Brazil the
result of government policies?”
“Was the decline in population growth in Brazil related
more to sex education, the distribution of birth control,
or resource depletion?”
22. RESEARCHABLE
Research questions need to be clearly “doable”,
• One of the most common rationales for rejecting
proposals is that the question is simply too
expansive to be carried out by the applicant,
23. Common problems with research questions
The question is too broad to be manageable:
What is the history of Christianity?
How are environmental disasters being fought?
Is the United States seriously addressing the problem
of prisoner abuse?
Try instead,
How did the conversion of Emperor Constantine affect
the history of Christianity?
How effective are the current practices for cleaning oil
spills?
To what extent has the U. S. military addressed the
problem of prisoner abuse since the Abu Ghraib
discoveries?
24. The question is too narrow:
Does Sweden have nationalized healthcare?
Try instead,
What was the political process that enabled
Sweden to establish nationalized healthcare?
• How did the UAW affect the economy in
Dayton, Ohio in 1973?
Try instead,
What influence did the automobile labor unions
have on the economy in the early 1970's?
25. The question cannot be answered:
What are the pros and cons of evolution?
How many girls are forced into prostitution
each year?
Try instead,
How does teaching of evolution in public
schools affect children who are raised in
religions that embrace creationism?
What are the traits that make girls vulnerable
for being forced into prostitution?
26. Evaluation of the Research Problem
The followings are points to consider when choosing a
research problem:
Is the problem researchable?
Is the problem new?
Is the problem significant?
Is the problem feasible?
Can interest be sustained by it?
Is the problem solvable?
Will it lead to other research problems?
Is it manageable in size?
Are you, or will you become, competent to solve it?
27. Types of Research Questions
Existence,
Description and Classification,
Composition,
Relationship,
Descriptive-Comparative,
Causality,
Causality-Comparative,
28. Existence Questions
Does X exist?
• Design to systematically rule out rival
explanations:
– Does Al Qaeda exist?
– Can neonates perceive color?
– Is there such a thing as ESP?
– Do older adults suffer from general slowing?
29. Questions of Description and Classification
What is X like?; Is it variable or invariant?;
What are its characteristics?
Examples:
– What are the characteristics of attention?
– Is attention uni-dimensional or
multidimensional?
– Is attention variable or constant?
30. Questions of Description and Classification
Usually call for more than simple description
• Answers tend to require:
– statements about the generality of the
description,
– statements of the description to the subclass,
31. Questions of Composition
What are the components that make up X?
• Examples:
– What are the varieties of attention?
– What are the factors that make up IQ?
– What are the principle components of memory?
• Answers call for analysis or breakdown of whole
into its component parts,
32. Relationship Questions
Is there an association between X and Y?
• Examples:
– Is attention related to IQ?
– Is working memory capacity related to GPA
(Grade Point Average)?
– IS GRE (Graduate Record Examination) score
related to success in Grad School?
33. Descriptive-Comparative Questions
Is Group X different from Group Y?
• Examples:
– Are women more aggressive than men?
– Do young adults have better memory than the
old?
– Are warning labels with pictographs more
effective than labels with words only?
• Expected that researcher will ensure that all is
the same between groups except issue in
question,
34. Causality Questions
Does X cause, lead to, or prevent changes in Y?
• Examples:
– Does practice lead to skill?
– Does alcohol intoxication prevent fast RT?
– Does dividing attention degrade performance?
35. Causality-Comparative Questions
Does X cause more changes in Y than does Z?
• Examples:
– Is aerobic exercise better than problem solving
exercises at enhancing cognitive performance
of older adult?
• Effects of X are compared with a rival treatment
(Z) not simply absence of treatment,