In this time, many diseases spread from Bacteria and Viruses. The real example of Virus disease is covid 19. Bacteria and Viruses are very small things that can only see with special equipment a microscope . Bacteria are microscopic living organisms, usually one celled, that can be found everywhere. A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organisms. Viruses are the most common biological entities on earth. Once a person is infected with virus, their body become a reservoir of virus particles which can be released in bodily fluids such as by coughing and sneezing or by shedding skin or in some cases even touching surfaces, contact with contaminated food and water. Many diseases like Influenza, Chickenpox, Typhoid are spread from Bacteria and viruses. So, in this paper we discuss how to control the infection of Bacteria and viruses using UV C Ultraviolet C and also discuss the Effect of UV C Light on Bacteria and disease. Manish Ranjan | Sumit Kumar Singh "Research on Effect of UV-C Light on Bacteria & Viruses" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31251.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/31251/research-on-effect-of-uvc-light-on-bacteria-and-viruses/manish-ranjan
This document discusses common diseases that affect mushrooms. It describes 4 bacterial diseases - bacterial blotch caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens, bacterial rot caused by Pseudomonas alcaligens, brown spot caused by Pseudomonas stutzeri, and yellow blotch caused by Pseudomonas agarici. It also discusses viral diseases in general and 4 main fungal diseases - wet bubble caused by Mycogone pernicious, dry bubble caused by Verticillium fungi, green moulds caused by Trichoderma species, and cobweb disease caused by Clabotryum dendroides. Finally, it lists some common abiotic disorders that affect mushrooms.
Introduction
History
Definition
Aerobiological pathway
Fundamentals of Aerobiology
New techniques for advancing aerosol science and aerobiology
Airborne Diseases
Conclusion
The document discusses sources of microorganisms in air. It states that the main sources are soil, water, plant and animal surfaces, and human beings. Microbes from these sources enter the air through environmental factors like wind and water, or human activities like digging and talking. Once airborne, microbes can exist as droplets, droplet nuclei, or infectious dust, with droplet nuclei able to remain suspended the longest. The largest source is human beings through sneezing, coughing, and other activities that expel microbes from our respiratory tracts in bioaerosols.
Actinomycetes are filamentous, gram-positive bacteria that have characteristics of both bacteria and fungi. They form a mycelium like fungi but have bacterial cell walls lacking chitin and cellulose. Common genera found in soil include Streptomyces, Nocardia, and Micromonospora. Streptomyces and Nocardia are important because they produce many antibiotics and can cause infections in humans. Nocardia forms branching filaments and causes pneumonia and brain infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
This document discusses single cell protein (SCP) production and advantages. It describes how microorganisms like algae, fungi and bacteria can be used to produce SCP. The key steps in SCP production are selection of a suitable microbial strain, media preparation, fermentation, and separation and downstream processing. A variety of substrates can be used including waste materials, agricultural byproducts, and carbon dioxide. Common microorganisms used are fungi like Fusarium and yeasts like Saccharomyces. The final product can be used as a protein supplement for humans or animals.
This document summarizes biodeterioration of paper by microorganisms. It discusses how paper is commonly used but is susceptible to deterioration by various fungi, bacteria, insects during production and storage. Common paper deteriorating microorganisms produce cellulases and xylanases that break down cellulose and hemicellulose in paper. Deterioration occurs through discoloration and weakening of fibers during manufacturing due to organisms like Aspergillus and during storage by fungi like Alternaria. Factors like temperature, humidity and pests accelerate deterioration which can be prevented through good housekeeping, fumigation and controlling humidity and light exposure.
This document discusses common diseases that affect mushrooms. It describes 4 bacterial diseases - bacterial blotch caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens, bacterial rot caused by Pseudomonas alcaligens, brown spot caused by Pseudomonas stutzeri, and yellow blotch caused by Pseudomonas agarici. It also discusses viral diseases in general and 4 main fungal diseases - wet bubble caused by Mycogone pernicious, dry bubble caused by Verticillium fungi, green moulds caused by Trichoderma species, and cobweb disease caused by Clabotryum dendroides. Finally, it lists some common abiotic disorders that affect mushrooms.
Introduction
History
Definition
Aerobiological pathway
Fundamentals of Aerobiology
New techniques for advancing aerosol science and aerobiology
Airborne Diseases
Conclusion
The document discusses sources of microorganisms in air. It states that the main sources are soil, water, plant and animal surfaces, and human beings. Microbes from these sources enter the air through environmental factors like wind and water, or human activities like digging and talking. Once airborne, microbes can exist as droplets, droplet nuclei, or infectious dust, with droplet nuclei able to remain suspended the longest. The largest source is human beings through sneezing, coughing, and other activities that expel microbes from our respiratory tracts in bioaerosols.
Actinomycetes are filamentous, gram-positive bacteria that have characteristics of both bacteria and fungi. They form a mycelium like fungi but have bacterial cell walls lacking chitin and cellulose. Common genera found in soil include Streptomyces, Nocardia, and Micromonospora. Streptomyces and Nocardia are important because they produce many antibiotics and can cause infections in humans. Nocardia forms branching filaments and causes pneumonia and brain infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
This document discusses single cell protein (SCP) production and advantages. It describes how microorganisms like algae, fungi and bacteria can be used to produce SCP. The key steps in SCP production are selection of a suitable microbial strain, media preparation, fermentation, and separation and downstream processing. A variety of substrates can be used including waste materials, agricultural byproducts, and carbon dioxide. Common microorganisms used are fungi like Fusarium and yeasts like Saccharomyces. The final product can be used as a protein supplement for humans or animals.
This document summarizes biodeterioration of paper by microorganisms. It discusses how paper is commonly used but is susceptible to deterioration by various fungi, bacteria, insects during production and storage. Common paper deteriorating microorganisms produce cellulases and xylanases that break down cellulose and hemicellulose in paper. Deterioration occurs through discoloration and weakening of fibers during manufacturing due to organisms like Aspergillus and during storage by fungi like Alternaria. Factors like temperature, humidity and pests accelerate deterioration which can be prevented through good housekeeping, fumigation and controlling humidity and light exposure.
The document discusses the various types of edible mushrooms commonly found in India. It outlines the main types as button mushrooms, straw mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, milky mushrooms, cremini mushrooms, and shiitake mushrooms. For each type, it provides details on cultivation methods, nutritional profiles, and usage. The document serves as an introduction to the different kinds of edible mushrooms available in the Indian market.
air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Physical & chemical parameters of air do not support the growth and multiplication of microorganisms. Microbes present in the troposphere are actually liberated into air from other sources like soil, water, plant & animal surfaces and human beings. Air acts mainly as a medium for dispersion and transmission of microorganisms. Several infectious diseases are transmitted through air.
This document discusses the production of microbial pigments for use in the food industry. It describes several microorganisms commonly used to produce pigments like beta-carotene, riboflavin, lycopene, and Monascus pigments. These pigments have applications as natural food colorants and additives. The document also outlines some benefits of microbial pigments like lower production costs and their potential health benefits.
this ppt deals with the production, processing and harvesting of spirulina as SCP. it also describes about the benefits of using spirulina as the protein supplement for enriching one's health when there is nutritional deprivation.
Bioluminescence is production of light without heat energy through chemical reaction by living organism.
The light emitted by a bioluminescent organism is produced by energy released from chemical reactions occurring inside the organism.
This document is a report submitted by G. Petchiammal to Dr. S. Viswanathan, Head of the Department of Microbiology at Sri Paramakalyani College. The report discusses the biofertilizer Azospirillum, including its history of discovery and classification, characteristics, effects on plant growth, production methods, mode of action, benefits, and field applications. Azospirillum was first isolated in 1922 in Brazil and shown to have nitrogen-fixing abilities. It is a gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that lives in soil and associates with plant roots. Inoculation with Azospirillum biofertilizer can increase crop yields while reducing the need for chemical fertil
- Rust disease caused by the fungus Melampsora lini severely affects linseed plants, appearing in February/March in India where the crop is grown.
- Infected plants develop orange-yellow rust pustules on leaves and stems, which can cause necrosis of leaves. This results in reduced seed yield and fiber quality.
- The rust has a complex life cycle involving pycnial, aecial, uredial, and telial stages, though the first two are not observed in India. Primary infection occurs through windblown uredospores from infected crops in hilly areas.
Strain improvement technique (exam point of view)Sijo A
The development of industrial strains, that can tolerate cultural environment and produces the desired metabolite in large amount from wild type strain is called strain improvement.
The rate of production is controlled by genome of an organism.
Hence the rate of production can be increased by inducing necessory changes in genome of the organism. Hence it is also called genetic improvement of microbial strain.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
The document discusses fungal reproduction structures and spores. It describes various types of asexual reproduction structures in fungi like conidia, blastoconidia, and chlamydospores. It also discusses sexual reproduction structures like ascospores produced in asci within ascocarps and basidiospores. The document aims to teach students to identify fungi based on morphology of reproductive structures and spores produced from vegetative mycelium or fruiting bodies.
Viruses are being explored as potential biopesticides to control insect pests. The major viruses investigated are baculoviruses, which primarily infect lepidopteran insects. Baculoviruses are classified as nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) or granuloviruses (GVs) depending on how their virions are occluded. NPVs occlude virions in large polyhedral bodies, while GVs occlude individual virions. These viruses replicate in the nucleus or cytoplasm of infected insects and cause symptoms like discoloration, lethargy, and death. Large-scale production can be done in vivo by applying the virus to host insects or in vitro by infecting insect
This document discusses techniques for obtaining a pure culture from a mixed culture sample. It explains that a pure culture contains only one type of microorganism, while a mixed culture contains multiple types. The most common laboratory methods for isolating microbes are the streak plate method and pour plate method. Both rely on diluting bacterial cells to a point where single colonies can grow from individual cells. The streak plate method involves transferring a sample to an agar plate using a sterilized loop and streaking the inoculum in sections to separate individual colonies.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. Some key points:
- PGPR are bacteria that live in the rhizosphere and provide benefits to plants. An important function is solubilizing insoluble phosphate minerals making phosphorus available for plant uptake.
- Common insoluble phosphates include tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. Bacteria secrete organic acids like lactic acid and acetic acid to solubilize these minerals.
- Successful phosphate solubilizing bacteria include species from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium genera. Screening methods involve checking for clearing zones
This document discusses techniques for strain improvement in microbiology. It describes the ideal characteristics of microbial strains, the purpose of strain improvement, and three main approaches: mutant selection through chemical or radiation mutagenesis, recombination through techniques like transformation and conjugation, and recombinant DNA technology. Novel technologies discussed include metabolic engineering and genome shuffling. Applications include production of medicines and industrial enzymes.
Role of Phylloplane Bacteria in plant disease management MrChuha
Phylloplane bacteria inhabit plant leaf surfaces and play various roles in plant health and disease management. These bacteria form complex communities on leaves alongside fungi, algae, and other microbes. Phylloplane microbes can protect plants by producing antimicrobial compounds that inhibit pathogenic fungi and bacteria, or by inducing systemic resistance in plants. They also promote plant growth through the production of plant hormones. However, phylloplane bacterial communities are influenced by environmental factors like temperature, humidity, light, and pollution as well as the plant leaf properties themselves.
This document provides an overview of mushroom cultivation as a commercial enterprise. It discusses the largest known organism, categories of mushrooms including edible, poisonous and medicinal varieties. It then covers the historical significance of mushroom cultivation in China dating back to 600 AD. Key commercially cultivated mushrooms worldwide and in India are described, including paddy straw mushroom and oyster mushroom. The cultivation processes for these two mushrooms are explained in detail, covering substrates, climate requirements, cultivation methods and materials needed. Their nutritional value and uses are also highlighted.
Far-UVC light in the range of 207-222 nm has the potential to effectively kill pathogens like viruses and bacteria while posing minimal risk to humans. It can be used to disinfect indoor air continuously without needing room evacuation. Research is still needed to standardize safe exposure limits for real-world use and optimize intensity/duration of exposure for effective disinfection without harming humans. Far-UVC light shows promise as an advanced air disinfection technique if implemented responsibly with rigorous safety standards.
The document discusses ultraviolet (UV) rays, including:
- UV rays come from the sun and other sources like tanning beds. While UV rays produce vitamin D, overexposure can cause health risks like skin cancer.
- There are three main types of UV rays - UVA, UVB, and UVC - classified by wavelength. UVA and UVB can affect health but UVA penetrates deeper.
- UV rays have benefits like vitamin D production but risks include sunburn, skin damage, eye diseases, and skin cancers from overexposure. UV light technology can also kill bacteria and viruses.
The document discusses the various types of edible mushrooms commonly found in India. It outlines the main types as button mushrooms, straw mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, milky mushrooms, cremini mushrooms, and shiitake mushrooms. For each type, it provides details on cultivation methods, nutritional profiles, and usage. The document serves as an introduction to the different kinds of edible mushrooms available in the Indian market.
air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Physical & chemical parameters of air do not support the growth and multiplication of microorganisms. Microbes present in the troposphere are actually liberated into air from other sources like soil, water, plant & animal surfaces and human beings. Air acts mainly as a medium for dispersion and transmission of microorganisms. Several infectious diseases are transmitted through air.
This document discusses the production of microbial pigments for use in the food industry. It describes several microorganisms commonly used to produce pigments like beta-carotene, riboflavin, lycopene, and Monascus pigments. These pigments have applications as natural food colorants and additives. The document also outlines some benefits of microbial pigments like lower production costs and their potential health benefits.
this ppt deals with the production, processing and harvesting of spirulina as SCP. it also describes about the benefits of using spirulina as the protein supplement for enriching one's health when there is nutritional deprivation.
Bioluminescence is production of light without heat energy through chemical reaction by living organism.
The light emitted by a bioluminescent organism is produced by energy released from chemical reactions occurring inside the organism.
This document is a report submitted by G. Petchiammal to Dr. S. Viswanathan, Head of the Department of Microbiology at Sri Paramakalyani College. The report discusses the biofertilizer Azospirillum, including its history of discovery and classification, characteristics, effects on plant growth, production methods, mode of action, benefits, and field applications. Azospirillum was first isolated in 1922 in Brazil and shown to have nitrogen-fixing abilities. It is a gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that lives in soil and associates with plant roots. Inoculation with Azospirillum biofertilizer can increase crop yields while reducing the need for chemical fertil
- Rust disease caused by the fungus Melampsora lini severely affects linseed plants, appearing in February/March in India where the crop is grown.
- Infected plants develop orange-yellow rust pustules on leaves and stems, which can cause necrosis of leaves. This results in reduced seed yield and fiber quality.
- The rust has a complex life cycle involving pycnial, aecial, uredial, and telial stages, though the first two are not observed in India. Primary infection occurs through windblown uredospores from infected crops in hilly areas.
Strain improvement technique (exam point of view)Sijo A
The development of industrial strains, that can tolerate cultural environment and produces the desired metabolite in large amount from wild type strain is called strain improvement.
The rate of production is controlled by genome of an organism.
Hence the rate of production can be increased by inducing necessory changes in genome of the organism. Hence it is also called genetic improvement of microbial strain.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
The document discusses fungal reproduction structures and spores. It describes various types of asexual reproduction structures in fungi like conidia, blastoconidia, and chlamydospores. It also discusses sexual reproduction structures like ascospores produced in asci within ascocarps and basidiospores. The document aims to teach students to identify fungi based on morphology of reproductive structures and spores produced from vegetative mycelium or fruiting bodies.
Viruses are being explored as potential biopesticides to control insect pests. The major viruses investigated are baculoviruses, which primarily infect lepidopteran insects. Baculoviruses are classified as nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) or granuloviruses (GVs) depending on how their virions are occluded. NPVs occlude virions in large polyhedral bodies, while GVs occlude individual virions. These viruses replicate in the nucleus or cytoplasm of infected insects and cause symptoms like discoloration, lethargy, and death. Large-scale production can be done in vivo by applying the virus to host insects or in vitro by infecting insect
This document discusses techniques for obtaining a pure culture from a mixed culture sample. It explains that a pure culture contains only one type of microorganism, while a mixed culture contains multiple types. The most common laboratory methods for isolating microbes are the streak plate method and pour plate method. Both rely on diluting bacterial cells to a point where single colonies can grow from individual cells. The streak plate method involves transferring a sample to an agar plate using a sterilized loop and streaking the inoculum in sections to separate individual colonies.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. Some key points:
- PGPR are bacteria that live in the rhizosphere and provide benefits to plants. An important function is solubilizing insoluble phosphate minerals making phosphorus available for plant uptake.
- Common insoluble phosphates include tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. Bacteria secrete organic acids like lactic acid and acetic acid to solubilize these minerals.
- Successful phosphate solubilizing bacteria include species from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium genera. Screening methods involve checking for clearing zones
This document discusses techniques for strain improvement in microbiology. It describes the ideal characteristics of microbial strains, the purpose of strain improvement, and three main approaches: mutant selection through chemical or radiation mutagenesis, recombination through techniques like transformation and conjugation, and recombinant DNA technology. Novel technologies discussed include metabolic engineering and genome shuffling. Applications include production of medicines and industrial enzymes.
Role of Phylloplane Bacteria in plant disease management MrChuha
Phylloplane bacteria inhabit plant leaf surfaces and play various roles in plant health and disease management. These bacteria form complex communities on leaves alongside fungi, algae, and other microbes. Phylloplane microbes can protect plants by producing antimicrobial compounds that inhibit pathogenic fungi and bacteria, or by inducing systemic resistance in plants. They also promote plant growth through the production of plant hormones. However, phylloplane bacterial communities are influenced by environmental factors like temperature, humidity, light, and pollution as well as the plant leaf properties themselves.
This document provides an overview of mushroom cultivation as a commercial enterprise. It discusses the largest known organism, categories of mushrooms including edible, poisonous and medicinal varieties. It then covers the historical significance of mushroom cultivation in China dating back to 600 AD. Key commercially cultivated mushrooms worldwide and in India are described, including paddy straw mushroom and oyster mushroom. The cultivation processes for these two mushrooms are explained in detail, covering substrates, climate requirements, cultivation methods and materials needed. Their nutritional value and uses are also highlighted.
Far-UVC light in the range of 207-222 nm has the potential to effectively kill pathogens like viruses and bacteria while posing minimal risk to humans. It can be used to disinfect indoor air continuously without needing room evacuation. Research is still needed to standardize safe exposure limits for real-world use and optimize intensity/duration of exposure for effective disinfection without harming humans. Far-UVC light shows promise as an advanced air disinfection technique if implemented responsibly with rigorous safety standards.
The document discusses ultraviolet (UV) rays, including:
- UV rays come from the sun and other sources like tanning beds. While UV rays produce vitamin D, overexposure can cause health risks like skin cancer.
- There are three main types of UV rays - UVA, UVB, and UVC - classified by wavelength. UVA and UVB can affect health but UVA penetrates deeper.
- UV rays have benefits like vitamin D production but risks include sunburn, skin damage, eye diseases, and skin cancers from overexposure. UV light technology can also kill bacteria and viruses.
UVC_Sales presentatio (Update July 2020).pdfbeny73
The document discusses UV-C light and its applications for disinfecting air and surfaces. It provides information on what UV-C is, its wavelength range, and how it kills microorganisms by damaging their DNA. The document discusses using UV-C light for air and surface disinfection in various settings like hospitals, offices, schools, and public transportation. It provides case studies of UV-C lights being used in hospitals in China during the COVID-19 pandemic and recommends exposure times needed for different space sizes.
germicidal UVC 280nm deep uv led for contact lens cleaner and sterilizerLinda Tan
This document describes a contact lens cleaner and sterilizer that uses UVC LED technology. It uses ultrasonic cleaning to remove organic films from lenses, and then exposes the lenses to UVC light in a sterilization cavity to destroy pathogens. UVC light is an effective sterilization method that does not leave residues or cause drug resistance like chemicals. The product employs an advanced AlGaN UVC LED that emits at 280nm and contains no mercury or harmful substances. It provides a safe and effective way to clean and sterilize contact lenses on a daily basis.
The document discusses the global ultraviolet disinfection equipment market. It states that the market was valued at $1.3 billion in 2019 and is projected to reach $5.7 billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 17.1% from 2020 to 2027. The increasing awareness about health hazards of chemical disinfectants and the faster disinfection time of UV equipment are driving market growth. However, the lower costs of conventional disinfectants may hinder the market. The COVID-19 pandemic has also increased demand for UV disinfection equipment from various industries.
Can UV-C Air Disinfection inactivate the coronavirusDisnfek Machine
UVC radiation has been shown to effectively inactivate viruses and bacteria by destroying their protein coats. While it may be effective against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, more research is needed to determine the specific dose and duration required. The use of UVC lamps for air disinfection in ductwork is safer than in occupied spaces, as direct exposure to skin and eyes can cause injury. Proper installation is important to avoid potential burns.
Development of Ultraviolet Protective Fabric with Natural HerbDr. Amarjeet Singh
Effective textiles are a part of technical textiles
that are defined as comprising all those textile-based
products that are used principally for their performance or
functional characteristics rather than their aesthetic or
decorative characteristics. protective clothing is specially
designed for sun protection and generally produced from
the fabric rated for its level of ultraviolet (UV) protection.
Ultraviolet rays constitute a very low fraction of the solar
spectrum but influence all leaving organism. The sun is the
principal source of UV exposure for most people. Exposure
to the sun is known to be associated with various skin
diseases, skin cancers, accelerated skin aging and other eye
diseases, and probably has an adverse effect on persons
ability to resist infectious diseases. The rating system of
fabric specifies an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value,
which can be thought as a time factor for the protection of
Caucasian skin compared to exposure without exposure
without any protection from sun's UV as a means of
protecting skin from damage. The shorter the wavelength,
the higher the energy of radiation.UVA rays account for 90
to 95% of UV radiation that reaches the earth. While UVB
makes only 5 to 10% of solar radiation, its high-energy
damages surface epidermal layers and cause sunburn.UVB
is strongest particularly between 10 AM to 4 pm from April
to October and UVA present equally throughout daylight
hours and throughout seasons both types of UV rays can
cause skin cancer because they damage skin cells and alter
their DNA, and also causes premature aging of the skin. A
novel weave structure and denier (related to thread count
per inch) may provide the sun protective properties.
nowadays textiles and fabrics used for sun protective
clothing are pre-treated with chemically modified UVinhibiting ingredients during manufacturing to enhance
their effectiveness, here in this paper author tried to use
some environment-friendly natural ingredients as an
alternative to chemically modified UV-inhibiting
ingredients. All-natural ingredients from herbs like green
tea leaf, pudina, and neem leaf extracts are used and
experimental findings related to UPF(Ultraviolet protection
factor) are discussed.
Ionizing radiation can effectively sterilize organisms without increasing temperature through mechanisms like producing reactive molecules that damage DNA and proteins. X-rays, gamma rays, and electron beams are common sources of ionizing radiation used for sterilization. X-rays have advantages like deeper penetration and faster processing compared to gamma rays and electron beams. Gamma rays also effectively sterilize through breaking down DNA, and are used for sterilizing medical devices and foods. UV light is another sterilization method using UVC wavelengths to damage nucleic acids and disrupt DNA/RNA of microbes. It is effective against bacteria and viruses and used for sterilizing air, water, and surfaces.
This presentation includes brief history about UV Disinfectant lighting, what is UV light, ISO Class consideration, services and maintenance, room construction, lighting control, lux requirement ,IP rating, and lighting color.
The Use Of Ultra Violet Light For The Treatment Of Filtered Drinking WaterAndrew Manic
This document discusses using ultraviolet (UV) light to treat drinking water. It provides an overview of how UV light works to disinfect water by destroying microorganisms. Specifically, the UV-C spectrum is most effective. The document examines factors that influence UV treatment effectiveness and lists advantages such as being environmentally friendly with no chemical byproducts. It also explores using UV light to treat the microorganism Cryptosporidium. The document analyzes how UV light degrades plastics and recommends alternatives like poly(methyl methacrylate) that have better UV resistance for water containers.
In addition to natural sunlight, sunbed users seeking to achieve a tan expose themselves to substantial amounts of artificial UV radiation.
However, there is evidence that UV radiation can cause damage to health.
What are the health and safety implications of both natural solar UV radiation and artificial UV radiation from sunbeds?
This document provides an introduction to air purification, discussing the growing need for air purification technologies due to factors like increasing pollution from manufacturing and urbanization. It then outlines the objectives and definition of air purification before describing several major agents that can purify air, including rain, wind, plants, oxygen, ozone, and ultraviolet light. It further explains how ultraviolet light works to purify air and the use of radiation for sterilization. Finally, it discusses air purification in sterile product manufacturing rooms, focusing on laminar airflow cabinets.
Study of Health and Safety at Nuclear InstallationsYogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a study on health and safety at nuclear installations. It discusses both man-made and natural radiation sources and the associated health risks. It outlines key radiological parameters such as radiation dose rates that are monitored. It also summarizes relevant UK regulations regarding nuclear safety, including the Nuclear Installations Act, Health and Safety at Work Act, and Ionizing Radiations Regulations. The main goal of these regulations is to ensure radiation exposures are kept within safe limits to protect workers and the public.
This document proposes a lightweight portable UV radiation detection system called UVision to help prevent users from harmful UV exposure. UVision has two parts: a wearable UV sensor that collects real-time UV data and a mobile app to display the sensor results. The sensor is designed to look like jewelry to be discreetly worn. The app provides UV index readings, exposure time estimates, and sun protection recommendations. The system aims to increase sun safety through low-cost education and awareness of current UV conditions. Future work may improve the design to be smaller and longer lasting to create a more practical product.
An Update on Safety Measures in Laser Dentistryiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document discusses the use of ultraviolet (UV) technology for disinfecting surfaces in healthcare settings. It provides background on healthcare-associated infections and the role of contaminated surfaces in transmission. It then summarizes studies that found UV light effectively reduces bacteria and viruses on surfaces. The document reviews different types of UV light technologies, including portable UV devices and stationary whole-room disinfection systems. It discusses the mechanisms of how UV light deactivates microbes and lists advantages and disadvantages of UV disinfection. Overall, the document concludes that UV light is a promising method for reducing healthcare-associated infections by disinfecting surfaces, though it has some limitations compared to traditional cleaning methods.
Effectiveness of uv sterilisation chambers in barbering shops and salonsAlexander Decker
1) The study assessed the effectiveness of UV sterilization chambers used in barber shops and salons in inhibiting microbial growth.
2) Swabs were taken from barbering implements before and after UV sterilization to analyze microbial colony counts.
3) Of the 70 sterilization chambers analyzed, only 20 showed inhibitory effects on microbial growth. Characteristics like age, intensity, and wavelength of the UV lamps were compared.
This document discusses the use of ultraviolet (UV) technology to disinfect surfaces and reduce the transmission of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). It provides background on the risks of HAIs and the role of contaminated environmental surfaces in transmission. The document then describes how no-touch UV disinfection systems work to deactivate pathogens using UV-C light. Several studies are summarized that demonstrate the effectiveness of UV in reducing bacteria and spore counts on surfaces. The advantages and disadvantages of UV disinfection technology are also reviewed. Examples of several UV disinfection devices currently used in hospitals are provided.
This document discusses the effects of electromagnetic radiation from electronic devices on humans and the environment. It begins by introducing the sources of electromagnetic radiation like cell phones, computers, microwave ovens, and electrical appliances. It then discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and how radiation is classified. The document outlines some biological effects of non-ionizing radiation like DNA damage, risk to children, and increased cancer risk. It also discusses effects on farm animals and birds like decreased milk production in cows and interference with bird navigation. The document concludes by discussing safe radiation limits in terms of Specific Absorption Rate.
Similar to Research on Effect of UV C Light on Bacteria and Viruses (20)
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The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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Fig2. Division of UV Light
2.1.1. UV-A Light
UV-A light (320-400nm) is UV light with the longest
wavelength, and the least harmful. It is more commonly
known as "black light", and many use its ability to cause
objects to emit fluorescence (a coloured glowing effect) in
artistic and celebratory designs. Many insects and birds can
perceive this type of UV radiation visually, along with some
humans in rare cases such as Aphakia (missing optic lens).
[2]
2.1.2. UV-B Light
UV-B light (290-320nm) causes sunburns with prolonged
exposure along with increasing the risk of skin cancer and
other cellular damage. About 95% of all UV-B light is
absorbed by the ozone in Earth's atmosphere. [2]
2.1.3. UV-C Light
UV-C light (100-290nm) is extremely harmful and is almost
completely absorbed by Earth's atmosphere. It is commonly
used as a disinfectant in food, air, and water to kill
microorganisms by destroying theircells'nucleicacids.With
UV-C technology it is possible to destroy more than 99.99%
of all pathogens within seconds, without addition of
chemicals, withoutharmful sideeffects,inexpensively,highly
efficiently and absolutely reliably. [2]
Fig3 (a). Absorption of UV Light through Ozone layer
Fig3 (b). Absorption of UV Light through our body
3. Benefits of UV-C technology
Defeat micro-organisms Proven effective against
viruses, bacteria, melds and spores.
Protect against microorganism growth - Keeps the
surface of water reservoir clean from biofilm. Keeps air
treatment systems clean.
Reliable disinfection Disinfection effects is directly
related to UV dose (intensity and exposure time of
micro-organisms). It’s simple to measure effectiveness
once system design is validated.
Easy and cost-effective UV-C installation have low
capital and operation costs and are easy to operate and
maintain.
4. Effect of UV-C Light
Continuous low doses of far-ultraviolet C (far-UVC) lightcan
kill airborne flu viruses without harming human tissues,
according to a new study at the Centre for Radiological
Research at Columbia UniversityIrvingMedical Centre(New
York, NY).1 The findings suggest that use of overhead far-
UVC light in hospitals, doctors’ offices, schools, airports,
airplanes, and other public spaces could provide a powerful
check on seasonal influenza epidemics, as well as influenza
pandemics.
Scientists have known for decades thatbroad-spectrumUVC
light, which has a wavelength between 200 and 400 nm, is
highly effective at killing bacteria and viruses by destroying
the molecular bonds that hold their DNA together. This
conventional UV light is routinely used to decontaminate
surgical equipment. “Unfortunately,conventional germicidal
UV light is also a human health hazard and can lead to skin
cancer and cataracts, which prevents its use in public
spaces,” says study leader David Brenner. [3]
Several years ago, Brenner and his colleagues hypothesized
that far-UVC could kill microbes without damaging healthy
tissue. “Far-UVC light has a very limited range and cannot
penetrate through the outer dead-cell layerofhumanskinor
the tear layer in the eye, so it’s not a human health hazard.
But because viruses and bacteria are much smaller than
human cells, far-UVC light can reach their DNA and kill
them,” Brenner said. [3]
4.1. UV-C Effect on Screen
Acute (short-term) effects include redness or ulceration of
the skin. At high levels of exposure, these burns can be
serious. For chronic (long-term) exposures, there is also a
cumulative risk, which depends on the amount of exposure
during your lifetime. The long-term risk forlargecumulative
exposure includes premature aging of the skin and skin
cancer. [4]
5. Application of Germicidal UVC Light
5.1. water Application
UV water purification offers a secure, effective and cost-
efficient alternative to chemical treatment. With no
harmful by-products, the worldwide use of germicidal
UVC technology is critical for eco-systems and reducing
pollutants in rivers, oceans and other bodies of water. UV
water purification applications still grow within
the industries of water reclamation, ship ballast water,
waste water, beverage, industrial and commercial
process water, pool and spa, aquaculture and life
sciences. [5]
5.2. Air Application
Maintaining clean, fresh air is essential to life, and many
industrial processes cause pollutants, contaminants, and
nuisance odors in the atmosphere and in the immediate
environment. Our proprietary germicidal UVC technology
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offers OEMs affordable and effective solutions for both air
sterilization and odor control. [6]
5.2.1. Air Sterilization
UV technology provides air sterilization from transmissible
agents, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and spores. A UV germicidal
lamp integrated in a hospital air conditioning system will
sterilize pathogens that cause illness and contaminants that
aggravate asthma and other respiratoryailments.Ingeneral,
air conditioners arebreedinggroundsforharmful organisms
that cannot be treated with filters alone, risking health in
locations such as burn centres, and methadone and TB
clinics. [7]
In industries that require a sterile and clean environment,
UVC is utilized to reduce the number of ‘live’ organisms in
the air, such as in scientific laboratories. Here it may also
sterilize equipment and surfaces when employees are notin
the room. Printing, plastics and rubber, or wood and surface
treatment industries produce harmful and toxic
chemicals and sterilization of air offers many benefits.
Germicidal lamps in sterilization units are used to protect
the health of workers by reducing or eliminating VOCs and
industrial exhausts containing solvents. [6]
5.2.2. Odor Control
There are many areas of application forgermicidalUVCodor
control, including wastewater plants, farms, commercial
kitchens (HVAC), kennels, food processing plants, or in any
circumstance where odor is a by-product of operations.
For many industries, odor control can help to reduce the
extra time and money spent on nuisance complaints. At
wastewater plants, for example, hydrogen sulphide-based
odors are a concern for operator safety and an annoyance to
nearby residences or public facilities. [6]
5.3. Surface Application
Germicidal UVC lamps offer surface sterilization without
chemicals, which is critical in many industries. In food
processing, for example, UVC can kill viruses,bacteria,yeast,
and fungi in seconds, eliminating the need to use harmful
chemicals on surfaces that come in contact with food.
UVC technology is indispensable in locations where human
health is contingent on a sterile environment, such as
hospitals and surgical centres. During prolonged surgical
procedures, for example, UVC is used to minimize infection.
5.3.1. Food Processing
Surface sterilization using UV technology improves theshelf
life of food stuffs, includingbreadsandmeats.Inaddition, UV
hormesis can reduce post-harvest losses due to the delayed
ripening of fruits and vegetables. With 550 million dollarsof
fresh fruits and vegetables exported from the US year to
date, UV hormesis offers great potential.
UV germicidal is increasingly being used for the surface
sterilization of filling equipment, conveyor belts, transport
containers, working surfaces of foodstuffs, countertops,and
on liquid-sugar tanks to kill mold and bacteria. [7]
5.3.2. Low Pressure UV Curing
Low pressure UV technology can cure inks, resins, and
adhesives with no hazardous waste and fewer maintenance
costs. Currently, there is a growing trend in many industries
to change from heat-cured inks to UV-cured inks. Our
proprietary low-pressure pellet amalgam lamp technology
produces the only lamp that allows for vertical orientation.
5.3.3. Medium Pressure UV Curing
Medium pressure UV technology is used in many curing
applications, including adhesive bonds, coatings, engraving
and plating resist, inks, varnishes, lacquers and decorative
glazes. Curing with UV saves on maintenance costs and
produces no hazardous by-products. More manufacturers
are converting to UV curing systems. [6]
6. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation technology
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection
method that uses short-wavelength ultraviolet (ultravioletC
or UV-C) light to kill or inactivate microorganisms by
destroying nucleic acids and disrupting their DNA, leaving
them unable to perform vital cellular functions.[8] UVGI is
used in a variety of applications, such as food, air, and water
purification.
UV-C light is weak at the Earth's surface since the ozone
layer of the atmosphere blocks it.[9] UVGI devices can
produce strong enough UV-C light in circulating air or water
systems to make them inhospitable environments to
microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, molds, and
other pathogens. UVGI can be coupled with a filtration
system to sanitize air and water.
6.1. Germicidal Lamp
Germicidal UV for disinfection is mosttypicallygenerated by
a mercury-vapor lamp. Low-pressure mercury vapor has a
strong emission line at 254 nm, which is within the range of
wavelengths that demonstratestrongdisinfection effect. The
optimal wavelengths for disinfection are close to
270 nm.[10]:2–6
Mercury vapor lamps may be categorized as either low-
pressure (including amalgam) or medium-pressure lamps.
Low-pressure UV lamps offer high efficiencies (approx.35%
UV-C) but lower power, typically 1 W/cm power density
(power per unit of arc length). Amalgam UV lamps utilize an
amalgam to control mercury pressuretoallowoperation ata
somewhat higher temperature and power density. They
operate at higher temperatures and have a lifetime of up to
16,000 hours. Their efficiency is slightly lower than that of
traditional low-pressure lamps (approx. 33% UV-C output),
and power density is approximately 2–3 W/cm. Medium-
pressure UV lamps operate at much highertemperatures,up
to about 800 degrees Celsius, and have a polychromatic
output spectrum and a high radiation output butlowerUV-C
efficiency of 10% or less. Typical power density is
30 W/cm3 or greater.
Depending on the quartz glass used for the lamp body, low-
pressure and amalgam UV emit radiation at254 nmand also
at 185 nm, which has chemical effects. UV radiation at
185 nm is used to generate ozone.
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Fig4 (a). Low pressure and Medium pressure UV Lamp
The UV lamps for water treatmentconsistofspecializedlow-
pressure mercury-vapor lamps that produce ultraviolet
radiation at 254 nm, or medium-pressure UV lamps that
produce a polychromatic output from 200 nm to visible and
infrared energy. The UV lamp never contacts the water; it is
either housed in a quartz glass sleeve inside the water
chamber or mounted externally to the water, which flows
through the transparent UV tube. Water passingthroughthe
flow chamber is exposed to UV rays, which are absorbed by
suspended solids, such as microorganisms and dirt, in the
stream.[11]
Fig4(b). Germicidal Lamp
6.2. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
Recent developments in LED technology have led to
commercially available UV-C LEDs. UV-C LEDs use
semiconductors to emit light between 255 nm and
280 nm.[12] Thewavelengthemissionistuneable byadjusting
the material of the semiconductor. As of 2019, the electrical-
to-UV-C conversion efficiency of LEDs waslowerthanthatof
mercury lamps. The reduced size of LEDs opens up options
for small reactor systems allowing for point-of-use
applications and integration into medical devices.[13] Low
power consumption of semiconductors introduce UV
disinfection systems that utilized small solar cells in remote
or Third World applications.[13]
Fig5 (a). UVC Led Emitting 265nm compared to
Germicidal Effectiveness Graph
UV-C LEDs don't necessarily last longer than traditional
germicidal lamps in terms of hours used, instead having
more-variable engineering characteristics and better
tolerance for short-termoperation.AUV-CLEDcanachievea
longer installed time than a traditional germicidal lamp in
intermittent use. Likewise, LED degradation increases with
heat, while filament and HID lamp output wavelength is
dependent on temperature, so engineers can design LEDs of
a particular size and cost to have a higher output and faster
degradation or a lower output and slower decline over time.
Fig5(b). UV-C LED
7. Conclusions
The UVC treatment of sterile, commercial whole milk
inoculated with bacteria causeda significantreductionforall
bacterial species tested except M. smegmatis. The UVC
treatment of colostrum samples inoculated with bacterial
contaminants resulted in a significant reduction in the
bacterial count at T3 for Listeria spp., Salmonella spp.,
and Acinetobacter spp., but not of E. coli, Strep. agalactiae,
and Staph. aureus. Moreover, UVC treatment of colostrum
lowered the concentration of IgG in colostrum in relation to
the length of treatment duration. Processes that aim to
reduce the bacterial count in colostrum must take into
consideration the incidental effects on colostrum IgG. [14]
This study demonstrates that far-UVC light emitted from a
laser and delivered using an optical diffuser is an effective
tool to kill MRSA in vitro. The dose required to kill bacteria
on a surface with far-UVC is slightly higher than with
conventional UVC at 254 nm; however, given the lack of
harmful biological effects with far-UVC, it is an attractive
option for disinfection within wounds. The ability to diffuse
the laser output over a large area makes this a viable
solution for disinfection of infection prone tissues, such as
around a catheter or other skin penetrating medical device.
[15] We have demonstrated that the Pulsed-UVC device,
associated with SOP, significantly reduced microorganisms
from common high-touch surfaces.
8. References
[1] Kouji Narita, Krisana Asano, Yukihiro Morimoto,
Tatsushi Igarashi, Michael R. Hamblin, Tianhong Dai,
Akio Nakane Corrigendum to “Disinfectionandhealing
effects of 222-nm UVC light on methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in mouse
wounds” [J. Photochem. Photobiol.BBiol.178(January
2018) 10–18] Journal of Photochemistry and
Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 182, May2018,Pages
146.
[2] Stanford Solar center- http://solar-
center.stanford.edu/about/uvlight.html.
[3] Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of
airborne-mediated microbial diseases.” The other
contributors are David Welch, Manuela Buonanno,
Veljko Grilj, Igor Shuryak, Connor Crickmore, Alan
Bigelow, Gerhard Randers-Pehrson, and Gary Johnson
(all at CUIMC).The study was supported bygrantsfrom
the Shostack Foundation and the National Institutes of
Health (1R41AI125006-01).
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[4] Kalran University article of Dr. Kevin kahn (Market
development Manager, EMEA):
https://www.klaran.com/is-uvc-safe.
[5] Harm, W., 1980, Biological Effects of Ultraviolet
Radiation, International Union of Pure and Applied
Biophysics, Biophysics series, Cambridge University
Press.[page needed]
[6] LightTech Light source blog Articlehttps://www.light-
sources.com/solutions/germicidal-uvc-lamps/uv-light-
applications/
[7] hang, Kenneth (2020-05-07). "Scientists Consider
Indoor Ultraviolet Light to Zap Coronavirus in the
Air". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
Retrieved 2020-05-11.
[8] "Word of the Month: Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation
(UVGI)"(PDF). NIOSH eNews. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. April 2008. Retrieved 4
May 2015.
[9] "SOLVE II Science Implementation". NASA. 2003.
Archived from the original on February 16, 2013.
Retrieved 4 May 2015.
[10] "Ultraviolet disinfection guidance manual for the final
long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment
rule" (PDF). Washington, DC: United States
Environmental Protection Agency. November 2006.
Retrieved 30 January 2011.
[11] Wolfe, R. L. (1990). "Ultraviolet disinfection of potable
water". Environmental Science & Technology. 24 (6):
768–773. Bibcode: 1990EnST...24...768W. Doi:
10.1021/es00076a001.
[12] Messina, Gabriele (October 2015). "A new UV-LED
device for automatic disinfection of stethoscope
membranes". American Journal of Infection Control.
Elsevier. Retrieved 2016-08-15.
[13] Hessling, Martin; Gross, Andrej; Hoenes, Katharina;
Rath, Monika; Stangl, Felix; Tritschler, Hanna; Sift,
Michael (2016-01-27). "Efficient Disinfection of Tapand
Surface Water with Single High Power 285 nm LED and
Square Quartz Tube". Photonics. 3 (1):
7. doi:10.3390/photonics3010007.
[14] “Evaluation of the effects of ultraviolet light on
bacterial contaminants inoculated into wholemilk and
colostrum, and on colostrum immunoglobulin G” R. V.
Pereira, M. L. Bicalho, V. S. Machado, S. Lima, A. G.
Teixeira, L. D. Warnick, and R. C. Bicalho. 26feb 2014.
[15] Research article Manuela Buonanno, Igor Shuryak,
Gerhard randers-pehrson, David j brenner, Henry M.
Spotnitz. “Effect of far ultraviolet light emited from an
optical Diffuser on Methicillin-resistancestaphylococcus
aureus in vitro” 10 August 2018.