This document presents a calibration reading technology to recognize readings on high-precision meters. It constructs a geometric model of parallax formation and analyzes importing error when the camera is not directly above the meter pointer. An experimental platform is designed to position the camera through iterative adjustments until the optical center is directly above the pointer, eliminating parallax. Test results show the calibration reading method can accurately recognize readings on high-precision meters.
Street Mark Detection Using Raspberry PI for Self-driving SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Self driving is an autonomous vehicle that can follow the road with less human intervention. The development of self driving utilizes various methods such as radar, lidar, GPS, camera, or combination of them. In this research, street mark detection system was designed using webcam and raspberry-pi mini computer for processing the image. The image was processed by HSV color filtering method. The processing rate of this algorithm was 137.98 ms correspondinig to 7.2 FPS. The self-driving prototype was found to be working optimally for “hue” threshold of 0-179, “saturation” threshold of 0-30, and “value” threshold of 200-255. Street mark detection has been obtained from the coordinates of street mark object which had range 4-167 on x axis and 4-139 on y axis. As a result, we have successfully built the street mark detection by COG method more effectively and smoothly in detection in comparison with Hough transform method.
A Study on Single Camera Based ANPR System for Improvement of Vehicle Number ...journal ijrtem
This document summarizes a study on a single camera-based automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) system to recognize vehicle license plates on multi-lane roads. It proposes a character extraction algorithm using connected vertical and horizontal edge segments to improve recognition rates. The algorithm detects character edge patterns, extracts components by cumulatively labeling edges, and enhances images through contrast adaptive binarization. An ANPR system was installed on a 3-lane test road and achieved a detection rate of 84.6%, though some errors occurred with specific vehicle models or character differences. Further research is needed to handle low-visibility conditions and improve accuracy.
The reviewe of the Camshift algorithm and its improved algorithm of target tr...IJRES Journal
In the field of target tracking algorithm Camshift algorithm due to the advantages of simple calculation and by in-depth research and application. But Camshift algorithm because of only considering H component is vulnerable to the interference of background color, the same also in the case of the target obscured or half shade easy to lose track targets, aiming at the shortcomings of the Camshift algorithm, scholars put forward a lot of improved algorithms to make up for those shortcomings. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the shortcomings Camshift algorithm will be given, also this paper will review and analysis the deficiency and advantages of the improved algorithms based on Camshift algorithm, finally put forward the direction of improvement of Camshift algorithm in the future research. The
The document summarizes key concepts about aerotriangulation from a lecture on photogrammetry. It discusses that aerotriangulation establishes geometric relationships between overlapping photographs to determine supplemental ground control points. Aerotriangulation can be performed using semianalytical or analytical bundle block methods. The analytical bundle block method represents the geometric relationships between object space, camera positions, and image points in a mathematical model.
This document provides an overview of assembly modelling including interference checking, tolerance analysis, mass property calculations, mechanism simulation, and interference checking. It discusses assembly modelling approaches like bottom-up and top-down, assembly planning considerations, mating conditions, tolerance systems, and methods for tolerance analysis including worst-case, statistical, and Monte Carlo simulation methods. Mass properties like mass, center of gravity, and moments of inertia are also covered. Mechanism simulation advantages and disadvantages are outlined as well as the purpose of interference checking in assemblies.
Uncalibrated View Synthesis Using Planar Segmentation of Images ijcga
This paper presents an uncalibrated view synthesis method using piecewise planar regions that are extracted from a given set of image pairs through planar segmentation. Our work concentrates on a view synthesis method that does not need estimation of camera parameters and scene structure. For our goal, we simply assume that images of real world are composed of piecewise planar regions. Then, we perform view
synthesis simply with planar regions and homographies between them. Here, for accurate extraction of planar homographies and piecewise planar regions in images, the proposed method employs iterative homography estimation and color segmentation-based planar region extraction. The proposed method
synthesizes the virtual view image using a set of planar regions as well as a set of corresponding
homographies. Experimental comparisons with the images synthesized using the actual three-dimensional
(3-D) scene structure and camera poses show that the proposed method effectively describes scene changes by viewpoint movements without estimation of 3-D and camera information.
Algorithmic Techniques for Parametric Model RecoveryCurvSurf
A complete description of algorithmic techniques for automatic feature extraction from point cloud. The orthogonal distance fitting, an art of maximum liklihood estimation, plays the main role. Differential geometry determines the type of object surface.
This document describes visual servo control of a mobile robot using homography-based image feedback. A camera is mounted on the robot to track features in the environment. Homography is estimated from matched features to relate the current and target camera views. The robot's motion model and a control law are derived to drive the robot from its initial position to the target position defined by the target image. Experimental results are presented to validate the visual servo control approach. The high-level goal is to navigate the robot to the target position using only image feedback from the mounted camera.
Street Mark Detection Using Raspberry PI for Self-driving SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Self driving is an autonomous vehicle that can follow the road with less human intervention. The development of self driving utilizes various methods such as radar, lidar, GPS, camera, or combination of them. In this research, street mark detection system was designed using webcam and raspberry-pi mini computer for processing the image. The image was processed by HSV color filtering method. The processing rate of this algorithm was 137.98 ms correspondinig to 7.2 FPS. The self-driving prototype was found to be working optimally for “hue” threshold of 0-179, “saturation” threshold of 0-30, and “value” threshold of 200-255. Street mark detection has been obtained from the coordinates of street mark object which had range 4-167 on x axis and 4-139 on y axis. As a result, we have successfully built the street mark detection by COG method more effectively and smoothly in detection in comparison with Hough transform method.
A Study on Single Camera Based ANPR System for Improvement of Vehicle Number ...journal ijrtem
This document summarizes a study on a single camera-based automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) system to recognize vehicle license plates on multi-lane roads. It proposes a character extraction algorithm using connected vertical and horizontal edge segments to improve recognition rates. The algorithm detects character edge patterns, extracts components by cumulatively labeling edges, and enhances images through contrast adaptive binarization. An ANPR system was installed on a 3-lane test road and achieved a detection rate of 84.6%, though some errors occurred with specific vehicle models or character differences. Further research is needed to handle low-visibility conditions and improve accuracy.
The reviewe of the Camshift algorithm and its improved algorithm of target tr...IJRES Journal
In the field of target tracking algorithm Camshift algorithm due to the advantages of simple calculation and by in-depth research and application. But Camshift algorithm because of only considering H component is vulnerable to the interference of background color, the same also in the case of the target obscured or half shade easy to lose track targets, aiming at the shortcomings of the Camshift algorithm, scholars put forward a lot of improved algorithms to make up for those shortcomings. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the shortcomings Camshift algorithm will be given, also this paper will review and analysis the deficiency and advantages of the improved algorithms based on Camshift algorithm, finally put forward the direction of improvement of Camshift algorithm in the future research. The
The document summarizes key concepts about aerotriangulation from a lecture on photogrammetry. It discusses that aerotriangulation establishes geometric relationships between overlapping photographs to determine supplemental ground control points. Aerotriangulation can be performed using semianalytical or analytical bundle block methods. The analytical bundle block method represents the geometric relationships between object space, camera positions, and image points in a mathematical model.
This document provides an overview of assembly modelling including interference checking, tolerance analysis, mass property calculations, mechanism simulation, and interference checking. It discusses assembly modelling approaches like bottom-up and top-down, assembly planning considerations, mating conditions, tolerance systems, and methods for tolerance analysis including worst-case, statistical, and Monte Carlo simulation methods. Mass properties like mass, center of gravity, and moments of inertia are also covered. Mechanism simulation advantages and disadvantages are outlined as well as the purpose of interference checking in assemblies.
Uncalibrated View Synthesis Using Planar Segmentation of Images ijcga
This paper presents an uncalibrated view synthesis method using piecewise planar regions that are extracted from a given set of image pairs through planar segmentation. Our work concentrates on a view synthesis method that does not need estimation of camera parameters and scene structure. For our goal, we simply assume that images of real world are composed of piecewise planar regions. Then, we perform view
synthesis simply with planar regions and homographies between them. Here, for accurate extraction of planar homographies and piecewise planar regions in images, the proposed method employs iterative homography estimation and color segmentation-based planar region extraction. The proposed method
synthesizes the virtual view image using a set of planar regions as well as a set of corresponding
homographies. Experimental comparisons with the images synthesized using the actual three-dimensional
(3-D) scene structure and camera poses show that the proposed method effectively describes scene changes by viewpoint movements without estimation of 3-D and camera information.
Algorithmic Techniques for Parametric Model RecoveryCurvSurf
A complete description of algorithmic techniques for automatic feature extraction from point cloud. The orthogonal distance fitting, an art of maximum liklihood estimation, plays the main role. Differential geometry determines the type of object surface.
This document describes visual servo control of a mobile robot using homography-based image feedback. A camera is mounted on the robot to track features in the environment. Homography is estimated from matched features to relate the current and target camera views. The robot's motion model and a control law are derived to drive the robot from its initial position to the target position defined by the target image. Experimental results are presented to validate the visual servo control approach. The high-level goal is to navigate the robot to the target position using only image feedback from the mounted camera.
International journal of signal and image processing issues vol 2015 - no 1...sophiabelthome
This document reviews commonly used calibration patterns for camera calibration and image rectification. It discusses traditional 2D and 3D patterns using points, lines or geometric shapes. Structured light patterns using diffractive optical elements are also presented. Extraction of pattern data is important and can be done through intensity-based subpixel detection or edge detection techniques. Accuracy is evaluated using metrics like root mean square error. Image rectification transforms distorted images into rectilinear images by modeling and removing lens distortion.
This document summarizes an algorithm for automatically estimating traffic using image processing. The algorithm involves capturing video frames from a highway camera, converting the frames to grayscale, applying gamma correction for enhancement, performing morphological operations, and tracking vehicles across frames. If the number of vehicles exceeds a threshold, a message is displayed to inform of heavy traffic. The algorithm is implemented using Matlab software and aims to help control traffic flow on highways.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LANE TRACKING BY USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES IN DEVEL...ijma
Today, unmanned vehicle technologies are developing in parallel with increasing interest in technological
developments. These developments aim to improve people's quality of life. Transportation, which is a part
of human life, has taken its share from this developing technology. With the development of artificial
intelligence, it is aimed to provide the necessary assistance to the driver in transportation and to provide
ease of driving. This development has been increased with ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) in
vehicles, but it is not possible to experience a completely driverless and comfortable road. With all these
demands and conditions, autonomous vehicles have quickly attracted attention. While ADAS is a warning
system, all accident risks that may arise from the driver rather than the warning to the driver in
autonomous vehicles are minimized by the vehicle.
Better Design Through Measurement: Contact vs. Non-Contact TechnologiesDesign World
FARO Applications Engineer Ryan Dant explores contact and non-contact measurement technologies, and explains the advantages of each to the design engineer, OEM manufacturer and others. Attendees gain a greater understanding of the advantages and drawbacks for both, and ultimately are able to decide which is best for their unique application. In addition, Ryan:
Discusses, in-depth, the process of contact measurement including the types of probing methods – hard-probing and touch-trigger methods
Explains laser probing as it relates to articulated arm CMMs; covering point cloud spread, volume, and the effects of color and reflectivity on the target item
Details the uses of each type of measurement in different applications, and explain the specific benefits to users
An automatic algorithm for object recognition and detection based on asift ke...Kunal Kishor Nirala
This document presents an automatic algorithm for object recognition and detection based on ASIFT keypoints. The algorithm combines affine scale invariant feature transform (ASIFT) and a region merging algorithm. ASIFT is used to extract keypoints from a training image of the object. These keypoints are then used instead of user markers in a region merging algorithm to recognize and detect the object with full boundary in other images. Experimental results show the method is efficient and accurate at recognizing and detecting objects.
Contours Planning and Visual Servo Control of XXY Positioning System Using NU...journal ijrtem
This document describes contours planning and visual servo control of an XXY positioning system. It discusses using NURBS interpolation to plan two-dimensional contours, developing image processing algorithms to obtain position and angle information from a camera, and designing a visual servo control method to precisely track the contours. Experimental results demonstrated the system's ability to achieve high-precision positioning for various two-dimensional contours.
Leader Follower Formation Control of Ground Vehicles Using Dynamic Pixel Coun...ijma
This paper deals with leader-follower formations of non-holonomic mobile robots, introducing a formation
control strategy based on pixel counts using a commercial grade electro optics camera. Localization of the
leader for motions along line of sight as well as the obliquely inclined directions are considered based on
pixel variation of the images by referencing to two arbitrarily designated positions in the image frames.
Based on an established relationship between the displacement of the camera movement along the viewing
direction and the difference in pixel counts between reference points in the images, the range and the angle
estimate between the follower camera and the leader is calculated. The Inverse Perspective Transform is
used to account for non linear relationship between the height of vehicle in a forward facing image and its
distance from the camera. The formulation is validated with experiments.
Presentación energía solar y creación de hornos solares.AguilarO
El documento presenta una videoconferencia sobre la energía solar aplicada en la construcción de hornos solares para uso en colegios. El expositor, Dr. Shyam Nandwani, hablará sobre la energía solar como una fuente abundante y gratuita que puede usarse para calentar agua y cocinar alimentos de manera ecológica. También describirá cómo se han implementado hornos solares en algunos colegios costarricenses para reducir el uso de energía convencional.
Este documento describe una serie de pasos para organizar archivos y carpetas en un disco duro. Incluye crear nuevas carpetas, mover archivos entre carpetas, copiar archivos, editar documentos de texto, y buscar archivos HTML pequeños para copiarlos a otra carpeta. El objetivo general es organizar la estructura de archivos y carpetas de acuerdo con las instrucciones provistas.
The document contains information about several different marine invertebrate animals including:
1. Chitons, which are mollusks with a dorsal shell and ventral foot that live attached to rocks.
2. Mercenaria, which are bivalve mollusks commonly known as hard clams.
3. Trilobites, which are extinct marine arthropods that lived in the ocean during the Paleozoic era and are known from fossil records.
La educación a distancia en las universidades brasileñas está regulada por el Ministerio de Educación y requiere que las instituciones tengan centros de apoyo presencial. Se organizan a través de consorcios públicos y privados para compartir recursos. La Universidad Abierta de Brasil es una red pública que ofrece educación superior a distancia a través de 291 centros para capacitar a maestros, con el objetivo de democratizar el acceso a la educación.
María, una joven virgen, recibió la visita de un ángel que le anunció que concebiría y daría a luz a Jesús. José, su prometido, también recibió un mensaje de un ángel para que no rechazara a María. Jesús nació en Belén y los pastores fueron avisados de su nacimiento por un ángel. Más tarde, Jesús fue bautizado por Juan Bautista y realizó milagros, antes de ser crucificado y subir a los cielos.
Design of the User Experience for Personalized Mobile ServicesWaqas Tariq
This article describes how user centered, and particularly co-design methods can help maximize user experience for personalized services delivered over a mobile device. The specific focus was designing for Chinese spectators at large sports events (such as football matches, swimming galas or athletics meetings). User experience was assumed to comprise user, product, social, cultural and usage context components. Co-design methods were incorporated into a semi- structured HCI design process that comprised content, conceptual, interaction and presentation design, followed by field and lab-based user evaluation. There were two co-design methods in particular which were found to be key to working effectively with Chinese users. Emotion Cards were used to help overcome some of the inhibitions of participants and to encourage them to provide more open and unequivocal design input. The User Advisory Board was a group of participants who mediated the relationship between the designer and other participants at various design stages. They helped to ensure genuine collaboration because the wider participants felt (1) less like the object of study and (2) more able to communicate their needs during the design process.
Investigating the Influence of Firm Characteristics on Export Marketing Strat...Waqas Tariq
The export performance has been studied to a great extent while fewer researches have focused the export activities of developing countries. Firm characteristics have always been found to impact export performance considerably. Furthermore, the marketing strategy applied by the firm has been an important issue related to performance. In this paper, the relationships among firm characteristics, export marketing strategies as well as export performance were investigated on the export of medical disposable products in Malaysia. Data was gathered from 22 firms by the means of a questionnaire for which the reliability of 0.85 was achieved. The statistical Chi-Square test for independence was applied for testing the hypotheses via SPSS. The results indicated that several internal firm factors namely, market knowledge, commitment, international experience and innovation affected the application of adaptation strategies. Moreover, the use of adaptation strategies and the export performance were significantly related. Finally it was concluded that firm characteristics could influence export performance indirectly and through marketing strategies.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, maior tela e bateria de longa duração. O dispositivo também possui processador mais rápido e armazenamento expansível. O novo modelo será lançado em outubro por um preço inicial de US$799.
Named Entity Recognition System for Hindi Language: A Hybrid ApproachWaqas Tariq
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a major early step in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks like machine translation, text to speech synthesis, natural language understanding etc. It seeks to classify words which represent names in text into predefined categories like location, person-name, organization, date, time etc. In this paper we have used a combination of machine learning and Rule based approaches to classify named entities. The paper introduces a hybrid approach for NER. We have experimented with Statistical approaches like Conditional Random Fields (CRF) & Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and Rule based approach based on the set of linguistic rules. Linguistic approach plays a vital role in overcoming the limitations of statistical models for morphologically rich language like Hindi. Also the system uses voting method to improve the performance of the NER system. Keywords: NER, MaxEnt, CRF, Rule base, Voting, Hybrid approach
1) The document reassesses seismic hazard in the Marmara region of Turkey using new data on undersea fault segments and updated ground motion models.
2) Hazard maps show peak ground accelerations and spectral accelerations with 2% and 10% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, indicating increased hazard across much of the region compared to previous maps.
3) The maximum predicted peak ground acceleration is 1.5g along fault segments of the North Anatolian fault extending into the Marmara Sea.
Este documento presenta una breve historia del concepto de patrimonio cultural. Explica que el patrimonio cultural incluye elementos tangibles e intangibles que representan la memoria de una sociedad. A través de la historia, la noción de patrimonio ha evolucionado de valorar solo lo religioso a reconocer diversos tipos de bienes culturales, incluyendo documentos, obras de arte y antigüedades. En la actualidad, el patrimonio cultural se gestiona principalmente a través de museos e instituciones encargadas de preservar y dif
IRJET- Study on the Feature of Cavitation Bubbles in Hydraulic Valve by using...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using a single camera and 6 mirrors to measure the 3D features of cavitation bubbles inside a hydraulic valve. It first discusses previous research on using multiple cameras and a single camera with 4 mirrors. It then proposes a new virtual stereo vision system using a single camera and 6 mirrors to account for the opaque object in the hydraulic valve. The document describes the camera model, lens distortion correction, and calibration of the virtual stereo vision sensor. It also presents an algorithm to extract 3D features and size of cavitation bubbles from video data obtained by the new system. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
This document presents a method for estimating the pose of a mobile robot using fusion of IMU and vision data via an extended Kalman filter. It discusses using IMU to provide fast updates but is prone to drift, while vision can reduce drift but has limitations like occlusion. The proposed method uses an Arduino, camera, and robot to collect IMU and image data, applies SURF and RANSAC for feature matching, and fuses the data in an EKF. Experimental results show the fused method improves accuracy over individual sensors, with position errors under 15cm and orientation errors under 1 degree. The paper concludes the method provides accurate indoor localization suitable for mobile robots.
International journal of signal and image processing issues vol 2015 - no 1...sophiabelthome
This document reviews commonly used calibration patterns for camera calibration and image rectification. It discusses traditional 2D and 3D patterns using points, lines or geometric shapes. Structured light patterns using diffractive optical elements are also presented. Extraction of pattern data is important and can be done through intensity-based subpixel detection or edge detection techniques. Accuracy is evaluated using metrics like root mean square error. Image rectification transforms distorted images into rectilinear images by modeling and removing lens distortion.
This document summarizes an algorithm for automatically estimating traffic using image processing. The algorithm involves capturing video frames from a highway camera, converting the frames to grayscale, applying gamma correction for enhancement, performing morphological operations, and tracking vehicles across frames. If the number of vehicles exceeds a threshold, a message is displayed to inform of heavy traffic. The algorithm is implemented using Matlab software and aims to help control traffic flow on highways.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LANE TRACKING BY USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES IN DEVEL...ijma
Today, unmanned vehicle technologies are developing in parallel with increasing interest in technological
developments. These developments aim to improve people's quality of life. Transportation, which is a part
of human life, has taken its share from this developing technology. With the development of artificial
intelligence, it is aimed to provide the necessary assistance to the driver in transportation and to provide
ease of driving. This development has been increased with ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) in
vehicles, but it is not possible to experience a completely driverless and comfortable road. With all these
demands and conditions, autonomous vehicles have quickly attracted attention. While ADAS is a warning
system, all accident risks that may arise from the driver rather than the warning to the driver in
autonomous vehicles are minimized by the vehicle.
Better Design Through Measurement: Contact vs. Non-Contact TechnologiesDesign World
FARO Applications Engineer Ryan Dant explores contact and non-contact measurement technologies, and explains the advantages of each to the design engineer, OEM manufacturer and others. Attendees gain a greater understanding of the advantages and drawbacks for both, and ultimately are able to decide which is best for their unique application. In addition, Ryan:
Discusses, in-depth, the process of contact measurement including the types of probing methods – hard-probing and touch-trigger methods
Explains laser probing as it relates to articulated arm CMMs; covering point cloud spread, volume, and the effects of color and reflectivity on the target item
Details the uses of each type of measurement in different applications, and explain the specific benefits to users
An automatic algorithm for object recognition and detection based on asift ke...Kunal Kishor Nirala
This document presents an automatic algorithm for object recognition and detection based on ASIFT keypoints. The algorithm combines affine scale invariant feature transform (ASIFT) and a region merging algorithm. ASIFT is used to extract keypoints from a training image of the object. These keypoints are then used instead of user markers in a region merging algorithm to recognize and detect the object with full boundary in other images. Experimental results show the method is efficient and accurate at recognizing and detecting objects.
Contours Planning and Visual Servo Control of XXY Positioning System Using NU...journal ijrtem
This document describes contours planning and visual servo control of an XXY positioning system. It discusses using NURBS interpolation to plan two-dimensional contours, developing image processing algorithms to obtain position and angle information from a camera, and designing a visual servo control method to precisely track the contours. Experimental results demonstrated the system's ability to achieve high-precision positioning for various two-dimensional contours.
Leader Follower Formation Control of Ground Vehicles Using Dynamic Pixel Coun...ijma
This paper deals with leader-follower formations of non-holonomic mobile robots, introducing a formation
control strategy based on pixel counts using a commercial grade electro optics camera. Localization of the
leader for motions along line of sight as well as the obliquely inclined directions are considered based on
pixel variation of the images by referencing to two arbitrarily designated positions in the image frames.
Based on an established relationship between the displacement of the camera movement along the viewing
direction and the difference in pixel counts between reference points in the images, the range and the angle
estimate between the follower camera and the leader is calculated. The Inverse Perspective Transform is
used to account for non linear relationship between the height of vehicle in a forward facing image and its
distance from the camera. The formulation is validated with experiments.
Presentación energía solar y creación de hornos solares.AguilarO
El documento presenta una videoconferencia sobre la energía solar aplicada en la construcción de hornos solares para uso en colegios. El expositor, Dr. Shyam Nandwani, hablará sobre la energía solar como una fuente abundante y gratuita que puede usarse para calentar agua y cocinar alimentos de manera ecológica. También describirá cómo se han implementado hornos solares en algunos colegios costarricenses para reducir el uso de energía convencional.
Este documento describe una serie de pasos para organizar archivos y carpetas en un disco duro. Incluye crear nuevas carpetas, mover archivos entre carpetas, copiar archivos, editar documentos de texto, y buscar archivos HTML pequeños para copiarlos a otra carpeta. El objetivo general es organizar la estructura de archivos y carpetas de acuerdo con las instrucciones provistas.
The document contains information about several different marine invertebrate animals including:
1. Chitons, which are mollusks with a dorsal shell and ventral foot that live attached to rocks.
2. Mercenaria, which are bivalve mollusks commonly known as hard clams.
3. Trilobites, which are extinct marine arthropods that lived in the ocean during the Paleozoic era and are known from fossil records.
La educación a distancia en las universidades brasileñas está regulada por el Ministerio de Educación y requiere que las instituciones tengan centros de apoyo presencial. Se organizan a través de consorcios públicos y privados para compartir recursos. La Universidad Abierta de Brasil es una red pública que ofrece educación superior a distancia a través de 291 centros para capacitar a maestros, con el objetivo de democratizar el acceso a la educación.
María, una joven virgen, recibió la visita de un ángel que le anunció que concebiría y daría a luz a Jesús. José, su prometido, también recibió un mensaje de un ángel para que no rechazara a María. Jesús nació en Belén y los pastores fueron avisados de su nacimiento por un ángel. Más tarde, Jesús fue bautizado por Juan Bautista y realizó milagros, antes de ser crucificado y subir a los cielos.
Design of the User Experience for Personalized Mobile ServicesWaqas Tariq
This article describes how user centered, and particularly co-design methods can help maximize user experience for personalized services delivered over a mobile device. The specific focus was designing for Chinese spectators at large sports events (such as football matches, swimming galas or athletics meetings). User experience was assumed to comprise user, product, social, cultural and usage context components. Co-design methods were incorporated into a semi- structured HCI design process that comprised content, conceptual, interaction and presentation design, followed by field and lab-based user evaluation. There were two co-design methods in particular which were found to be key to working effectively with Chinese users. Emotion Cards were used to help overcome some of the inhibitions of participants and to encourage them to provide more open and unequivocal design input. The User Advisory Board was a group of participants who mediated the relationship between the designer and other participants at various design stages. They helped to ensure genuine collaboration because the wider participants felt (1) less like the object of study and (2) more able to communicate their needs during the design process.
Investigating the Influence of Firm Characteristics on Export Marketing Strat...Waqas Tariq
The export performance has been studied to a great extent while fewer researches have focused the export activities of developing countries. Firm characteristics have always been found to impact export performance considerably. Furthermore, the marketing strategy applied by the firm has been an important issue related to performance. In this paper, the relationships among firm characteristics, export marketing strategies as well as export performance were investigated on the export of medical disposable products in Malaysia. Data was gathered from 22 firms by the means of a questionnaire for which the reliability of 0.85 was achieved. The statistical Chi-Square test for independence was applied for testing the hypotheses via SPSS. The results indicated that several internal firm factors namely, market knowledge, commitment, international experience and innovation affected the application of adaptation strategies. Moreover, the use of adaptation strategies and the export performance were significantly related. Finally it was concluded that firm characteristics could influence export performance indirectly and through marketing strategies.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, maior tela e bateria de longa duração. O dispositivo também possui processador mais rápido e armazenamento expansível. O novo modelo será lançado em outubro por um preço inicial de US$799.
Named Entity Recognition System for Hindi Language: A Hybrid ApproachWaqas Tariq
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a major early step in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks like machine translation, text to speech synthesis, natural language understanding etc. It seeks to classify words which represent names in text into predefined categories like location, person-name, organization, date, time etc. In this paper we have used a combination of machine learning and Rule based approaches to classify named entities. The paper introduces a hybrid approach for NER. We have experimented with Statistical approaches like Conditional Random Fields (CRF) & Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and Rule based approach based on the set of linguistic rules. Linguistic approach plays a vital role in overcoming the limitations of statistical models for morphologically rich language like Hindi. Also the system uses voting method to improve the performance of the NER system. Keywords: NER, MaxEnt, CRF, Rule base, Voting, Hybrid approach
1) The document reassesses seismic hazard in the Marmara region of Turkey using new data on undersea fault segments and updated ground motion models.
2) Hazard maps show peak ground accelerations and spectral accelerations with 2% and 10% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, indicating increased hazard across much of the region compared to previous maps.
3) The maximum predicted peak ground acceleration is 1.5g along fault segments of the North Anatolian fault extending into the Marmara Sea.
Este documento presenta una breve historia del concepto de patrimonio cultural. Explica que el patrimonio cultural incluye elementos tangibles e intangibles que representan la memoria de una sociedad. A través de la historia, la noción de patrimonio ha evolucionado de valorar solo lo religioso a reconocer diversos tipos de bienes culturales, incluyendo documentos, obras de arte y antigüedades. En la actualidad, el patrimonio cultural se gestiona principalmente a través de museos e instituciones encargadas de preservar y dif
IRJET- Study on the Feature of Cavitation Bubbles in Hydraulic Valve by using...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using a single camera and 6 mirrors to measure the 3D features of cavitation bubbles inside a hydraulic valve. It first discusses previous research on using multiple cameras and a single camera with 4 mirrors. It then proposes a new virtual stereo vision system using a single camera and 6 mirrors to account for the opaque object in the hydraulic valve. The document describes the camera model, lens distortion correction, and calibration of the virtual stereo vision sensor. It also presents an algorithm to extract 3D features and size of cavitation bubbles from video data obtained by the new system. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
This document presents a method for estimating the pose of a mobile robot using fusion of IMU and vision data via an extended Kalman filter. It discusses using IMU to provide fast updates but is prone to drift, while vision can reduce drift but has limitations like occlusion. The proposed method uses an Arduino, camera, and robot to collect IMU and image data, applies SURF and RANSAC for feature matching, and fuses the data in an EKF. Experimental results show the fused method improves accuracy over individual sensors, with position errors under 15cm and orientation errors under 1 degree. The paper concludes the method provides accurate indoor localization suitable for mobile robots.
Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) is a full-field 3D shape measurement technique that uses fringe pattern projection and analysis. It works by projecting fringe patterns onto a surface and capturing the reflected patterns with a camera. Fringe analysis is used to extract phase maps from the images, which provide slope information about the surface. Numerical integration of the slopes then allows reconstruction of the full 3D shape. PMD can measure both micro- and macro-scale shapes of specular surfaces. Various system configurations have been developed using different patterns, cameras, and additional sensors to address height-slope ambiguity issues and improve measurement accuracy and resolution. PMD is a low-cost, non-contact method suitable for industrial inspection and
Distance Estimation to Image Objects Using Adapted Scaletheijes
Distance measurement is part of various robotic applications. There exist many methods for this purpose. In this paper, we introduce a new method to measure the distance from a digital camera to an arbitrary object by using its pose (X,Y pixel coordination and the angel of the camera). The method uses a pre-data that stores all the information about the relation between the pose and the distance of an object to the camera. This process designed for a robot that is a part of a robotic team participating in RoboCup KSL competition
Distance Estimation to Image Objects Using Adapted Scaletheijes
This document summarizes a new method for estimating distance to objects using image data from a digital camera. The method uses a pre-built lookup table that maps the (x,y) pixel coordinates of an object in an image to the actual distance. The lookup table is generated by taking images of a scale placed at known distances from the camera. The scale consists of alternating black and white stripes. Software analyzes the images to determine the pixel spans of each stripe, which are then mapped to the corresponding distances on the physical scale. This allows direct determination of distance from an object's pixel coordinates without needing approximations or other calculations. The method aims to provide accurate distance measurements independent of factors like camera angle, lighting conditions, or object properties
The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based On LabVIEWIJRES Journal
The technology of camera calibration is most important part for machine vision detection and
location, the accuracy of calibration directly determines the processing accuracy of machine vision systems. In
this paper, we use LabVIEW and MATLAB to calibrate the internal and external parameters of the camera, at
the same time, we use dot calibration board, the circle edge is detected by Canny operator, then with the method
of circle fitting based on subpixel edge extraction, the information of dots image coordinate is extracted. The
present method reduces the difficulty of camera calibration and shortens the software development cycle, the
most important is that it has a high calibration accuracy, which can meet the actual industrial detection accuracy,
the results of experimental show that the method is feasible.
Fuzzy-proportional-integral-derivative-based controller for object tracking i...IJECEIAES
This paper aims at designing and implementing an intelligent controller for the orientation control of a two-wheeled mobile robot. The controller is designed in LabVIEW and based on analyzed image parameters from cameras. The image program calculates the distance and angle from the camera to the object. The fuzzy controller will get these parameters as crisp input data and send the calculated velocity as crisp output data to the right and left wheel motor for the robot tracking the target object. The results show that the controller gives a fast response and high reliability and quickly carries out data recovery from system faults. The system also works well in the uncertainties of process variables and without mathematical modeling.
Study on the correct tilt of the navigation of agricultural machinery based o...eSAT Journals
Abstract In recent years, the development of GPS navigation technology is very fast, has been applied to almost everywhere in life, especially in the field of agricultural production in recent years is more important. In foreign countries, GPS navigation application in agricultural production development has been very mature, but in China, the application of GPS in agricultural machinery navigation is still in the stage of research and development, application in agricultural machinery navigation, the GPS navigation technology to achieve accurate positioning: the most important thing is to tilt, lateral posture correction, pure line operation and a series of work based on path tracking. The GPS carrier phase measurement technology, static positioning can not only realize agricultural accurate and real-time dynamic positioning; but also can achieve high-precision attitude measurement based on observation of carrier phase receiver. Through the vector in the process of operation because of the navigation error of surface height fluctuation generated by the tilt correction algorithm, can be derived on the agricultural machinery navigation correction, because in the process of agricultural navigation operation, positioning error vector produced by the inclination will directly affect the pure path tracking algorithm based on the trajectory of the straight line thus, effects of mechanization and efficiency of intelligent agricultural production, so the research of calibration for the error caused by the tilt is of great significance. Considering the difficulty of the experiment, our research is a double side antenna attitude, so in the original location of the next step is to collect model cars some simulation of agricultural operations process data, and then use MATLAB to carry out simulation on the PC machine, according to before and after correction for the navigation of agricultural machinery industry to observe the trajectory correction effect. . Keywords: GPS positioning; attitude measurement; tilt correction; simulation
The flow of baseline estimation using a single omnidirectional cameraTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1. The document describes a method for estimating the baseline of a single omnidirectional camera using optical flow tracking of points on an object.
2. As the camera is moved horizontally, tracking points on an object in panoramic images produces coordinate shifts that are saved and represented as graphs.
3. Analyzing the graphs allows determining the equation that estimates the baseline flow and coefficients of the equation.
Matching algorithm performance analysis for autocalibration method of stereo ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Stereo vision is one of the interesting research topics in the computer vision field. Two cameras are used to generate a disparity map, resulting in the depth estimation. Camera calibration is the most important step in stereo vision. The calibration step is used to generate an intrinsic parameter of each camera to get a better disparity map. In general, the calibration process is done manually by using a chessboard pattern, but this process is an exhausting task. Self-calibration is an important ability required to overcome this problem. Self-calibration required a robust and good matching algorithm to find the key feature between images as reference. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance of three matching algorithms for the autocalibration process. The matching algorithms used in this research are SIFT, SURF, and ORB. The result shows that SIFT performs better than other methods.
Encoder-triggered image acquisition improves part inspection by accounting for changes in line speed. Traditional time-based image acquisition relies on constant line speed. When speed varies, the part's position in the image shifts, affecting lighting angles and requiring dynamic tool repositioning. An encoder coupled to the conveyor provides distance-based triggering instead of time-based. It replaces the sensor trigger and calibrates pulse output to distance traveled. This centers the image despite speed changes, improving inspection robustness.
Total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. It can determine coordinates of a reflector by measuring vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances to the reflector.
It has components like EDM to measure distances, an electronic theodolite to measure angles, a microprocessor to record readings and perform computations, and a data collector to transfer data to a computer. Accuracy depends on the instrument and can range from 1-5 seconds for angles and 1-3mm + ppm*D for distances.
Total stations can be used to perform functions like determining coordinates, measuring distances and angles, topographic surveying, traverse adjustment, resection, and remote elevation measurements.
1. The document discusses advanced surveying equipment that provide more precise and faster surveying compared to traditional methods. It describes the Electronic Distance Meter (EDM), microoptic theodolite, electronic/digital theodolite, and total station.
2. An EDM measures distance using the phase difference between a transmitted and reflected wave. A microoptic theodolite and electronic theodolite are used to measure angles precisely.
3. A total station integrates EDM and theodolite functions to allow simultaneous distance and angle measurements for surveying tasks such as setting out buildings, contour mapping, and more.
Abstract— This research paper with how to facilitate and manage surveying instrument theodolite and total satiation and take more accuracy for civil works methods to accomplish modernized and cost effective urban survey with best achievable accuracy. This is done by surveying methods with modern methods from both theoretical and practical point of view. At first, a theoretical assessment process on a tradition urban planning project in India is performed by replacing other instrument of surveying techniques previously used with more applicable surveying techniques as theodolite and total stations, regarding different matters such as applicability, cost and accuracy. After approving the main idea of this modernization process, a practical urban planning case study is performed using total station, geodetic GPS receivers and GPS navigators, on a private sectors The applied surveying techniques showed high efficiency regarding cost and effort, while saving observation time reaching to 80%. Accordingly, the adopted practical application proved to be beneficial for all civil sites.
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...Waqas Tariq
A method for computer input with human eyes-only using two Purkinje images which works in a real time basis without calibration is proposed. Experimental results shows that cornea curvature can be estimated by using two light sources derived Purkinje images so that no calibration for reducing person-to-person difference of cornea curvature. It is found that the proposed system allows usersf movements of 30 degrees in roll direction and 15 degrees in pitch direction utilizing detected face attitude which is derived from the face plane consisting three feature points on the face, two eyes and nose or mouth. Also it is found that the proposed system does work in a real time basis.
Automatic rectification of perspective distortion from a single image using p...ijcsa
Perspective distortion occurs due to the perspective projection of 3D scene on a 2D surface. Correcting the distortion of a single image without losing any desired information is one of the challenging task in the field of Computer Vision. We consider the problem of estimating perspective distortion from a single still image of an unstructured environment and to make perspective correction which is both quantitatively accurate as well as visually pleasing. Corners are detected based on the orientation of the image. A method based on plane homography and transformation is used to make perspective correction. The algorithm infers frontier information directly from the images, without any reference objects or prior knowledge of the camera parameters. The frontiers are detected using geometric context based segmentation. The goal of this paper is to present a framework providing fully automatic and fast perspective correction.
Enhanced Algorithm for Obstacle Detection and Avoidance Using a Hybrid of Pla...IOSR Journals
This document presents an enhanced algorithm for obstacle detection and avoidance using a hybrid of plane-to-plane homography, image segmentation, corner detection, and edge detection techniques. The algorithm aims to improve upon previous methods by eliminating false positives, reducing unreliable corners and broken edges, providing depth perception without planar assumptions, and requiring less processing power. The key components of the algorithm include plane-to-plane homography, image segmentation, Canny edge detection, Harris corner detection, and the RANSAC sampling method for system analysis. Test results on sample images show the algorithm can accurately detect obstacles based on texture differences while reducing noise from ground plane textures.
IRJET- Wound Assessment System for Patients with Diabetic Ulcers using Smartp...IRJET Journal
This document describes a smartphone-based wound assessment method for diabetic patients. The method uses a smartphone camera and image capture box to take photos of wounds. Image processing algorithms like mean shift segmentation are then used to analyze the images on the smartphone. This allows wound boundary and color to be determined, providing an assessment of healing status. The system aims to make wound monitoring more convenient and reduce healthcare costs by enabling self-management for patients with diabetic foot ulcers.
Calibration of Environmental Sensor Data Using a Linear Regression Techniqueijtsrd
The linear regression is a linear approach for modeling the relationship between a scalar dependent variable y and one or more explanatory variables denoted X. A linear regression analysis method is used to improve the performance of the instruments using light scattering method. The data measured by these instruments have to be converted to actual PM10 concentrations using some factors. These findings propose that the instruments using light scattering method can be used to measure and control the PM10 concentrations of the underground subway stations. In this study, the reliability of the instrument for PM measurement using light scattering method was improved with the help of a linear regression analysis technique to continuously measure the PM10 concentrations in the subway stations. In addition, the linear regression analysis technique was also applied to calibrate a radon counter with the help of an expensive radon measuring apparatus. Chungyong Kim | Gyu-Sik Kim"Calibration of Environmental Sensor Data Using a Linear Regression Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7060.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/7060/calibration-of-environmental-sensor-data-using-a-linear-regression-technique/chungyong-kim
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3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D ImageWaqas Tariq
Passive sensing of the 3D geometric posture of the human hand has been studied extensively over the past decade. However, these research efforts have been hampered by the computational complexity caused by inverse kinematics and 3D reconstruction. In this paper, our objective focuses on 3D hand posture estimation based on a single 2D image with aim of robotic applications. We introduce the human hand model with 27 degrees of freedom (DOFs) and analyze some of its constraints to reduce the DOFs without any significant degradation of performance. A novel algorithm to estimate the 3D hand posture from eight 2D projected feature points is proposed. Experimental results using real images confirm that our algorithm gives good estimates of the 3D hand pose. Keywords: 3D hand posture estimation; Model-based approach; Gesture recognition; human- computer interface; machine vision.
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...Waqas Tariq
Camera mouse has been widely used for handicap person to interact with computer. The utmost important of the use of camera mouse is must be able to replace all roles of typical mouse and keyboard. It must be able to provide all mouse click events and keyboard functions (include all shortcut keys) when it is used by handicap person. Also, the use of camera mouse must allow users troubleshooting by themselves. Moreover, it must be able to eliminate neck fatigue effect when it is used during long period. In this paper, we propose camera mouse system with timer as left click event and blinking as right click event. Also, we modify original screen keyboard layout by add two additional buttons (button “drag/ drop” is used to do drag and drop of mouse events and another button is used to call task manager (for troubleshooting)) and change behavior of CTRL, ALT, SHIFT, and CAPS LOCK keys in order to provide shortcut keys of keyboard. Also, we develop recovery method which allows users go from camera and then come back again in order to eliminate neck fatigue effect. The experiments which involve several users have been done in our laboratory. The results show that the use of our camera mouse able to allow users do typing, left and right click events, drag and drop events, and troubleshooting without hand. By implement this system, handicap person can use computer more comfortable and reduce the dryness of eyes.
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Our research aims to propose a global approach for specification, design and verification of context awareness Human Computer Interface (HCI). This is a Model Based Design approach (MBD). This methodology describes the ubiquitous environment by ontologies. OWL is the standard used for this purpose. The specification and modeling of Human-Computer Interaction are based on Petri nets (PN). This raises the question of representation of Petri nets with XML. We use for this purpose, the standard of modeling PNML. In this paper, we propose an extension of this standard for specification, generation and verification of HCI. This extension is a methodological approach for the construction of PNML with Petri nets. The design principle uses the concept of composition of elementary structures of Petri nets as PNML Modular. The objective is to obtain a valid interface through verification of properties of elementary Petri nets represented with PNML.
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A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a proficient result in the research field of human- computer synergy, where direct articulation between brain and an external device occurs resulting in augmenting, assisting and repairing human cognitive. Advanced works like generating brain-computer interface switch technologies for intermittent (or asynchronous) control in natural environments or developing brain-computer interface by Fuzzy logic Systems or by implementing wavelet theory to drive its efficacies are still going on and some useful results has also been found out. The requirements to develop this brain machine interface is also growing day by day i.e. like neuropsychological rehabilitation, emotion control, etc. An overview on the control theory and some advanced works on the field of brain machine interface are shown in this paper.
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...Waqas Tariq
There is growing ageing phenomena with the rise of ageing population throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization (2002), the growing ageing population indicates 694 million, or 223% is expected for people aged 60 and over, since 1970 and 2025.The growth is especially significant in some advanced countries such as North America, Japan, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom and so forth. This growing older adult population has significantly impact the social-culture, lifestyle, healthcare system, economy, infrastructure and government policy of a nation. However, there are limited research studies on the perception and usage of a mobile phone and its service for senior citizens in a developing nation like Malaysia. This paper explores the relationship between mobile phones and senior citizens in Malaysia from the perspective of a developing country. We conducted an exploratory study using contextual interviews with 5 senior citizens of how they perceive their mobile phones. This paper reveals 4 interesting themes from this preliminary study, in addition to the findings of the desirable mobile requirements for local senior citizens with respect of health, safety and communication purposes. The findings of this study bring interesting insight to local telecommunication industries as a whole, and will also serve as groundwork for more in-depth study in the future.
Principles of Good Screen Design in WebsitesWaqas Tariq
Visual techniques for proper arrangement of the elements on the user screen have helped the designers to make the screen look good and attractive. Several visual techniques emphasize the arrangement and ordering of the screen elements based on particular criteria for best appearance of the screen. This paper investigates few significant visual techniques in various web user interfaces and showcases the results for better understanding and their presence.
This document discusses the progress of virtual teams in Albania. It provides context on virtual teams and how they differ from traditional teams in their reliance on technology for communication across distances. The document then examines the use of virtual teams in Albania, noting the growing infrastructure and technology usage that enables virtual collaboration. It highlights some virtual team examples in Albanian government and academic projects.
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Waqas Tariq
It is a well established fact that the Web-Applications require frequent maintenance because of cutting– edge business competitions. The authors have worked on quality evaluation of web-site of Indian ecommerce domain. As a result of that work they have made a quality-wise ranking of these sites. According to their work and also the survey done by various other groups Futurebazaar web-site is considered to be one of the best Indian e-shopping sites. In this research paper the authors are assessing the maintenance of the same site by incorporating the problems incurred during this evaluation. This exercise gives a real world maintainability problem of web-sites. This work will give a clear picture of all the quality metrics which are directly or indirectly related with the maintainability of the web-site.
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...Waqas Tariq
A paradox has been observed whereby web site usability is proven to be an essential element in a web site, yet at the same time there exist an abundance of web pages with poor usability. This discrepancy is the result of limitations that are currently preventing web developers in the commercial sector from producing usable web sites. In this paper we propose a framework whose objective is to alleviate this problem by automating certain aspects of the usability evaluation process. Mainstreaming comes as a result of automation, therefore enabling a non-expert in the field of usability to conduct the evaluation. This results in reducing the costs associated with such evaluation. Additionally, the framework allows the flexibility of adding, modifying or deleting guidelines without altering the code that references them since the guidelines and the code are two separate components. A comparison of the evaluation results carried out using the framework against published evaluations of web sites carried out by web site usability professionals reveals that the framework is able to automatically identify the majority of usability violations. Due to the consistency with which it evaluates, it identified additional guideline-related violations that were not identified by the human evaluators.
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...Waqas Tariq
A robot arm utilized having meal support system based on computer input by human eyes only is proposed. The proposed system is developed for handicap/disabled persons as well as elderly persons and tested with able persons with several shapes and size of eyes under a variety of illumination conditions. The test results with normal persons show the proposed system does work well for selection of the desired foods and for retrieve the foods as appropriate as usersf requirements. It is found that the proposed system is 21% much faster than the manually controlled robotics.
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text EditorWaqas Tariq
In recent decades speech interactive systems have gained increasing importance. Performance of an ASR system mainly depends on the availability of large corpus of speech. The conventional method of building a large vocabulary speech recognizer for any language uses a top-down approach to speech. This approach requires large speech corpus with sentence or phoneme level transcription of the speech utterances. The transcriptions must also include different speech order so that the recognizer can build models for all the sounds present. But, for Telugu language, because of its complex nature, a very large, well annotated speech database is very difficult to build. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to cover all the words of any Indian language, where each word may have thousands and millions of word forms. A significant part of grammar that is handled by syntax in English (and other similar languages) is handled within morphology in Telugu. Phrases including several words (that is, tokens) in English would be mapped on to a single word in Telugu.Telugu language is phonetic in nature in addition to rich in morphology. That is why the speech technology developed for English cannot be applied to Telugu language. This paper highlights the work carried out in an attempt to build a voice enabled text editor with capability of automatic term suggestion. Main claim of the paper is the recognition enhancement process developed by us for suitability of highly inflecting, rich morphological languages. This method results in increased speech recognition accuracy with very much reduction in corpus size. It also adapts Telugu words to the database dynamically, resulting in growth of the corpus.
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity RemovalWaqas Tariq
Word ambiguity removal is a task of removing ambiguity from a word, i.e. correct sense of word is identified from ambiguous sentences. This paper describes a model that uses Part of Speech tagger and three categories for word sense disambiguation (WSD). Human Computer Interaction is very needful to improve interactions between users and computers. For this, the Supervised and Unsupervised methods are combined. The WSD algorithm is used to find the efficient and accurate sense of a word based on domain information. The accuracy of this work is evaluated with the aim of finding best suitable domain of word. Keywords: Human Computer Interaction, Supervised Training, Unsupervised Learning, Word Ambiguity, Word sense disambiguation
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...Waqas Tariq
From the existing research it has been observed that many techniques and methodologies are available for performing every step of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system, but the performance (Minimization of Word Error Recognition-WER and Maximization of Word Accuracy Rate- WAR) of the methodology is not dependent on the only technique applied in that method. The research work indicates that, performance mainly depends on the category of the noise, the level of the noise and the variable size of the window, frame, frame overlap etc is considered in the existing methods. The main aim of the work presented in this paper is to use variable size of parameters like window size, frame size and frame overlap percentage to observe the performance of algorithms for various categories of noise with different levels and also train the system for all size of parameters and category of real world noisy environment to improve the performance of the speech recognition system. This paper presents the results of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Accuracy test by applying variable size of parameters. It is observed that, it is really very hard to evaluate test results and decide parameter size for ASR performance improvement for its resultant optimization. Hence, this study further suggests the feasible and optimum parameter size using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for enhancing resultant accuracy in adverse real world noisy environmental conditions. This work will be helpful to give discriminative training of ubiquitous ASR system for better Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Keywords: ASR Performance, ASR Parameters Optimization, Multi-Environmental Training, Fuzzy Inference System for ASR, ubiquitous ASR system, Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
Interface on Usability Testing Indonesia Official Tourism WebsiteWaqas Tariq
Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of The Republic of Indonesia must meet the wide audience various needs and should reach people from all levels of society around the world to provide Indonesia tourism and travel information. This article will gives the details in the evolution of one important component of Indonesia Official Tourism Website as it has grown in functionality and usefulness over several years of use by a live, unrestricted community. We chose this website to see the website interface design and usability and to popularize Indonesia tourism and travel highlights. The analysis done by looking at the criteria specified for usability testing. Usability testing measures are the ease of use (effectiveness, efficiency, consistency and interface design), easy to learn, errors and syntax which is related to the human computer interaction. The purpose of this article is to test the usability level of the website, analyze the website interface design, and provide suggestions for improvements in Indonesia Official Tourism Website of analysis we have done before.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Research on Calibration Reading Technology of High-Precision Meter
1. Zhigang Ning, Xueyu Gong,Lihong Zhao & Changhong Shan
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume (1): Issue (5) 79
Research on Calibration Reading Technology of High-Precision
Meter
Zhigang Ning nzg0928@163.com
College of Electrical Engineering
University of South China
Hengyang,421001,China
Xueyu Gong gongxy@nhu.edu.cn
College of Electrical Engineering
University of South China
Hengyang,421001,China
Lihong Zhao zhaolh@gmail.com
College of Electrical Engineering
University of South China
Hengyang,421001,China
Changhong Shan shanch801@126.com
College of Electrical Engineering
University of South China
Hengyang,421001,China
Abstract
The paper proposes a way to achieve camera positioning tasks by 2D visual
servoing. By observing both the camera and the features of meter reading, the
camera is able to be positioned with an accuracy in hand-eye calibration. The
calibration reading method is used to recognize high-precision meter reading.The
paper mainly includes three parts. Firstly, the geometrical model of parallax
formation is constructed and the importing error is analyzed. Secondly, according
to the analysis of importing error, the calibration reading technology of high-
precision meter and the experimental platform of calibration reading technology
are designed. Finally, the experiment on the calibration reading technology is
researched. The experimental results show the method is applicable to automatic
recognition of high-precision meter.
Keywords: Calibration Reading Technology,High-Precision Meter,Camera Lenses Locating, Importing
Error.
1. INTRODUCTION
Although many digital meters have output ports which can directly connect with computer digital
output ports, it is difficult for some practical application to operate automatically and recognize
meter reading with person’s eye. In addition, sampling meter reading in some running systems or
at some dangerous scenes is needed. Automatization and communication of these systems need
improving.Intelligent examination method based on machine vision is a fundamental way to
improve conventional examination method, which carries machine vision and artificial intelligence
in meter detecting process. The method has eliminated personal error of labour examination and
2. Zhigang Ning, Xueyu Gong,Lihong Zhao & Changhong Shan
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume (1): Issue (5) 80
improved examination precision and speed. The method is a new attempt of automatic
technology applying to industrial production and examination process.
Industrial development and multi-subject cross-research need all sorts of examination meters.
Because of output ports of different sorts of digital meters produced by different corporation and
their communication agreements, it is a great workload that output ports are connected by all
sorts of communication agreements. It isn’t immediately realized that all kinds of meters with or
without digital output ports are constituted an integrated and automatic examination system.
Owing to above mentioned reasons, it is practically valuable that meter digital reading is
photographed and recognized.
Dial meters with simple structure, easy use and low price are widely used to measure electrical
current, distance, water, gas, etc. The precision level of recognition system of meter reading of
dial meter is under 1.0 at the present time, while high-precision dial meter is not widely
researched[1]. The paper adopts calibration reading technology to recognize meter reading of
high-precision dial meter.The first stage of our research is focused on camera locating.
Calibration reading technology is used to calibrate camera position, which makes optical center of
camera lens locating in the permissible error area[2-4].
The paper is organized as follows. Section two discusses some of the relevant visual servoing
positioning literature. The geometrical model of parallax formation is constructed and the
importing error is analyzed in Section three.Section four describes the calibration reading
technology of high-precision meter. The experiment on the calibration reading technology is
shown in Section five.The paper ends with conclusion.
2. RELATED WORK
Traditional method of sensor-guided fine-positioning is based on hand-eye calibration. Hand-eye
calibration is a process used in the field of robotics to determine the orientation of a camera in
relation to the recognition of meter reading of high-precision dial meter. Only focusing on vision-
based positioning relative to a static(unmoving) target, it can be argued that the basic principles
for implementing visual feedback are well understood by now[5-6].With dynamic visual features, a
positioning task consisting of moving the camera to the parallel position of a planar object is
achieved[7]. A robot arm is used to locate a camera in known poses relative to an observed
object [8].
2D visual servoing is based on using features directly calculated from the images which are used
as input in the control scheme. Former work started using image points which is still one of the
most popular primitivenesses today[5,9-10]. Other 2D primitivenesses have been modelled on
straight line[5,11], segments, circles, ellipses, cylinders and spheres[5,12]. Some other work
tends to combine different visual features in a unique control scheme. Point coordinates, area
enclosed by points and angle between segments are used to improve the performance of the
system[13]. Imaged-based visual servoing is traditionally robust against modelling errors of
system. Since controlling is made in the image space, it is easier to design strategies to avoid the
image features going out the image bounds[13-14]. Hybrid visual servoing approach combines
2D with 3D features. In case of knowing the model of the object, classic pose recovering
algorithms can be used to estimate some 3D features as in position-based visual servoing. A lot
of visual servoing approaches have been probed when the desired image is known. Some of
them are based on recovering the partial pose between the camera and the object from the
desired image and the current image[15-16].
3. ANALYSIS OF IMPORTING ERROR
The camera position greatly influences meter reading. Figure 1 is the stereogram of optical center
of camera lens, meter pointer and scale. The plane 1
Γ is scale plane, and arc cd denotes the
segment of scale line of dial meter on the plane 1
Γ . The plane 2
Γ is pointer plane, and the line op
denotes meter pointer on the plane 2
Γ . The point o denotes rotary axis of meter pointer, and the
point p denotes the tip of meter pointer. The plane 1
Γ and the plane 2
Γ are parallel to each other.
The plane 3
Γ including meter pointer op is the vertical plane of pointer plane 2
Γ . The point 'o is an
3. Zhigang Ning, Xueyu Gong,Lihong Zhao & Changhong Shan
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume (1): Issue (5) 81
optional point over the point o. The point ''o is the projection of the point o on the plane 1
Γ . The
point ''p is the projection of the point p on the plane 1
Γ . The line '''' po is the projection of meter
pointer op on the plane 1
Γ . The point ''p is on scale arc cd . The meter reading which the point
''p denotes is the accurate reading of meter without any parallax. The point f is an optional point
over the line op , which is on the plane 3
Γ . The point 'b is an optional point above the line op,
which is not located on the plane 3
Γ . So the point 'b is not located on the line '''oo . The line ''bo
and the plane 2
Γ are parallel to each other. According to the principle of parallax formation,
reading parallax of meter is researched when optical center of camera lens is located at the point
'b , the point f and the point 'o respectively. When optical center of camera lens is located at the
point 'b , the line pb' and the scale plane 1
Γ intersect at the point n, and the line no '' and the
scale arc cd intersect at the point j. The arc ''jp denotes reading parallax of meter. The line fp
and the scale plane 1
Γ intersect at the point a. Because the intersecting point a must locate on the
extended line '''' po , reading parallax of meter is zero when optical center of camera lens is
located at the point f. The line po' and the scale plane 1
Γ intersect at the point m. Because the
intersecting point m must locate on the extended line '''' po , reading parallax of meter is zero
when optical center of camera lens is located at the point 'o on the plane 3
Γ . According to above
mentioned analysis,when optical center of camera lens is located at any optional point over rotary
axis of meter pointer or the line op on the plane 3
Γ , which is the vertical plane of the plane 1
Γ and
includes meter pointer op, reading parallaxes of meter don’t exist.
FIGURE 1: Stereogram of Optical Center of Camera Lens, Meter Pointer and Scale
The point b is the projection of the point 'b on the pointer plane 2
Γ . The point ''b is the projection
of the point 'b on the scale plane 1
Γ . ''bo ob '''' bo mn, op ''mo , mnp pbo '' , poo'
'''moo ,
'
''
''' oo
oo
po
mp
bo
mn
== ,
'
'''''
oo
oo
op
mo
= .So, ''
'
''
bo
oo
oo
mn ×= , op
oo
oo
mo ×=
'
'''
'' . pob is the
angle between the line ob and the pointer line op. If the pointer line op is rotated around the point
o, the size of angle pob will change. '''' bmo = pob, α=∠ mno '' , β=∠ '''' bmo ,so β=∠ ''nmo . In
the triangle mno '' ,the following formulation is concluded on the foundation of law of sines:
)180sin(
''
sin βαα −−°
=
momn
By calculating,
−×
×
×+
= ββα ctg
booo
opoooo
arcctg csc
''''
)'''(
. The length of arc ''jp corresponding to
reading parallax of meter is as follows:
4. Zhigang Ning, Xueyu Gong,Lihong Zhao & Changhong Shan
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume (1): Issue (5) 82
err=
−×
×
×+
×=×=× ββαα ctg
booo
opoooo
arcctgopoppo csc
''''
)'''(
'''' (1)
where, the degree of angle β ranges from -180° to 180°. When camera lens lies on the right
side of the vertical plane of pointer plane and scale plane, the projection of meter pointer lies on
the left side of accurate reading of meter pointer, and meter reading is less than the accurate
reading. The angle β is defined as a negative angle, and the reading parallax is defined as a
negative reading parallax. When camera lens lies on the left side of the vertical plane of pointer
plane and scale plane, the projection of meter pointer lies on the right side of accurate reading of
meter pointer, and meter reading is bigger than the accurate reading. The angle β is defined as a
positive angle, and the reading parallax is defined as a positive reading parallax. |oo″| is the
distance between the pointer plane 2
Γ and the scale plane 1
Γ .|oo′| is the upright distance between
the point o′ and the pointer plane 2
Γ . |o′b′| is the upright distance between the point b′ and the line
o′o″. |op| is defined as the length of meter pointer. The tolerant error of 0.5 precision level
milliammeter is 5‰, so the maximum of absolute permission error of scale is 0.07cm(5‰
×100×0.14).If |oo″|=0.2cm,|op|=8cm,β,|oo′| and |o′b′| are three groups of different data respectively,
all of importing errors are listed in Table 1.According to all data of Table 1, the maximal importing
error is 0.019698 cm, and the percentage of maximal importing error to maximal scale permission
absolute error is 28.14%. The big importing error increases reading parallax of meter
undoubtedly. The higher the precision level is, the bigger the permission error is. So automatic
recognition methods of high-precision meter need to be researched. The calibration technology of
high-precision meter is researched in the paper. If optical center of camera lens is located at a
point over rotary axis, the importing error doesn’t exist.
err(cm) β
'oo
°= 60β °= 90β °=135β
5.0'' =bo
cm
1cm 1.5cm 0.5cm 1cm 1.5cm 0.5cm 1cm 1.5cm
15' =oo cm 0.005698 0.011403 0.017101 0.006601 0.013202 0.019698 0.005499 0.009303 0.013902
20' =oo cm 0.004298 0.008603 0.012901 0.004998 0.009898 0.014903 0.0035 0.007 0.0105
25' =oo cm 0.003206 0.006902 0.010297 0.003997 0.007903 0.0119 0.0028 0.0056 0.0084
TABLE 1: Importing Error Calculating
4. CALIBRATION READING TECHNOLOGY
The calibration technology of camera is the key technology of precision measure in the computer
vision field. Measure error of high-precision meter must be small, and the parallax of meter
reading has a great influence on measure precision. In order to obtain the corresponding relative
position between a special point and relevant image point, imaging system must be calibrated.
According to the analysis of importing error, when optical center of camera lens is located at a
point over rotary axis or meter pointer, reading parallax of meter doesn’t exist. The process of
calibration technology is based on the principle of parallax formation. When meter pointer points
at zero scale and the maximal scale respectively, images of zero scale and maximal scale are
photographed respectively. Then meter images of zero scale and maximal scale are recognized
respectively. If optical center of camera lens is located at a point over rotary axis, camera or
meter doesn’t need to be moved.Otherwise, the relative position of camera and meter needs to
be adjusted until optical center of camera lens is located at a point over rotary axis.
Computer test equipment system 1000(CTES-1000) is the experimental platform, which includes
X-Y reference frame table, camera,computer, 0.5 precision level milliammeter, direct current
power, resistance box and lamp-house. The X-Y reference frame table is controlled by X direction
stepping motor and Y direction stepping motor. The high-precision meter is placed on the X-Y
reference frame table. The orientation precision of X-Y axis is 0.005mm. Exprimental equipment
is depicted in Figure 2.
5. Zhigang Ning, Xueyu Gong,Lihong Zhao & Changhong Shan
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume (1): Issue (5) 83
FIGURE 2: Experimental Equipment
The algorithmic process of calibration reading technology is as follows:
The high-precision meter is placed on X-Y reference frame table.
When the meter is not electrified, meter pointer should point at zero scale. If meter pointer does
not point at zero scale, adjusting zero device works by hand until meter pointer points at zero
scale as depicted in Figure 3(a),which is confirmed by manual recognition method of simple eye.
The meter image is photographed and recognized. If recognition result of meter image is
zero,optical center of camera lens is deemed to be located at a point over rotary axis.Then the
process is executed.
If the recognition result of meter image isn’t zero, X-Y reference frame table is moved and the
meter image is photographed and recognized repeatedly, till the recognition result of meter image
is zero.
Standard power is electrified and controlled till meter pointer points at the maximal scale as
depicted in Figure 3(b), which is confirmed by manual recognition method of simple eye.
The meter image is photographed and recognized. If the recognition result of meter image is
the maximum value of meter scale, optical center of camera lens must be located at a point over
rotary axis and the calibration process is finished.
If the recognition result of meter image isn’t the maximum value of meter scale, X-Y reference
frame table is moved in order to make optical center of camera lens moving along meter pointer
direction and the meter image is photographed and recognized repeatedly, till the recognition
result of meter image is the maximum value of meter scale. The calibration process is finished.
Meter images of pointing at different scales are depicted in Figure 3 as follows:
(a) Pointing at the Zero Scale (b) Pointing at the Maximal Scale
6. Zhigang Ning, Xueyu Gong,Lihong Zhao & Changhong Shan
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume (1): Issue (5) 84
(c) Pointing at the Scale 2 (d) Pointing at the Scale 4
(e) Pointing at the Scale 6 (f) Pointing at the Scale 8
FIGURE 3: Meter Images of Pointing at Different Scales
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The measurement range of milliammeter is between the current 0 mA and 50mA, and calibration
reading technology is used to recognize the reading of milliammeter. Firstly meter pointer is
conformed to point at the scale 0, the scale 2, the scale 4, the scale 6, the scale 8 and the scale
10 by manual recognition method of simple eye respectively. The scale 0, the scale 2, the scale
4, the scale 6, the scale 8 and the scale 10 correspond with 0mA,10mA,20mA,30mA,40 mA and
50mA respectively. Secondly meter image is photographed,when meter pointer points at the
scale 0, the scale 2, the scale 4, the scale 6, the scale 8 and the scale 10 respectively, as
depicted in Figure 3(a),(c),(d),(e),(f) and (b). Finally different meter images are recognized
respectively. All recognition results are listed in Table 2.
Practical scale(mA) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Recognition result(mA) 0.002312 9.996288 20.006673 29.997416 40.001856 49.998483
Absolute error(mA) 0.002312 0.003712 0. 006673 0.002584 0.001856 0.001517
TABLE 2: Recognition Results
According to all data of Table 2, the maximum of meter reading parallax is 0.006673 cm, which is
less than 0.007 cm(1/10×5‰×100×0.14). Because the maximum of parallax of meter reading is
less than one tenth of the maximum of absolute permission error of scale, system error can be
neglected.
The distance between camera lens and pointer plane ranges from 18 cm to 20cm, where meter
image which includes all meter scales can be photographed. When the rotary center of meter is
used as the center of circle, and the length of radius ''bo is 0.1 cm, 0.2 cm, 0.3 cm, 0.4cm, 0.5
cm and 0.6 cm respectively, and the length of 'oo is 18 cm, 18.5 cm, 19 cm, 19.5 cm and 20 cm
respectively, and β equals to 90°and -90°respectively, maximal parallaxes of these zones can
be calculated according to the formulation (1). All maximal parallaxes are listed in Table 3. The
maximum of meter reading parallax is 0.006593 cm from all data of Table 3, which is less than
0.007 cm. Because the maximum of parallax of meter reading is less than one tenth of the
7. Zhigang Ning, Xueyu Gong,Lihong Zhao & Changhong Shan
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume (1): Issue (5) 85
maximum of absolute permission error of scale, system error can be neglected. When optical
center of camera lens is located over the circle zone where the rotary center of meter is used as
the center of circle and the length of radius is 0.6 cm, reading parallax of 0.5 level precision meter
is less than 0.007 cm, which can be neglected. The absolute error of each recognition result is
less than 0.007 cm, which is within the range of permission error. So calibration reading
technology is a feasible recognition method of high-precision meter in the paper.
errmax(cm) 'oo
''bo
18 cm 18.5 cm 19 cm 19.5 cm 20 cm
0.1cm 0.001099 0.001070 0.001042 0.001015 0.000990
0.2 cm 0.002198 0.002139 0.002083 0.002030 0.001980
0.3 cm 0.003297 0.003209 0.003125 0.003046 0.002970
0.4 cm 0.004396 0.004278 0.004167 0.004061 0.003960
0.5 cm 0.005495 0.005348 0.005208 0.005076 0.004950
0.6 cm 0.006593 0.006417 0.006250 0.006091 0.005941
TABLE 3: ''bo to Satisfy Parallax Permission Value
6. CONCLUSION
The automatic recognition method of high-precision meter can eliminate subjective error of
manual recognition method, and improve the automation of measure. Calibration reading
technology is a method of easy operation and realization, which is a good recognition method of
high-precision meter.
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research work described in the paper was fully supported by a grant from the Natural
Science Foundation of Education Department of Hunan province (Project No.08C751) and a
grant from Doctor Startup Foundation of University of South China (Project No.2007XQD23).
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