The document provides information about machinery used in the construction industry. It discusses different types of excavating equipment like excavators, backhoes, front shovels, draglines, and clamshells. It also discusses hauling equipment like trucks, dump trucks, and tippers. Hoisting equipment discussed includes forklifts, hoists, and cranes. The roles and uses of this machinery in construction processes are described over multiple pages. Tables and figures are provided to classify and illustrate the different types of equipment.
Strengthofmaterialsbyskmondal 130102103545-phpapp02Priyabrata Behera
This document contains a table of contents for a book on strength of materials with 16 chapters covering topics like stress and strain, bending, torsion, columns, and failure theories. It also contains introductory material on stress, strain, Hooke's law, true stress and strain, volumetric strain, Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. Key definitions provided include normal stress, shear stress, tensile strain, compressive strain, engineering stress and strain, true stress and strain, Hooke's law, and the relationships between elastic constants.
This is a lecture on normal stress in mechanics of deformable bodies. There is a quick overview on what strength of materials is at the beginning of the presentation.
Presentation by:
MEC32/A1 Group 1 4Q 2014
MAGBOJOS, Redentor V.
RIGOR, Lady Krista V.
SALIDO, Lisette S.
Mapúa Institute of Technology
Presentation for Prof. Romeo D. Alastre's class.
This document provides objectives and information about pressure measurement techniques. It discusses piezometers, barometers, bourdon gauges, and several types of manometers. The key points are:
- Piezometers, barometers, bourdon gauges, and manometers can be used to measure pressure.
- Piezometers use the height of liquid in a tube to determine pressure. Barometers measure atmospheric pressure using the height of a mercury column.
- Bourdon gauges use the deflection of a curved tube to indicate pressure differences over 1 bar.
- Manometers like the simple and differential types utilize the relationship between pressure and liquid height to measure pressures.
The document contains solutions to 325 problems related to torsion and torsional stress. The problems involve determining shear stresses, angles of twist, and diameters of circular or hollow shafts subjected to various torque loads. The solutions show calculations of shear stresses and angles of twist using the appropriate torsion equations and given material properties like shear modulus.
Fluid tutorial 2_ans dr.waleed. 01004444149 dr walid
This document contains 11 multi-step physics problems involving fluid mechanics concepts like pressure, viscosity, density, and fluid flow. The problems are solved with relevant equations for ideal gases, compressible fluids, laminar flow, and viscometry. Detailed calculations are shown to determine values like mass, pressure, shear stress, drag force, velocity, and viscosity based on given variables like temperature, volume, pressure, velocity, dimensions, torque, and fluid properties.
1. Sieve analysis was performed on a sample of calcium carbonate to determine its particle size distribution. The sample was shaken in a mechanical shaker through a series of sieves with decreasing mesh sizes for different time intervals.
2. The mass of the sample retained on each sieve was measured and the cumulative percentage passing and particle size distribution curves were plotted.
3. The results showed that increasing the shaking time decreased the particle size, following a bell-shaped curve distribution rather than a direct proportional relationship between particle size and mass fraction.
Strengthofmaterialsbyskmondal 130102103545-phpapp02Priyabrata Behera
This document contains a table of contents for a book on strength of materials with 16 chapters covering topics like stress and strain, bending, torsion, columns, and failure theories. It also contains introductory material on stress, strain, Hooke's law, true stress and strain, volumetric strain, Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. Key definitions provided include normal stress, shear stress, tensile strain, compressive strain, engineering stress and strain, true stress and strain, Hooke's law, and the relationships between elastic constants.
This is a lecture on normal stress in mechanics of deformable bodies. There is a quick overview on what strength of materials is at the beginning of the presentation.
Presentation by:
MEC32/A1 Group 1 4Q 2014
MAGBOJOS, Redentor V.
RIGOR, Lady Krista V.
SALIDO, Lisette S.
Mapúa Institute of Technology
Presentation for Prof. Romeo D. Alastre's class.
This document provides objectives and information about pressure measurement techniques. It discusses piezometers, barometers, bourdon gauges, and several types of manometers. The key points are:
- Piezometers, barometers, bourdon gauges, and manometers can be used to measure pressure.
- Piezometers use the height of liquid in a tube to determine pressure. Barometers measure atmospheric pressure using the height of a mercury column.
- Bourdon gauges use the deflection of a curved tube to indicate pressure differences over 1 bar.
- Manometers like the simple and differential types utilize the relationship between pressure and liquid height to measure pressures.
The document contains solutions to 325 problems related to torsion and torsional stress. The problems involve determining shear stresses, angles of twist, and diameters of circular or hollow shafts subjected to various torque loads. The solutions show calculations of shear stresses and angles of twist using the appropriate torsion equations and given material properties like shear modulus.
Fluid tutorial 2_ans dr.waleed. 01004444149 dr walid
This document contains 11 multi-step physics problems involving fluid mechanics concepts like pressure, viscosity, density, and fluid flow. The problems are solved with relevant equations for ideal gases, compressible fluids, laminar flow, and viscometry. Detailed calculations are shown to determine values like mass, pressure, shear stress, drag force, velocity, and viscosity based on given variables like temperature, volume, pressure, velocity, dimensions, torque, and fluid properties.
1. Sieve analysis was performed on a sample of calcium carbonate to determine its particle size distribution. The sample was shaken in a mechanical shaker through a series of sieves with decreasing mesh sizes for different time intervals.
2. The mass of the sample retained on each sieve was measured and the cumulative percentage passing and particle size distribution curves were plotted.
3. The results showed that increasing the shaking time decreased the particle size, following a bell-shaped curve distribution rather than a direct proportional relationship between particle size and mass fraction.
The document discusses key concepts related to chain drives, including:
1) It defines common terms used in chain drives like pitch, pitch circle diameter, and velocity ratio.
2) It describes different types of chains including hoisting/hauling chains, conveyor chains, and power transmitting chains like roller chains and silent chains.
3) It provides equations for calculating important chain drive dimensions and specifications like length of chain, center distance, factor of safety, power transmitted, and number of teeth on sprockets.
Chapter 5: Axial Force, Shear, and Bending MomentMonark Sutariya
1. A beam can experience three internal forces at a section - axial force, shear, and bending moment. Even for planar beams, all three forces may develop.
2. There are three types of supports - roller/link, pin, and fixed. Roller/link supports resist one force, pin supports resist two forces, and fixed supports resist two forces and a moment.
3. Beams can experience different load types - concentrated, uniform distributed, and varying distributed loads. Methods are presented to calculate the shear, axial, and bending effects of these loads on beams.
Its very useful book for all the Mechanical Engineers, who are working production side and by this book we know the various types of gaskets and applications.
This document provides an introduction and overview of truss analysis. It defines a truss and describes the key assumptions made in truss analysis, including that loads act only at joints and member weights are negligible. It then describes the two main methods for truss analysis - the method of joints and method of sections. An example problem is worked through for each method to demonstrate how to determine the forces in each truss member.
Minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.
This document provides an introduction to strength of materials, including concepts of stress, strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain relationships, elastic constants, and factors of safety. It defines key terms like stress, strain, elastic limit, modulus of elasticity, and ductile and brittle material behavior. Examples of stress and strain calculations are provided for basic structural elements like rods, bars, and composite structures. The document also covers compound bars, principle of superposition, and effects of temperature changes.
1. The document contains 14 problems involving calculation of hydrostatic forces on submerged objects and gates of various shapes. Forces are calculated using principles of pressure variation with depth, center of gravity, buoyancy and taking moments.
2. Problems involve determining total force, location of center of pressure, and reactions at hinges/supports for objects like rectangular/inclined gates, circular gates, cylinders, and dams of different cross-sections immersed in water or other liquids.
3. Additional considerations like fluid density, negative pressure, and imaginary water levels are incorporated based on problem details.
1. Cylinders are commonly used in engineering to transport or store fluids and are subjected to internal fluid pressures. This induces three stresses on the cylinder wall - circumferential, longitudinal, and radial.
2. For thin cylinders where the wall thickness is less than 1/20 the diameter, the radial stress can be neglected. Equations are derived to calculate the circumferential and longitudinal stresses based on the internal pressure, diameter, and wall thickness.
3. Sample problems are worked out applying the equations to example thin-walled cylinders under internal pressure, finding stresses, strains, and changes in dimensions.
The document discusses Spirax Sarco's piston actuated valves that provide reliable on/off control for industrial applications. The valves feature tight shut-off from a PTFE plug seal and stem sealing from self-aligning PTFE chevrons. They are available in different connection options, valve actions, and sizes to suit a wide range of applications and media up to 180°C and 40 bar pressure. Actuation options include spring-return and bi-directional models, and accessories like solenoid valves and travel switches can be added.
The document discusses two problems involving determining stress in mechanical linkages:
1) A crane coil chain carrying a 50 kN load must have a link diameter of at least 30 mm to ensure the stress does not exceed 75 MPa.
2) A cast iron link transmitting a 45 kN load produces tensile stresses of 50 MPa at section A-A and 64.3 MPa at the narrower section B-B, as calculated using the respective rectangular areas.
The document discusses methods for determining the deflection and slope of beams, specifically the integration method and Macaulay's bracket method. It provides an example problem solved using the integration method to find the deflection at a point and slope at another point for a simply supported beam with two concentrated loads. The document also introduces Macaulay's bracket method using singularity functions as an alternative to the integration method for problems with multiple loads to avoid lengthy calculations. It provides an initial step for an example problem solved using this method.
This document discusses fundamentals of adiabatic dryer systems. It defines key terms like bone dry mass and explains the relationships between dryer feed, product, and capacity. Mass and energy balance equations are presented for analyzing dryer processes. Sample exam problems are provided to calculate air required for drying, dryer capacity based on air flow rate and conditions, and heat supplied to remove a given amount of moisture.
What is a multiple dgree of freedom (MDOF) system?
How to calculate the natural frequencies?
What is a mode shape?
What is the dynamic stiffness matrix approach?
#WikiCourses
https://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/Lect04+Multiple+Degree+of+Freedom+Systems
https://eau-esa.wikispaces.com/Topic+Multiple+Degree+of+Freedom+%28MDOF%29+Systems
This powerpoint presentation deals mainly about bearing stress, its concept and its applications.
Members:
BARIENTOS, Lei Anne
MARTIREZ, Wilbur
MORIONES, Jan Ebenezer
NERI, Laiza Paulene
Sir Romeo Alastre - MEC32/A1
Approximate analysis methods make simplifying assumptions to determine preliminary member forces and dimensions for indeterminate structures. Case 1 assumes diagonals cannot carry compression and shares shear between diagonals. Case 2 allows compression in diagonals. Portal and cantilever methods analyze frames by dividing into substructures at assumed hinge locations, solving each sequentially from top to bottom.
A kinematic diagram is a simplified drawing that shows the essential components needed for kinematic analysis. It numbers all links and labels all joints. Kutzbach's equation calculates the degrees of freedom (DOF) of a mechanism as DOF = 3(L-1) - 2J1 - J2, where L is the number of links, J1 is the number of single DOF joints, and J2 is the number of two DOF joints. The document provides examples of applying this equation to determine the DOF of different mechanisms.
This document presents a research proposal on the role of machinery in the construction industry. It includes an introduction that provides background on construction and the importance of machinery. It discusses different types of construction equipment and how machinery usage varies based on the type of construction project. The introduction also covers the evolution of lifting machinery over time. The document identifies the need to study causes of machinery failures and ways to prevent them. Some potential causes of failure discussed are poor training, overrunning a machine's capabilities, mechanical defects, and improper maintenance. The introduction concludes by stating the problem statement will focus on these failure causes.
The document discusses key concepts related to chain drives, including:
1) It defines common terms used in chain drives like pitch, pitch circle diameter, and velocity ratio.
2) It describes different types of chains including hoisting/hauling chains, conveyor chains, and power transmitting chains like roller chains and silent chains.
3) It provides equations for calculating important chain drive dimensions and specifications like length of chain, center distance, factor of safety, power transmitted, and number of teeth on sprockets.
Chapter 5: Axial Force, Shear, and Bending MomentMonark Sutariya
1. A beam can experience three internal forces at a section - axial force, shear, and bending moment. Even for planar beams, all three forces may develop.
2. There are three types of supports - roller/link, pin, and fixed. Roller/link supports resist one force, pin supports resist two forces, and fixed supports resist two forces and a moment.
3. Beams can experience different load types - concentrated, uniform distributed, and varying distributed loads. Methods are presented to calculate the shear, axial, and bending effects of these loads on beams.
Its very useful book for all the Mechanical Engineers, who are working production side and by this book we know the various types of gaskets and applications.
This document provides an introduction and overview of truss analysis. It defines a truss and describes the key assumptions made in truss analysis, including that loads act only at joints and member weights are negligible. It then describes the two main methods for truss analysis - the method of joints and method of sections. An example problem is worked through for each method to demonstrate how to determine the forces in each truss member.
Minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.
This document provides an introduction to strength of materials, including concepts of stress, strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain relationships, elastic constants, and factors of safety. It defines key terms like stress, strain, elastic limit, modulus of elasticity, and ductile and brittle material behavior. Examples of stress and strain calculations are provided for basic structural elements like rods, bars, and composite structures. The document also covers compound bars, principle of superposition, and effects of temperature changes.
1. The document contains 14 problems involving calculation of hydrostatic forces on submerged objects and gates of various shapes. Forces are calculated using principles of pressure variation with depth, center of gravity, buoyancy and taking moments.
2. Problems involve determining total force, location of center of pressure, and reactions at hinges/supports for objects like rectangular/inclined gates, circular gates, cylinders, and dams of different cross-sections immersed in water or other liquids.
3. Additional considerations like fluid density, negative pressure, and imaginary water levels are incorporated based on problem details.
1. Cylinders are commonly used in engineering to transport or store fluids and are subjected to internal fluid pressures. This induces three stresses on the cylinder wall - circumferential, longitudinal, and radial.
2. For thin cylinders where the wall thickness is less than 1/20 the diameter, the radial stress can be neglected. Equations are derived to calculate the circumferential and longitudinal stresses based on the internal pressure, diameter, and wall thickness.
3. Sample problems are worked out applying the equations to example thin-walled cylinders under internal pressure, finding stresses, strains, and changes in dimensions.
The document discusses Spirax Sarco's piston actuated valves that provide reliable on/off control for industrial applications. The valves feature tight shut-off from a PTFE plug seal and stem sealing from self-aligning PTFE chevrons. They are available in different connection options, valve actions, and sizes to suit a wide range of applications and media up to 180°C and 40 bar pressure. Actuation options include spring-return and bi-directional models, and accessories like solenoid valves and travel switches can be added.
The document discusses two problems involving determining stress in mechanical linkages:
1) A crane coil chain carrying a 50 kN load must have a link diameter of at least 30 mm to ensure the stress does not exceed 75 MPa.
2) A cast iron link transmitting a 45 kN load produces tensile stresses of 50 MPa at section A-A and 64.3 MPa at the narrower section B-B, as calculated using the respective rectangular areas.
The document discusses methods for determining the deflection and slope of beams, specifically the integration method and Macaulay's bracket method. It provides an example problem solved using the integration method to find the deflection at a point and slope at another point for a simply supported beam with two concentrated loads. The document also introduces Macaulay's bracket method using singularity functions as an alternative to the integration method for problems with multiple loads to avoid lengthy calculations. It provides an initial step for an example problem solved using this method.
This document discusses fundamentals of adiabatic dryer systems. It defines key terms like bone dry mass and explains the relationships between dryer feed, product, and capacity. Mass and energy balance equations are presented for analyzing dryer processes. Sample exam problems are provided to calculate air required for drying, dryer capacity based on air flow rate and conditions, and heat supplied to remove a given amount of moisture.
What is a multiple dgree of freedom (MDOF) system?
How to calculate the natural frequencies?
What is a mode shape?
What is the dynamic stiffness matrix approach?
#WikiCourses
https://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/Lect04+Multiple+Degree+of+Freedom+Systems
https://eau-esa.wikispaces.com/Topic+Multiple+Degree+of+Freedom+%28MDOF%29+Systems
This powerpoint presentation deals mainly about bearing stress, its concept and its applications.
Members:
BARIENTOS, Lei Anne
MARTIREZ, Wilbur
MORIONES, Jan Ebenezer
NERI, Laiza Paulene
Sir Romeo Alastre - MEC32/A1
Approximate analysis methods make simplifying assumptions to determine preliminary member forces and dimensions for indeterminate structures. Case 1 assumes diagonals cannot carry compression and shares shear between diagonals. Case 2 allows compression in diagonals. Portal and cantilever methods analyze frames by dividing into substructures at assumed hinge locations, solving each sequentially from top to bottom.
A kinematic diagram is a simplified drawing that shows the essential components needed for kinematic analysis. It numbers all links and labels all joints. Kutzbach's equation calculates the degrees of freedom (DOF) of a mechanism as DOF = 3(L-1) - 2J1 - J2, where L is the number of links, J1 is the number of single DOF joints, and J2 is the number of two DOF joints. The document provides examples of applying this equation to determine the DOF of different mechanisms.
This document presents a research proposal on the role of machinery in the construction industry. It includes an introduction that provides background on construction and the importance of machinery. It discusses different types of construction equipment and how machinery usage varies based on the type of construction project. The introduction also covers the evolution of lifting machinery over time. The document identifies the need to study causes of machinery failures and ways to prevent them. Some potential causes of failure discussed are poor training, overrunning a machine's capabilities, mechanical defects, and improper maintenance. The introduction concludes by stating the problem statement will focus on these failure causes.
The document discusses the procedure and essential elements involved in preparing a final account. It defines key terms like final account, provisional sums, and prime cost sums. The procedure for final account involves the contractor submitting documents within 6 months of completion for the architect to complete the account within another 6 months. Adjustments must be made for variations, remeasuring provisional quantities, omitting unused provisional/prime cost sums, and adding back nominated subcontractors' accounts. Implications of omitting works from the bill of quantities and not allowing them as provisional sums are discussed from the client and contractor perspectives.
This document provides an overview of different procurement methods, tendering processes, and contractual arrangements for a proposed RM500 million shopping complex construction project. It discusses traditional procurement, design-build, management contracting, and other alternative methods. For this project, it recommends management contracting as the procurement method, single-stage selective tendering for eliminating non-performing contractors, and either a cost reimbursement or guaranteed maximum price contract.
1. Online communication lacks non-verbal cues like facial expressions and body language that are present in face-to-face communication and can lead to misunderstandings.
2. While online communication allows people to connect over long distances, it is more difficult to convey emotions without vocal cues. Face-to-face communication makes expressing and interpreting feelings easier.
3. Vocal cues like tone, volume, and speech rate are important for conveying meaning and feelings, but these cues are absent from text-based online communication. Both forms of communication are important for society.
This document outlines the schedule of agreed dates for a proposed housing development project containing 21 units of 11⁄2 storey terrace houses. It includes dates for discussions on allocating duties, distributing drawings, preparing taking-offs and queries, an interim inspection, dimension sheets, bills of quantities, and tender documentation. The final submission of the contract documentation to the client is scheduled for November 17th.
Acer Sdn. Bhd. submitted the lowest tender price but was asked for a further 30% discount, reducing the price to RM 79,883,405.00. Such a large discount could negatively impact the project's timeliness and quality.
The triple constraint of time, cost, and scope are important factors that affect a project. Achieving the right balance is key to a project's success. In this case, the client prioritized cost but did not specify the completion time or scope.
As a consultant, the author would advise clients about the triple constraint and need to balance changes to avoid negatively impacting cost, time, or scope. Maintaining this balance is important for reaching a successful project
The document summarizes a group project conducted by students for their "Introduction to Construction Industry" course. It includes an interview with a Quantity Surveyor to understand their roles and responsibilities in managing costs throughout a construction project. The summary discusses the key stages of a construction project and responsibilities of a Quantity Surveyor in cost estimation, contract negotiations, site inspections, and financial reporting. It also notes the importance of Quantity Surveyors in ensuring projects are completed within budget and on schedule.
This document is a letter from K.E. Guay Architect responding to queries from Virtigo Holdings Berhad regarding a proposed housing development project containing 21 units of 11⁄2 storey terrace houses. The letter provides answers to all the queries Virtigo Holdings Berhad had about the project. It closes by thanking the recipient and offering further assistance if needed.
This document is a letter from Yam Yih Hwan, a senior consultant quantity surveyor at Virtigo Holdings Berhad, to K.E. Guay Architect. It includes a request for answers to queries about a proposed development project consisting of 21 11⁄2 storey terrace houses. Yam asks the architect to provide advice to address questions attached regarding the terrace house development plans.
The document summarizes tenders received for the construction of 210 residential units on Lot 234. Three tenders were received, with Acer Sdn Bhd submitting the lowest bid of RM114,119,150 and a fixed completion period of 2 years. The report analyzes and compares the tenders, noting Acer Sdn Bhd's bid is the most attractive due to its competitive pricing. However, the report recommends interviewing all three bidders to further evaluate their suitability before selecting a contractor.
This document contains information about 5 students submitting an assignment for a financial management module. It includes the students' names, IDs, program of study, and assignment details such as the topic, due date, and word count. It also contains a feedback form that will be completed by the lecturer to assess the assignment based on criteria such as the executive summary, cash budget, income statement, and presentation. The feedback form includes scoring scales to determine the grade for each criteria and the overall assignment.
This document discusses a proposed housing development in Setia Alam, Selangor, Malaysia that aims to promote sustainable and energy efficient housing. The development will include semi-detached houses and private villas built with sustainable materials like solar tiles, vacuum insulated windows, and rainwater harvesting to reduce energy and water usage. The houses will also utilize skylights, solar panels, and paper insulation for energy efficiency. The target buyers for these sustainable homes include families, foreigners, and investors looking for housing in the developing Setia Alam township which has access to various amenities.
This document summarizes Yam Yih Hwan's projects in the Creative Thinking Skills course from the FNBE January Intake 2012 program. It includes details of 5 identity projects where Yam imagined being a celebrity. It also summarizes 3 multi-week projects involving designing t-shirts, performing a song using onomatopoeia, and creating a video on self-esteem. The document concludes with details on Yam's final project, a Rube Goldberg obstacle course themed around achieving success in life.
This document discusses major water issues in Malaysia and ways to overcome them. It notes that while Malaysia has abundant water resources due to monsoon seasons, rapid development has led to environmental degradation and unsustainable water usage. Major issues include overemphasis on water supply that is not sustainable, high non-revenue water loss of 40%, lack of water pollution enforcement, effects of climate change, low water tariffs encouraging wastage, and inefficient agricultural water usage. Potential solutions proposed include increasing water treatment plants, improving water management, boosting water infrastructure, emphasizing conservation, developing new technologies, improving irrigation practices, and better water catchment and distribution. The conclusion states identifying and addressing key issues is important for Malaysia's sustainable development.
This document is a report on a site visit conducted by students to a construction site in Subang Jaya where a TNB building was being constructed. The report includes details about the construction process observed on site such as piling, excavation and use of precast concrete piles. It also discusses the objectives of the site visit which were to understand construction basics, safety precautions, building materials and technologies used. The methodology section explains the basic components of scaffolding including standards, ledgers, transoms and different types of braces used to reinforce scaffolding structures. Safety precautions for scaffolding are also outlined.
The document discusses the water treatment process used by SYABAS, the water authority in Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the key steps in water treatment including intake, aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and pH correction. It also discusses SYABAS' water management system called SWIMS which integrates various processes and assets to efficiently operate the water system.
The document describes a fieldwork report for a closed traverse survey using a theodolite. A group of 4 students conducted the survey to establish ground control points. They measured horizontal angles and distances between 4 stations (A, B, C, D) to form a closed loop. The raw field data was computed to determine angular errors, adjusted angles, horizontal and vertical distances between stations, course bearings, coordinates, and error of closure. The results were used to plot the traverse and check the accuracy of the survey. The objective was to gain hands-on experience in traversing techniques and ensure the control points were accurately established.
This field work report documents a student group's levelling exercise to establish a new benchmark and determine relative heights of points on a site. The report outlines the levelling process where backsight and foresight readings were taken from 9 turning points to calculate reduced levels. While the final reduced level was higher than the initial benchmark, the error was within an acceptable range. The report concludes the students gained experience using levelling equipment and conducting fieldwork, and learned to identify errors and make adjustments to the collected data.
This document provides an overview of various surveying techniques used to create a topographical map. It begins with an introduction to surveying and its purpose of determining relative positions of earth points. It then discusses reconnaissance to explore an area and identify key points. Levelling is used to determine elevation references. Triangulation, tacheometry, plane table methods, and contour plotting are then introduced to measure and map points, along with maintaining observation tables.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment and their uses. It begins by introducing earthwork equipment, which is used for tasks like excavation and moving earth. Some examples covered include excavators, loaders, backhoes, bulldozers, and trenchers. The document then discusses hoisting equipment like cranes and conveyors used to lift materials. Finally, it briefly mentions concreting equipment used for tasks involving concrete, such as tunneling equipment and concrete mixers. The document aims to classify and describe common pieces of heavy machinery seen on construction sites.
Project Report on flexible drill machineomkarmohol99
The document describes the experimental setup of a flexible drill machine project. Key components include:
- A scissor jack mechanism powered by a DC motor and lead screw to provide vertical adjustment.
- Aluminum plates used to connect the base and lifting parts of the scissor jack.
- A sliding mechanism placed on the scissor jack, with a drill bit mounted on a slider that can be moved horizontally using another lead screw and motor.
- The system allows the drill bit to be positioned both vertically and horizontally, enabling drilling in difficult locations and orientations.
IRJET-To Study Various Construction Equipment used in Metro ProjectIRJET Journal
This document discusses construction equipment used for metro projects. It begins with an introduction describing how metro construction requires heavy machinery to reduce manpower and time. Equipment used for piling foundations in Pune include rigs, excavators, and loaders. Machines used for lifting in superstructures are hydraulic cranes, tire-mounted cranes, and traveler cranes. Equipment for elevated structures include launching girders and ground launching systems. Concrete pumps and transit mixers are used for concreting. The document then describes specific equipment like bulldozers, hydraulic cranes, and bucket drilling in more detail and provides an observation table of excavation equipment and depths in Pune. It concludes that efficiently managing construction equipment is
This presentation discusses various types of construction equipment used in building projects. It introduces earthmoving equipment, hauling equipment, hoisting equipment, conveying equipment, and aggregate and concrete production equipment. Earthmoving equipment discussed includes power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clamshell buckets, scrapers, bulldozers, tractors, and trenching machines. Hauling equipment includes dump trucks, bottom dump trucks, and dumpers. Hoisting equipment focuses on cranes like stationary derrick cranes and mobile cranes. The final sections cover factors affecting power shovel output and compare different earthmoving equipment.
This document discusses various types of earthmoving equipment used in construction projects including their uses and basic parts. It describes excavating equipment like power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clam shells, and trenchers. It also covers earthmoving equipment like scrapers, bulldozers, dumpers, graders, and loaders. For each type of equipment, it provides details on their applications and functions in excavating, transporting, and grading earth.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Mr. Sharma Prabhunath.G to the Department of Civil Engineering at Padmashri Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil College of Engineering in Ahmednagar, India, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a third year civil engineering course. The report focuses on construction equipment and is presented over multiple chapters that discuss various types of equipment used for excavation and loading, compaction and grading, drilling and blasting, lifting and erecting, mixing and paving, and other construction tools. The report provides an overview of the key equipment, their functions, and applications in construction projects. It includes acknowledgments, an index, and figures to
1. The document provides details about the construction process and safety procedures for a building construction project. It discusses site planning, preliminary works like setting up drainage and scaffolding, and safety hazards and solutions at various stages of construction.
2. The document also outlines the functions of various construction plants and machinery used including excavators, dump trucks, cranes, concrete pumps, and their uses in earthwork, material handling, concrete works etc.
3. Key preliminary works discussed include establishing the construction entrance, access roads, signboards, storage areas and site office. The external works section explains the drainage system and techniques for horizontal and vertical control setting out the construction layout.
Advance Construction equipment's reports ssuser061280
The document discusses various types of equipment used in construction projects. It describes earth-moving equipment such as excavators, backhoes, front shovels, draglines, clamshell buckets, and bulldozers. Excavators are used for digging trenches, holes and foundations. Backhoes are commonly used to dig holes and trenches. Front shovels are mounted on tracks and used for digging and loading earth or rock. Draglines excavate soft earth below ground level, while clamshell buckets lift material vertically. Bulldozers push large quantities of soil and rubble. The document provides details on the uses and applications of these important pieces of heavy construction equipment.
The document provides information on various types of construction machinery used for earthworks, lifting, transporting materials, and concrete work. It describes the need for construction equipment to improve efficiency over manual labor. Key machinery covered include excavators, bulldozers, loaders, graders, cranes, shovels, haul trucks, and concrete equipment. The document discusses the components, functions, and estimating production rates for different equipment.
Classification of heavy duty and construction equipment debasdessie
This document provides information on various types of construction equipment. It begins by classifying construction equipment into five main categories: earth-moving, compacting, hauling, hoisting, and those used for concrete construction. Under earth-moving equipment, it describes common machinery such as excavators, bull dozers, motor graders, scrapers, and trenching machines. It also discusses dozers in more depth, outlining their applications, components, and different types including crawler and wheel models. The document aims to inform readers about heavy machinery commonly used at construction sites.
The document discusses types of construction equipment and their uses. It begins by stating that a wide variety of construction machines are found on construction sites and make jobs easier, safer, and quicker. It then classifies construction machines into three main categories: earthwork equipment, hoisting equipment, and concreting equipment. Under earthwork equipment, several types are described in detail, including excavators, loaders, backhoes, bulldozers, graders, and trenchers. Excavators are used for digging foundations and trenches, material handling, demolition, and more. [END SUMMARY]
The document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment used in projects. It classifies equipment into 8 categories including earth-moving, hauling, hoisting, conveying, aggregate production, pile-driving, tunneling and dewatering equipment. Key earth-moving equipment discussed include power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clam shells, scrapers and bull dozers. Their applications, parts and differences are summarized. Trenching machines are used for excavating trenches. The document compares characteristics of crawler and wheeled tractors. Overall, the document introduces common construction equipment used in operations like excavation, material movement and compaction.
This document discusses various types of construction equipment used in civil engineering projects. It categorizes equipment into earth moving equipment, hauling equipment, hoisting equipment, conveying equipment, concrete production equipment, and tunneling equipment. Specific equipment described include power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clamshells, trenchers, scrapers, bulldozers, dump trucks, hoists, conveyor belts, and tunnel boring machines. The document emphasizes that proper use of this specialized equipment can contribute to economy, quality, safety, speed and timely completion of construction projects.
Statistical analysis of various sub systems of panel production system in und...eSAT Journals
Abstract System Analysis Approach has been applied in the present field based research paper for a deep and gassy coal mine of Jharia coal fields. The working panel was considered as a System, splitted into various sub-Systems. The Sub-Systems were statistically analyzed in terms of frequency distribution (after prolonged field observations). The Mean, Median, Mode, Standard deviation, Variance and co-efficient of variation were calculated. Among the Mean, Median and Mode, Mean was considered for Capacity (in terms of production) calculation of various Sub-systems
This document provides details about an industrial training report submitted by G.V. Rohit at Simplex Infrastructures Ltd. for a project in Bengaluru, Karnataka. It summarizes the details of the Hiranandini Lake Verandahs construction site, including the project location and details, structure details like slab laying process and material testing laboratory. It also provides information about the developer, contractor and materials used for the M40 concrete mix.
Optimization of productivity with surface miner using conveyor loading and tr...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper aims at optimizing the productivity at the surface miner’s face with conveyor loading and dump-truck dispatch system to minimize the down times of surface miner as well as trucks. The surface miner was working in opencut method in a limestone mine located in the Southern part of India. Time study was carried out during three working shifts (each of eight-hour duration) for productivity analysis. A model has been developed and simulated in MATLAB for the productivity of surface miner considering the impact of two major parameters – number of trucks and available face length. The number of trucks for optimum production was found to be five. However, the 5% and 95% confidence interval for the number of trucks was 2.3 and 7.4 respectively for the case study face. It was also observed that the face of 330 m length was sufficient for the surface miner to work efficiently. Index Terms: Opencast mine, Surface miner, Mining machinery, Truck dispatch system, Productivity analysis
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
AN INVESTIGATION ON SEISMIC STABILITY OF MINE OVERBURDEN DUMP SLOPEIRJET Journal
This document investigates the seismic stability of mine overburden dump slopes in Dhanbad, India. Samples were collected from three mine sites and tested to determine their engineering properties. A finite element analysis was conducted using the OptumG2 software to calculate the factor of safety under static and pseudo-static seismic conditions. The analysis found that positive lateral acceleration increased stability while negative lateral acceleration decreased stability. Vertical acceleration had little effect on stability. Safety factors decreased with increasing acceleration but generally remained above 1, indicating stable slopes under the seismic conditions analyzed.
DMRC Summer internship report for civil engineering students.
Project- DMRC phase 3 (CC-34 & CC-32) Design and construction of tunnel and underground metro station
Similar to Research Methodology:Literature Review (Chapter 2) (20)
Chapter 10a Insurance:Contractor's Indemnity to Employer마 이환
The document discusses contractor's indemnity and insurance requirements in construction contracts. It covers:
1. The contractor is required to indemnify the employer against claims from injury, death or property damage caused by the contractor's negligence.
2. The contractor must take out insurance policies to cover liabilities for injuries to third parties or damage to neighboring properties during construction.
3. The insurance must cover the employer, contractor, subcontractors and other interested parties, and include endorsements for cross liability and automatic renewal of coverage.
Lenggang Travel Sdn. Bhd. (LTSB) organizes beach and adventure holidays abroad for Malaysian clients. It charges flat rates for holidays and requires full payment upon booking. LTSB's cash flow is sensitive to changes in demand, prices, and costs. It needs to carefully manage cash surpluses during low seasons to gain interest without risk. The income statement projects a net profit of RM 211,500 for the forecasted year. However, LTSB recognizes revenue based on the accrual method, contradicting its ability to maintain positive cash flows before holidays are taken.
Financial Report:Cash Budget, Income Statement & Balance Sheet마 이환
The document shows the monthly cash receipts and payments schedules for Lenggang Travel Sdn Bhd for the period of January to December 2015. Cash receipts were highest in February and July due to high sales of adventure and beach holidays respectively. Cash payments were highest in June and July due to high costs of airline tickets and hotel bookings for cancelled holidays. By the end of the year, the company had a net cash balance of RM1,419,500 and net profit of RM211,500 for the financial year.
This document contains details of a tender for a proposed housing development project. It includes the names of the project team, a description of the proposed development and site location. It also provides an overview of the components that will be included in the tender documentation such as project details, instructions to tenderers, specifications, bills of quantities and drawings. The purpose of the tender document is to provide guidance to potential contractors on submitting a tender for the housing development project.
This document assigns duties for five members to work on tendering for a proposed house construction project. Wong Ha Shiong is responsible for building works elements like piling and foundations, internal wall and floor finishes, and surface water drainage. Low Rong Tzuoo will handle work below the lowest floor, external walls, internal walls, sanitary fittings, and plumbing works. Harvey Yap Guang is tasked with the building frame, upper floor slab, and roads/pavement. Yam Yih Hwan will cover the roof, staircase, water reticulation, and fencing. Ng Jun Keat is assigned windows, doors, ceilings, external finishes, and refuse/letter boxes.
Lembayung Impian Sdn Bhd has issued a tender document proposing the development of 21 units of 11⁄2 storey terrace houses. The development is located in Bandar Baru Klang, Selangor and involves Lembayung Impian Sdn Bhd as the developer, K.E. Guay Architect as the architect, and FLIP Consultancy and Virtigo Holdings Bhd as supporting consultants.
This document lists building material and labor unit prices from July 2014. It provides pricing information for various construction materials including cement bags, aggregates, sand, reinforcing bars, ready mix concrete, tiles, paints, plywood and steel products. It also lists the daily wage rates for common construction trades like general workers, concreters, plasterers, barbenders, carpenters and painters from July 2013 in Selangor, Malaysia. The prices are reported in Malaysian Ringgit.
The document discusses several construction estimating and scheduling software solutions including CostOS, Glodon Takeoff, Innovaya Visual BIM, Visual Quantity Takeoff, and Visual 4D Simulation. CostOS is a cost estimating software designed to help companies increase competitiveness. Glodon Takeoff includes three products for rebar, mechanical/electrical, and architecture/structure quantity takeoffs. Innovaya applications like Visual BIM and Visual Quantity Takeoff integrate design and estimating while Visual 4D Simulation helps visualize construction scheduling in 3D.
This document proposes building a model house on Lot 123 in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. It includes an organizational chart showing Yam Yih Hwan as the Project Director heading the team, which consists of a Project Manager, Contract Manager, two Quantity Surveyors, two Architects, two Engineers, and an Assistant Director to oversee construction of the proposed model house.
This letter from RHB Bank Bhd guarantees a payment of RM5000 to Messrs. Taylors Homes Sdn Bhd as earnest money for a tender submitted by Tender Virtigo Holdings Bhd to construct a prototype house. The bank guarantee is valid from November 14, 2014 until December 14, 2014 or until Messrs. Taylors Homes or its representative provides written notice to discontinue the guarantee or notifies the tenderer in writing that its tender was unsuccessful.
Link Quantity Surveyor Sdn Bhd is inviting Virtigo Holdings Berhad to participate in a tender for a proposed construction project of a sample house on Lot 123 in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Interested bidders must collect the tender document between September 22nd and pay a non-refundable RM5 deposit. Submissions are due by November 14th and must include a RM5,000 tender bond in the form of a bank guarantee. Bidders must acknowledge acceptance of the invitation by September 18th.
Virtigo Holdings Berhad issued a tender submission on November 13th, 2014 for the construction of a prototype house on Lot 123 in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. The submission included the names and student IDs of 9 students participating in the QSB2134 estimating course project to construct the house.
This document provides specifications for various doors and windows measured at a partially renovated terrace house in Subang Jaya, Selangor. It includes dimensions and materials for 5 types of doors (timber panel door with glazing, timber frame louver door, timber panel door with 4 panels, timber panel door with 8 panels, timber frame flush door) and 5 types of windows (aluminum frame window, aluminum frame double leaf side hung window, aluminum glazed sliding double window, timber louver stiles window, aluminum frame single leaf top hung window). Brand names and suppliers are listed for each door and window type in the appendix.
This document discusses industrialized building systems used in Malaysia, specifically tunnel formwork and aluminum formwork. It provides an overview of each system, including their construction processes. Tunnel formwork involves pouring concrete into steel formwork to form walls and slabs in one operation. Aluminum formwork uses aluminum panels as molds to cast concrete structures and provides benefits like high quality finishes, precision, and reduced construction time. The document also outlines the advantages of these systems such as cost savings, shorter timelines, and improved safety; as well as some disadvantages like high initial costs and transportation challenges.
Building services play a crucial role in buildings by designing, operating, and monitoring mechanical, electrical, and public health systems to ensure safety, comfort, and environmentally friendly operation. The case study examines the building services at The Summit shopping complex in Subang Jaya, identifying issues like poor maintenance, lighting, and safety systems that have led to a decline in visitors. Recommendations are provided to improve fire protection equipment and the vertical transportation systems to help attract more shoppers.
The document provides details about the building services systems in The Summit building, including mechanical and air conditioning systems, fire protection systems, vertical transportation systems, and electricity supply systems. It identifies several problems such as fire extinguishers not being maintained, non-functioning manual fire alarms, degraded fire doors, slow and unreliable lifts, and recommends solutions like installing an external fire hydrant and switching to electrical lifts. The conclusion states that building services are important but many of The Summit's safety systems are poorly maintained.
This document provides information about time management. It begins with an introduction that defines time management and discusses why it is important. It then discusses time management in the construction industry specifically. It provides details on the relationship between time, cost, and quality in construction projects. It also outlines the time management process, including activity definition, sequencing, resource estimating, duration estimating, schedule development, and progress monitoring. Finally, it provides some tips for improving time management skills such as writing things down, prioritizing to-do lists, and avoiding procrastination.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Research Methodology:Literature Review (Chapter 2)
1. P a g e 1 | 35
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
QSB 3933
Research Methodology
The role of Machinery in Construction Industry
STUDENT NAME: Yam Yih Hwan
STUDENT ID NO.: 0305861
SUPERVISOR: Ms Myzatul Aishah binti Kamarazaly
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 26th November2015
2. P a g e 2 | 35
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE……………………………………………………...…………………....1
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………...….…...2
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………….………………….…3
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………….…...4
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW……………….…………………………….….5
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY………..……...5-8
2.2 ROLES OF MACHINERY…………………….…………………...…..…....9
2.2.1 EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT………………………………9-15
2.2.2 HAULING EQUIPMENT………….…………………...…..16-18
2.2.3 HOISTING EQUIPMENT…………………………………..18-22
2.2.4 CONVEYING EQUIPMENT……………………………….23-24
2.2.5 COMPACTING EQUIPMENT…………………………..…24-26
2.2.6 PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT……………………………..26-27
2.2.7 CONCRETING EQUIPMENT……………………………...27-29
2.3 IMPORTANCES OF MACHINERY…………………………………...30-31
2.4 CONCEPT ON SELECTION OF MACHINERY………………………31-32
2.4.1 COMMO N FACTO RS AFFECTIN G SELECTION OF
EQUIPMENT……………………..…………………………….33
2.5 SUMMARY OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………..………………...34
2.5.1 FINDINGS IN RELATION TO OBJECTIVE 1……….……….34
2.5.2 FINDINGS IN RELATION TO OBJECTIVE 2……….……….34
2.5.3 FINDINGS IN RELATION TO OBJECTIVE 3……….……….34
REFERENCES……………………………………………………..……..…………….35
3. P a g e 3 | 35
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 : CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION EQ UIPMEN T IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY………………………………………….………..…….6
TABLE 2.2 : CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION EQ UIPMEN T IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY…………………………………………………...…….8
TABLE 2.3 : COMPARISON BETWEEN EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS…………10
4. P a g e 4 | 35
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1 : EXCAVATOR..…………………………….……………………..…….10
FIGURE 2.2 : BACKHOE……….………………………………………………….….10
FIGURE 2.3 : FRONT SHOVEL…..…………….……………………………..………11
FIGURE 2.4 : OLD FRONT SHOVEL…………………..………….……………..…..12
FIGURE 2.5 : NEW FRONT SHOVEL……………………………..……..……….…..12
FIGURE 2.6 : DRAGLINE………………………………………….…………..….…..13
FIGURE 2.7 : CLAMSHELL…………………………………...…….……..………….14
FIGURE 2.8 : CONSTRUCTION TRUCK………………………….………...……….16
FIGURE 2.9 : SIDE DUMP TRUCK…………………………………....…..………….17
FIGURE 2.10 : REAR DUMP TRUCK………………………………….….………….17
FIGURE 2.11 : TIPPER…………………………………………....…………..……….18
FIGURE 2.12 : FORKLIFT TRUCK……………………………...…………...……….19
FIGURE 2.13 : BOOM HOIST…………………………………...…………..…..…….20
FIGURE 2.14 : ELECTRIC HOIST…………………………………..………..……….20
FIGURE 2.15 : TRACTOR HOIST…………………………………..………..……….21
FIGURE 2.16 : MOBILE CRANE…………………………………....……..………….22
FIGURE 2.17 : TOWER CRANE…………………………………....……..……….….22
FIGURE 2.18 : BELT CONVEYOR…………………………………………..……….23
FIGURE 2.19 : BUCKET CONVEYOR…………………………………..…..……….24
FIGURE 2.20 : SMOOTH-WHEEL ROLLER…………………………………...…….25
FIGURE 2.21 : PNEUMATIC-TYRED ROLLER…………………………..…...…….26
FIGURE 2.22 : PILE DRIVING RIG………………………………..…...…....……….27
FIGURE 2.23 : CONCRETE MIXER…………………………………....……..………28
FIGURE 2.24 : CONCRETE TRANSIT MIXER..……………………….….…...…….29
FIGURE 2.25 : CONCRETE PUMP...…………………………………..…..………….29
5. P a g e 5 | 35
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to Construction Machineries
It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of construction machines on
every construction sites, which make the construction jobs easy, safe and quicker. Good
project management in construction must vigorously pursue the efficient utilization of
labor, material and equipment.
The use of new equipment and innovative methods has made possible wholesale
changes in construction technologies in recent decades. The selection of the appropriate
type and size of construction equipment often affects the required amount of time and
effort and thus the job-site productivity of a project.
Proper use of the appropriate equipment contributes to economy, quality, safety,
speed and timely completion of a project. Machineries are used for highway projects,
irrigation, buildings, power projects etc and almost 15-30% of total project cost has been
accounted towards equipment and machinery.
6. P a g e 6 | 35
It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners to be
familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment most commonly used in
construction.
Depending on the application, construction machines are classified into various
categories, for examples, (1) Excavating Equipment, (2) Hauling Equipment, (3)
Hoisting Equipment, (4) Conveying Equipment, (5) Compacting Equipment, (6) Pile
Driving Equipment and (7) Concreting Equipment. Table 1.1 and 1.2 shown the
Classification of Construction Equipment in Construction Industry:-
7. P a g e 7 | 35
Table 2.1: Classification of Construction Equipment in Construction Industry
Excavating Equipment Hauling Equipment Hoisting Equipment Conveying Equipment
1. Excavators 1. Truck 1. Forklifts 1. Belt Conveyor
2. Backhoe 2. Dump Truck 2. Hoists 2. Screw Conveyor
3. Front Shovel 3. Dumpers 3. Cranes 3. Bucket Conveyor
4. Dragline 4. Tippers 4. Aerial Conveyor
5. Clamshell
6. Motor Graders
7. Loaders
8. P a g e 8 | 35
Table 2.2: Classification of Construction Equipment in Construction Industry
Compacting Equipment Pile Driving Equipment Concreting Equipment
1. Smooth-wheel Rollers 1. Pile Driving Rigs 1. Concrete Mixers
2. Sheep-foot Rollers 2. Pile Driving Hammers 2. Concrete Transit Mixers
3. Pneumatic-tyred Rollers 3. Concrete Pumps
4. Vibrator
9. P a g e 9 | 35
2.2 Roles of Machinery
Contractors undertake many types of construction activities that require
various types, sizes, and groupings of machineries for excavating, hauling, hoisting,
conveying,compacting, driving and mixing. There is a piece of equipment for
practically any work activity. Construction machineries today is specifically
designed by the manufacturer to perform certain mechanical operations that
accomplish a work activity.
(Bloch and Geitner, 2012) quoted the dependency and need for heavy
construction machineries had grown with the size and complexity of construction
projects. The development of automated heavy construction equipment for earth
moving, excavating, and lifting occurred in the early centuries. Operating and
mechanical principles for most types of equipment are basically the same as when
they are first created. It should be noted that mechanical operations are typical for
most basic classifications of equipment.
2.2.1 Excavating Equipment
There are various types of excavating equipments in current Construction
Industry. Excavator are one of them. They are heavy construction equipment
consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform; known as
the "house". The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.
Excavators are used in many ways; for example, digging of trenches & holes,
material handling, demolition, general grading or landscaping, or heavy
lifting (Hamdija, 2012). Figure 2.1 shown a Excavator:-
10. P a g e 10 | 35
Figure 2.1: Excavator
Backhoe are mainly used to clean up construction areas, to dig holes in the
ground, to smooth uneven ground, to make trenches, ditches and to help remove deep
roots from trees. It can exert high tooth pressures and hence can excavate stiff
material which normally cannot be excavated by dragline (Sagar, 2014). A backhoe,
also called as rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment or digger
consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. They are
typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader. It is used to excavate
below the natural surface on which it rests. Modern backhoes are powered by
hydraulics (Hamdija, 2012). Figure 2.2 shown a Backhoe:-
Figure 2.2: Backhoe
11. P a g e 11 | 35
Front Shovel is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered. It
is used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction
(Hamdija, 2012). They are mounted on crawler tracks to excavate the earth and to
load the trucks. It is used to excavate earth of all classes except hard rock and load it
into wagons. It size varies from 0.375m3 to 5m3. Power shovels are used principally
for excavation and removal of overburden in open-cut mining operations, though it
may include loading of minerals, such as coal. They are the modern equivalent of
steam shovels, and operate in a similar fashion. Front shovel are mainly used for
excavation purposes above its own track or wheel level. They are suitable for heavy
positive cutting in all types of dry soils (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.3 shown a Front
Shovel, and Figure 2.4 and 2.5 shown the difference between Old Front Shovel and
New Front Shovel:-
Figure 2.3: Front Shovel
12. P a g e 12 | 35
Figure 2.4: Old Front Shovel
Figure 2.5: New Front Shovel
13. P a g e 13 | 35
Dragline is used to excavate soft earth from below ground and to deposit or
to load in wagons. They are used for bulk excavation below its track level in loose
soils, marshy land and areas containing water. The dragline is so name because of its
prominent operation of dragging the bucket against the material to be dug. Unlike the
shovel, it has a long light crane boom and the bucket is loosely attached to the boom
through cables. A dragline can dig and dump over larger distances than a shovel can
do. Draglines are useful for digging below its track level and handling softer
materials (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.6 shown a Dragline:-
Figure 2.6: Dragline
14. P a g e 14 | 35
Clamshell consists of a hydraulically controlled bucket suspended from a
lifting arm. It is mainly used for deep confined cutting in pits and trenches. It has
bucket of two halves which are hinged together at top. It is normally used to excavate
soft to medium materials and loose materials. This is so named due to resemblance of
its bucket to a clam which is like a shell-fish with hinged double shell. The front end
is essentially a crane boom with a specially designed bucket loosely attached at the
end through cables as in a dragline (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.7 shown a Clamshell:-
Figure 2.7: Clamshell
In Table 2.3, it compared the type of equipment in Excavating Equipments:-
15. P a g e 15 | 35
Table 2.3: Comparison between Excavating Equipments
No Items of Comparison Power Shovel Backhoe Dragline Clamshell
1 Excavation in hard soil or rock Good Good Not good Poor
2 Excavation in wet soil or mud Poor Poor Moderately good Moderately good
3
Distance between footing and
digging
Small Small Long Long
4 Loading efficiency Very good Good Moderately good Precise but slow
5 Footing required Close to work Close to pit
Fairly away from
pit
Fairly away from
pit
6 Digging level
Digs at or above
footing level
Digs below footing
level
Digs below footing
level
Digs at or below
footing level
7 Cycle time Short
Shortly more than
Power Shovel
More than Power
Shovel
More than the other
equipment
16. P a g e 16 | 35
2.2.2 Hauling Equipment
The equipment used for transportation of material are known as hauling
equipment or simply haulers. Haulers may operate on the roadways or railways. It
involve transportation of building materials, carriage and disposal of excavated earth
and haulage of heavy construction equipment.
Truck have high mobility, good speed and adoptability. The truck capacity
varies from 0.4 Cum to 20 Cum and speed vary from 10 kmph to 30 kmph (Sagar,
2014). Figure 2.8 shown a Construction Truck:-
Figure 2.8: Construction Truck
Dump Truck are fitted with automatic unloading devices. The loading is
normally done by loading shovels or loaders. The trucks have capacity as high as 53
tones. These trucks can either be rear dump truck or side dump truck. They are used
for earth moving purpose and the selection of the type of dump trucks are as specific
job depending on the soil condition (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.9 shown a Side Dump
Truck and Figure 2.10 shown a Rear Dump Truck:-
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Figure 2.9: Side Dump Truck
Figure 2.10: Rear Dump Truck
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A truck or lorry, which the rear platform can be raised at the front end to
enable the load to be discharged by gravity known as Tip Truck. Tippers are suited
for the rough and tumble of mining & quarrying operations, as well as for carrying
bulk loads in construction and infrastructure industries. (Hamdija, 2012). Figure 2.11
shown a Tipper:-
Figure 2.11: Tipper
2.2.3 Hoisting Equipment
Hoisting equipment is the lifting a weight from one location and moving it to
another location which is at a reasonable distance. These equipments are used for
lifting the loads, holding them in suspension during transfer from one place to other
and placing them at designated location. Big projects such as, construction of dams,
industrial buildings etc. require hoisting equipment. Hoisting equipment includes
jacks, hoists and cranes. It constitutes a group of equipment which are employed
mainly for lifting purposes.
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Forklift Truck is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport
materials. Forklift trucks are available in many variations and load capacities. In a
typical warehouse setting most forklifts used have load capacities between one to
five tons. Larger forklift truck is used for lifting heavier loads up to 50 tons lift
capacity (Hamdija, 2012). Figure 2.12 shown a Forklift Truck:-
Figure 2.12: Forklift Truck
Hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or
lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated,
electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its
lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook. This
type of hoist is commonly used on large scale construction projects, such as high-rise
buildings or major hospitals (Sagar, 2014). The purpose of it is to carry personnel,
materials, and equipment quickly between the ground and higher floors, or between
floors in the middle of a structure (Hamdija, 2012). Figure 2.13 shown a Boom Hoist;
Figure 2.14 shown a Electric Hoist and Figure 2.15 shown a Tractor Hoist:-
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Figure 2.13: Boom Hoist
Figure 2.14: Electric Hoist
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Figure 2.15: Tractor Hoist
Crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or
chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move
them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to
other places. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage
and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a man. Cranes are commonly
employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the
construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing
industry for the assembling of heavy equipment. Cranes are considered to be one of
the most important equipment used in construction due to their key role in
performing lifting tasks all over the construction site. Plenty of crane models are
available in different shapes and sizes (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.16 shown a Mobile
Crane and Figure 2.17 shown a Tower Crane:-
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Figure 2.16: Mobile Crane
Figure 2.17: Tower Crane
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2.2.4 Conveying Equipment
Conveyor System is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that
moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in
applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor
systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials.
Caries material in continuous stream with its distinct feature such as endless chain or
belt. When the equipment does horizontal conveying, it is known as conveyor and
when it does vertical, it is known as elevator. In construction industry, conveyors are
mainly used for concreting purpose.
Belt Conveyor is used when large quantities of materials have to be
conveyed over long distances at fast speed. It consists of a belt running over a pair of
end drums or pulleys and supported at regular intervals by a series of rollers called
idlers. These idlers are supported on a conveyor frame. The middle sag provided in
the belt prevents the spilling of material. Generally, rubber is most commonly used
as conveyor belt (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.18 shown a Belt Conveyor:-
Figure 2.18: Belt Conveyor
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Bucket Conveyor has buckets in the shape of ‘V’ which are open at the top.
They may be feeder loaded or may drag in a vertical movement or along an incline.
The length of these type of conveyors are generally limited to 25m due to weight of
the conveyor and strength of the chains. This type of conveyer is mainly used in coal
handling where bucket elevators carry the material vertically (Sagar, 2014). Figure
2.19 shown a Bucket Conveyor:-
Figure 2.19: Bucket Conveyor
2.2.5 Compacting Equipment
Compactors are machines frequently used to compact materials such as soil
in order to increase its density for construction. In addition, compactors are utilized
in landfill tasks.
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Smooth-wheel Roller are most suitable for compacting gravels, sand and
such like materials. It weighing from 5 to 15 tonnes. Normally, used for ordinary
rolling work where deep compaction is not required. These rollers may have one
front and two rear wheels. The rear wheels being usually larger in diameter and the
front one being winder. Weight of rollers may be increased by filling water or sand
ballast in hollow cylinder. These rollers are effective in compacting granular soils,
such as sand, gravel and crushed stone (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.20 shown a Smooth-
wheel Roller:-
Figure 2.20: Smooth-wheel Roller
Pneumatic-tyred Roller gives kneading action as well as compression to the
soil underneath. It is suitable for moderately cohesive silty soils, clayey soils,
gravelly and clen sand. It consists of a base or a platform mounted between two axles.
The rear of which has one more wheel than the front. Most suitable for compacting
fine-grained soil and well graded sands. Ballasting is done using water, sand or pig
iron in order to increase the self weight (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.21 shown a
Pneumatic-tyred Roller:-
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Figure 2.21: Pneumatic-tyred Roller
2.2.6 Pile Driving Equipment
The process of pile driving involves lifting the piles into position, holding it
to refusal or to a specified depth. Driving is accomplished through hammering the
pile top with a hammer. Equipment are so designed for driven effectively at an
economical cost (Sagar, 2014). Major pile driving equipment are either Pile Driving
Rig or Pile Driving Hammer. Figure 2.22 shown a Pile Driving Rig:-
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Figure 2.22: Pile Driving Rig
2.2.7 Concreting Equipment
Concreting Equipment are mainly used for weighing and mixing large
quantity of concrete constituents; capacity at 20 cum/hr to 250 cum/hr. Concrete is
basically mixture of cement, aggregate and water, then deposited and permitted to
solidify. Operation involved in concrete production are batching, mixing, handling,
placing, finishing and curing. The quality of concrete depends on the time taken on
mixing it.
28. P a g e 28 | 35
Concrete Mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate
such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a
revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete
mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving
the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens (Hamdija, 2012). They
are mainly used for mixing small quantities of concrete constituents at the capacity of
200lt per batch. Figure 2.23 shown a Concrete Mixer:-
Figure 2.23: Concrete Mixer
Concrete Transit Mixer are mainly used for transporting concrete from
batching point at the capacity of 3 cum to 9 cum. Figure 2.24 shown a Concrete
Transit Mixer:-
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Figure 2.24: Concrete Transit Mixer
Concrete Pump are used for horizontal and vertical transportation of large
volumes of concrete in short duration at capacity of 30 cum/hr for ordinary
construction and 120 cum/hr for specialized construction. Figure 2.25 shown a
Concrete Pump:-
Figure 2.25: Concrete Pump
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2.3 Importances of Machinery
In order to increase work efficiency, it is essential for people to be aware of
different types of equipment and their specific uses. With this, it eliminates the
heavy manual work by human thus reducing fatigue and eliminates various
other hazards and health issues.
Nowadays, many types of equipment are used in the construction area. When
Contractor is considering on the projects, they need to be aware that there will be so
many equipment that will be needed (Best Construction Tools, 2015). These
equipment are dedicated to bring ease and convenience for people to have in
their work. It is a fact that not all work can be done by man alone. Therefore
equipment helps to carry out activities which cannot be done manually and to do
them more economically and much faster. It is essential for people and
construction workers to improve their work and have convenience and improvement
with the help of equipment (Best Construction Tools, 2015).
Within the area, there are so many equipment that will help Contractor to aid
his work. It is necessary for him to know all about the different work equipment for
them to use in a particular site of work in order to increase the rate of output
through work progress with the best effective and efficient methods.
With regards to the improvement of work production, there are so many
things in which people need to provide their team or group. Construction is
considered to be an area where people should be large in number in order for them to
work effectively. In order to satisfactorily further work efficiency, it is necessary for
people to know of the different groups of tools in construction and their specific uses
just to facilitate and further the improvement of work (Best Construction Tools,
2015). Hence, it helps to maintain the high quality standards often required by
present-day design and specifications.
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Lastly, it is essential for Contractor to know what are the necessary works
needed to be done in the areas of construction. In order to provide the equipment
need, they should know the nature of the construction work orders. It is needed for
people to assess properly what are the needed tools for construction. Moreover, it is
necessary for Contractor, to know and comply what are needed to increase work
productivity. Also, it is necessary for Contractor to know about the needs so that
there would be work efficiency throughout the project (Best Construction Tools,
2015). Contractor should think ahead about these things so that a good job
production can be produced hence reducing the overall construction costs
especially for large contracts and also able to maintain the planned rate of
production when there is a shortage of skilled or unskilled labor.
2.4 Concept on Selection of Machinery
(Deodhar, 2012) quoted a proper selection of equipment for a construction
project is of vital importance for its speedy and economical completion. Selection of
equipment has become more complicated as large variety of equipment are being
manufactured nowadays. For selection of equipment, a considerable experience in
the operation and maintenance in the field is essential. Records kept for operation,
maintenance and actual output obtained under comparable conditions of previous
projects will greatly help in taking decision for equipment selection.
With the undertaking of new projects and the retirement of old machinery and
equipment, it becomes necessary to acquire new construction equipment. In this
stage, sufficient knowledge base of current brands and products is necessary. It is
also important to determine what sort of equipment and capacity is needed. In fact,
selection of equipment for the project is one of the key decisions in planning and
executing a construction project, which affects how the work will be done, the time
required to complete the work, and the cost that will be accrued.
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Generally, an equipment manager is responsible of selecting the equipment,
whereas it is the responsibility of the construction planning group to select
equipment. Nevertheless, both the inventory of equipment in hand and the standard
equipment policy play an important role in equipment selection. Therefore, final
decision on the equipment required for the projects is generally given by equipment
managers, project managers, and construction planning group together (Deodhar,
2012). Once the selection of equipment is made, a choice has to be made whether to
buy, rent, or lease the equipment. These decisions are given based on the economic
standing and strategy of the firm, and the nature and frequency of equipment use.
(Singh, 2001) quoted the contractor may decide on the choice of the
manufacture based on its own past experience of from experience of other. A
different kind of information is needed to be collected before selecting a particular
manufacturer. Trade catalogues and advertisement in trade journals are important
source of information for evaluation and sourcing of equipment. The information
collected about equipment should include:-
1. Name of manufacturer
2. Model number
3. Engine type, horse power and speed
4. Machine dimensions
5. Type of controls
6. Operating pressure
7. Fuel consumption
8. Type of transmission
9. Weight
10. Warranty periods
11. Maintenance details
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2.4.1 Common Factors affecting Selection of Equipment
Every equipment has certain factors in common and which must be taken into
consideration while selecting equipment. Firstly, scope of work to be carried out
must be taken into consideration. Since the first concern is getting the job done, the
time frame within which the work is required to be carried out, the specification of
work and the methodology adopted will be of primary concern (Chinchore & Khare,
2014).
Next, suitability of the equipment to the job conditions. Selected equipment
should suit the demands of the job conditions. Hence, climate of region and working
conditions should be kept in view while selecting the type of equipment (Chinchore
& Khare, 2014).
Moreover, the availability of spare parts during breakdown of equipment.
Sometimes, in order to acquire necessary spare parts, it can causes a long idle periods
while waiting for it, especially on imported equipment. Availability of spare parts at
reasonable cost during the entire working life should be assured while selecting a
particular type of equipment (Chinchore & Khare, 2014).
Furthermore, versatility on the construction equipment. If possible, the
selected equipment should be capable of performing more than one function and
should have feature of inter convertibility as far as possible (Chinchore & Khare,
2014).
Last but not least, the selection of manufacturer. It is desirable to have
equipment of the same manufacturer on a project and to have minimum number of
different makes of equipment. The quality of local dealers is also important
(Chinchore & Khare, 2014).
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2.5 Summary of review of Literature
The reviews of related literature consist of the roles of machinery in
construction industry, what are the consequences of these machinery in construction
industry, and the selection of machinery in construction industry. It concludes with a
section of summarizing the perceptions gained from the literature review.
2.5.1 Findings in relation to Objective 1
In this section, it covered the classification on construction machinery into
various categories, for examples, (1) Excavating Equipment, (2) Hauling Equipment,
(3) Hoisting Equipment, (4) Conveying Equipment, (5) Compacting Equipment, (6)
Pile Driving Equipment and (7) Concreting Equipment. It also shown and explained
different types of machinery in each categories.
2.5.2 Findings in relation to Objective 2
In this section, it covered the importances of construction machinery.The
reasons why construction machinery are needed and what is the benefit of using
construction machinery.
2.5.3 Findings in relation to Objective 3
In this section, it covered on the selection of construction machinery. It
explained how a construction machinery are being selected and what are the factors
affecting its selection, in order to achieve its purposes.
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References
1 Bloch, H. and Geitner, F. (2012). Machinery failure analysis and troubleshooting.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
2 Best Construction Tools. (2015). The Importance of Construction Equipment and
How They Benefit Workers. Retrieved on 24 November 2015, from
https://bestconstructiontools.wordpress.com/2015/04/20/the-importance-of-
construction-equipment-and-how-they-benefit-workers/
3 Deodhar, S. V. (2012). Construction Equipment and Job Planning. Khanna
Publisher: Forth Edition.
4 Singh, J. (2001). Heavy Construction – Planning, Equipment and Methods.
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.: Second Edition.
5 Hamdija, V. (2012). 5. construction equipment Building Construction.
Slideshare.net. Retrieved 21 November 2015, from
http://www.slideshare.net/hamo92/5-construction-equipment-building-
construction/
6 Sagar, R. (2014). Construction equipments - Introduction and Classification.
Slideshare.net. Retrieved 22 November 2015, from
http://www.slideshare.net/SagarRadadiya/construction-equipments-introduction-
and-classification/
7 Chinchore, N. D., & Khare, P. P. R. (2014). Planning and Selection of Heavy
Construction Equipment in Civil Engineering, 4(12), 29–31.