The document provides information about machinery used in the construction industry. It discusses different types of excavating equipment like excavators, backhoes, front shovels, draglines, and clamshells. It also discusses hauling equipment like trucks, dump trucks, and tippers. Hoisting equipment discussed includes forklifts, hoists, and cranes. The roles and uses of this machinery in construction processes are described over multiple pages. Tables and figures are provided to classify and illustrate the different types of equipment.

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
QSB 3933
Research Methodology
The role of Machinery in Construction Industry
STUDENT NAME: Yam Yih Hwan
STUDENT ID NO.: 0305861
SUPERVISOR: Ms Myzatul Aishah binti Kamarazaly
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 26th November2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE……………………………………………………...…………………....1
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………...….…...2
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………….………………….…3
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………….…...4
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW……………….…………………………….….5
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY………..……...5-8
2.2 ROLES OF MACHINERY…………………….…………………...…..…....9
2.2.1 EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT………………………………9-15
2.2.2 HAULING EQUIPMENT………….…………………...…..16-18
2.2.3 HOISTING EQUIPMENT…………………………………..18-22
2.2.4 CONVEYING EQUIPMENT……………………………….23-24
2.2.5 COMPACTING EQUIPMENT…………………………..…24-26
2.2.6 PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT……………………………..26-27
2.2.7 CONCRETING EQUIPMENT……………………………...27-29
2.3 IMPORTANCES OF MACHINERY…………………………………...30-31
2.4 CONCEPT ON SELECTION OF MACHINERY………………………31-32
2.4.1 COMMO N FACTO RS AFFECTIN G SELECTION OF
EQUIPMENT……………………..…………………………….33
2.5 SUMMARY OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………..………………...34
2.5.1 FINDINGS IN RELATION TO OBJECTIVE 1……….……….34
2.5.2 FINDINGS IN RELATION TO OBJECTIVE 2……….……….34
2.5.3 FINDINGS IN RELATION TO OBJECTIVE 3……….……….34
REFERENCES……………………………………………………..……..…………….35

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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 : CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION EQ UIPMEN T IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY………………………………………….………..…….6
TABLE 2.2 : CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION EQ UIPMEN T IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY…………………………………………………...…….8
TABLE 2.3 : COMPARISON BETWEEN EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS…………10

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1 : EXCAVATOR..…………………………….……………………..…….10
FIGURE 2.2 : BACKHOE……….………………………………………………….….10
FIGURE 2.3 : FRONT SHOVEL…..…………….……………………………..………11
FIGURE 2.4 : OLD FRONT SHOVEL…………………..………….……………..…..12
FIGURE 2.5 : NEW FRONT SHOVEL……………………………..……..……….…..12
FIGURE 2.6 : DRAGLINE………………………………………….…………..….…..13
FIGURE 2.7 : CLAMSHELL…………………………………...…….……..………….14
FIGURE 2.8 : CONSTRUCTION TRUCK………………………….………...……….16
FIGURE 2.9 : SIDE DUMP TRUCK…………………………………....…..………….17
FIGURE 2.10 : REAR DUMP TRUCK………………………………….….………….17
FIGURE 2.11 : TIPPER…………………………………………....…………..……….18
FIGURE 2.12 : FORKLIFT TRUCK……………………………...…………...……….19
FIGURE 2.13 : BOOM HOIST…………………………………...…………..…..…….20
FIGURE 2.14 : ELECTRIC HOIST…………………………………..………..……….20
FIGURE 2.15 : TRACTOR HOIST…………………………………..………..……….21
FIGURE 2.16 : MOBILE CRANE…………………………………....……..………….22
FIGURE 2.17 : TOWER CRANE…………………………………....……..……….….22
FIGURE 2.18 : BELT CONVEYOR…………………………………………..……….23
FIGURE 2.19 : BUCKET CONVEYOR…………………………………..…..……….24
FIGURE 2.20 : SMOOTH-WHEEL ROLLER…………………………………...…….25
FIGURE 2.21 : PNEUMATIC-TYRED ROLLER…………………………..…...…….26
FIGURE 2.22 : PILE DRIVING RIG………………………………..…...…....……….27
FIGURE 2.23 : CONCRETE MIXER…………………………………....……..………28
FIGURE 2.24 : CONCRETE TRANSIT MIXER..……………………….….…...…….29
FIGURE 2.25 : CONCRETE PUMP...…………………………………..…..………….29

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CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to Construction Machineries
It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of construction machines on
every construction sites, which make the construction jobs easy, safe and quicker. Good
project management in construction must vigorously pursue the efficient utilization of
labor, material and equipment.
The use of new equipment and innovative methods has made possible wholesale
changes in construction technologies in recent decades. The selection of the appropriate
type and size of construction equipment often affects the required amount of time and
effort and thus the job-site productivity of a project.
Proper use of the appropriate equipment contributes to economy, quality, safety,
speed and timely completion of a project. Machineries are used for highway projects,
irrigation, buildings, power projects etc and almost 15-30% of total project cost has been
accounted towards equipment and machinery.

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It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners to be
familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment most commonly used in
construction.
Depending on the application, construction machines are classified into various
categories, for examples, (1) Excavating Equipment, (2) Hauling Equipment, (3)
Hoisting Equipment, (4) Conveying Equipment, (5) Compacting Equipment, (6) Pile
Driving Equipment and (7) Concreting Equipment. Table 1.1 and 1.2 shown the
Classification of Construction Equipment in Construction Industry:-

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Table 2.1: Classification of Construction Equipment in Construction Industry
Excavating Equipment Hauling Equipment Hoisting Equipment Conveying Equipment
1. Excavators 1. Truck 1. Forklifts 1. Belt Conveyor
2. Backhoe 2. Dump Truck 2. Hoists 2. Screw Conveyor
3. Front Shovel 3. Dumpers 3. Cranes 3. Bucket Conveyor
4. Dragline 4. Tippers 4. Aerial Conveyor
5. Clamshell
6. Motor Graders
7. Loaders

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Table 2.2: Classification of Construction Equipment in Construction Industry
Compacting Equipment Pile Driving Equipment Concreting Equipment
1. Smooth-wheel Rollers 1. Pile Driving Rigs 1. Concrete Mixers
2. Sheep-foot Rollers 2. Pile Driving Hammers 2. Concrete Transit Mixers
3. Pneumatic-tyred Rollers 3. Concrete Pumps
4. Vibrator

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2.2 Roles of Machinery
Contractors undertake many types of construction activities that require
various types, sizes, and groupings of machineries for excavating, hauling, hoisting,
conveying,compacting, driving and mixing. There is a piece of equipment for
practically any work activity. Construction machineries today is specifically
designed by the manufacturer to perform certain mechanical operations that
accomplish a work activity.
(Bloch and Geitner, 2012) quoted the dependency and need for heavy
construction machineries had grown with the size and complexity of construction
projects. The development of automated heavy construction equipment for earth
moving, excavating, and lifting occurred in the early centuries. Operating and
mechanical principles for most types of equipment are basically the same as when
they are first created. It should be noted that mechanical operations are typical for
most basic classifications of equipment.
2.2.1 Excavating Equipment
There are various types of excavating equipments in current Construction
Industry. Excavator are one of them. They are heavy construction equipment
consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform; known as
the "house". The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.
Excavators are used in many ways; for example, digging of trenches & holes,
material handling, demolition, general grading or landscaping, or heavy
lifting (Hamdija, 2012). Figure 2.1 shown a Excavator:-

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Figure 2.1: Excavator
Backhoe are mainly used to clean up construction areas, to dig holes in the
ground, to smooth uneven ground, to make trenches, ditches and to help remove deep
roots from trees. It can exert high tooth pressures and hence can excavate stiff
material which normally cannot be excavated by dragline (Sagar, 2014). A backhoe,
also called as rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment or digger
consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. They are
typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader. It is used to excavate
below the natural surface on which it rests. Modern backhoes are powered by
hydraulics (Hamdija, 2012). Figure 2.2 shown a Backhoe:-
Figure 2.2: Backhoe

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Front Shovel is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered. It
is used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction
(Hamdija, 2012). They are mounted on crawler tracks to excavate the earth and to
load the trucks. It is used to excavate earth of all classes except hard rock and load it
into wagons. It size varies from 0.375m3 to 5m3. Power shovels are used principally
for excavation and removal of overburden in open-cut mining operations, though it
may include loading of minerals, such as coal. They are the modern equivalent of
steam shovels, and operate in a similar fashion. Front shovel are mainly used for
excavation purposes above its own track or wheel level. They are suitable for heavy
positive cutting in all types of dry soils (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.3 shown a Front
Shovel, and Figure 2.4 and 2.5 shown the difference between Old Front Shovel and
New Front Shovel:-
Figure 2.3: Front Shovel

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Figure 2.4: Old Front Shovel
Figure 2.5: New Front Shovel

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Dragline is used to excavate soft earth from below ground and to deposit or
to load in wagons. They are used for bulk excavation below its track level in loose
soils, marshy land and areas containing water. The dragline is so name because of its
prominent operation of dragging the bucket against the material to be dug. Unlike the
shovel, it has a long light crane boom and the bucket is loosely attached to the boom
through cables. A dragline can dig and dump over larger distances than a shovel can
do. Draglines are useful for digging below its track level and handling softer
materials (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.6 shown a Dragline:-
Figure 2.6: Dragline

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Clamshell consists of a hydraulically controlled bucket suspended from a
lifting arm. It is mainly used for deep confined cutting in pits and trenches. It has
bucket of two halves which are hinged together at top. It is normally used to excavate
soft to medium materials and loose materials. This is so named due to resemblance of
its bucket to a clam which is like a shell-fish with hinged double shell. The front end
is essentially a crane boom with a specially designed bucket loosely attached at the
end through cables as in a dragline (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.7 shown a Clamshell:-
Figure 2.7: Clamshell
In Table 2.3, it compared the type of equipment in Excavating Equipments:-

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Table 2.3: Comparison between Excavating Equipments
No Items of Comparison Power Shovel Backhoe Dragline Clamshell
1 Excavation in hard soil or rock Good Good Not good Poor
2 Excavation in wet soil or mud Poor Poor Moderately good Moderately good
3
Distance between footing and
digging
Small Small Long Long
4 Loading efficiency Very good Good Moderately good Precise but slow
5 Footing required Close to work Close to pit
Fairly away from
pit
Fairly away from
pit
6 Digging level
Digs at or above
footing level
Digs below footing
level
Digs below footing
level
Digs at or below
footing level
7 Cycle time Short
Shortly more than
Power Shovel
More than Power
Shovel
More than the other
equipment

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2.2.2 Hauling Equipment
The equipment used for transportation of material are known as hauling
equipment or simply haulers. Haulers may operate on the roadways or railways. It
involve transportation of building materials, carriage and disposal of excavated earth
and haulage of heavy construction equipment.
Truck have high mobility, good speed and adoptability. The truck capacity
varies from 0.4 Cum to 20 Cum and speed vary from 10 kmph to 30 kmph (Sagar,
2014). Figure 2.8 shown a Construction Truck:-
Figure 2.8: Construction Truck
Dump Truck are fitted with automatic unloading devices. The loading is
normally done by loading shovels or loaders. The trucks have capacity as high as 53
tones. These trucks can either be rear dump truck or side dump truck. They are used
for earth moving purpose and the selection of the type of dump trucks are as specific
job depending on the soil condition (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.9 shown a Side Dump
Truck and Figure 2.10 shown a Rear Dump Truck:-

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Figure 2.9: Side Dump Truck
Figure 2.10: Rear Dump Truck

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A truck or lorry, which the rear platform can be raised at the front end to
enable the load to be discharged by gravity known as Tip Truck. Tippers are suited
for the rough and tumble of mining & quarrying operations, as well as for carrying
bulk loads in construction and infrastructure industries. (Hamdija, 2012). Figure 2.11
shown a Tipper:-
Figure 2.11: Tipper
2.2.3 Hoisting Equipment
Hoisting equipment is the lifting a weight from one location and moving it to
another location which is at a reasonable distance. These equipments are used for
lifting the loads, holding them in suspension during transfer from one place to other
and placing them at designated location. Big projects such as, construction of dams,
industrial buildings etc. require hoisting equipment. Hoisting equipment includes
jacks, hoists and cranes. It constitutes a group of equipment which are employed
mainly for lifting purposes.

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Forklift Truck is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport
materials. Forklift trucks are available in many variations and load capacities. In a
typical warehouse setting most forklifts used have load capacities between one to
five tons. Larger forklift truck is used for lifting heavier loads up to 50 tons lift
capacity (Hamdija, 2012). Figure 2.12 shown a Forklift Truck:-
Figure 2.12: Forklift Truck
Hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or
lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated,
electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its
lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook. This
type of hoist is commonly used on large scale construction projects, such as high-rise
buildings or major hospitals (Sagar, 2014). The purpose of it is to carry personnel,
materials, and equipment quickly between the ground and higher floors, or between
floors in the middle of a structure (Hamdija, 2012). Figure 2.13 shown a Boom Hoist;
Figure 2.14 shown a Electric Hoist and Figure 2.15 shown a Tractor Hoist:-

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Figure 2.13: Boom Hoist
Figure 2.14: Electric Hoist

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Figure 2.15: Tractor Hoist
Crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or
chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move
them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to
other places. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage
and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a man. Cranes are commonly
employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the
construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing
industry for the assembling of heavy equipment. Cranes are considered to be one of
the most important equipment used in construction due to their key role in
performing lifting tasks all over the construction site. Plenty of crane models are
available in different shapes and sizes (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.16 shown a Mobile
Crane and Figure 2.17 shown a Tower Crane:-

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Figure 2.16: Mobile Crane
Figure 2.17: Tower Crane

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2.2.4 Conveying Equipment
Conveyor System is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that
moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in
applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor
systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials.
Caries material in continuous stream with its distinct feature such as endless chain or
belt. When the equipment does horizontal conveying, it is known as conveyor and
when it does vertical, it is known as elevator. In construction industry, conveyors are
mainly used for concreting purpose.
Belt Conveyor is used when large quantities of materials have to be
conveyed over long distances at fast speed. It consists of a belt running over a pair of
end drums or pulleys and supported at regular intervals by a series of rollers called
idlers. These idlers are supported on a conveyor frame. The middle sag provided in
the belt prevents the spilling of material. Generally, rubber is most commonly used
as conveyor belt (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.18 shown a Belt Conveyor:-
Figure 2.18: Belt Conveyor

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Bucket Conveyor has buckets in the shape of ‘V’ which are open at the top.
They may be feeder loaded or may drag in a vertical movement or along an incline.
The length of these type of conveyors are generally limited to 25m due to weight of
the conveyor and strength of the chains. This type of conveyer is mainly used in coal
handling where bucket elevators carry the material vertically (Sagar, 2014). Figure
2.19 shown a Bucket Conveyor:-
Figure 2.19: Bucket Conveyor
2.2.5 Compacting Equipment
Compactors are machines frequently used to compact materials such as soil
in order to increase its density for construction. In addition, compactors are utilized
in landfill tasks.

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Smooth-wheel Roller are most suitable for compacting gravels, sand and
such like materials. It weighing from 5 to 15 tonnes. Normally, used for ordinary
rolling work where deep compaction is not required. These rollers may have one
front and two rear wheels. The rear wheels being usually larger in diameter and the
front one being winder. Weight of rollers may be increased by filling water or sand
ballast in hollow cylinder. These rollers are effective in compacting granular soils,
such as sand, gravel and crushed stone (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.20 shown a Smooth-
wheel Roller:-
Figure 2.20: Smooth-wheel Roller
Pneumatic-tyred Roller gives kneading action as well as compression to the
soil underneath. It is suitable for moderately cohesive silty soils, clayey soils,
gravelly and clen sand. It consists of a base or a platform mounted between two axles.
The rear of which has one more wheel than the front. Most suitable for compacting
fine-grained soil and well graded sands. Ballasting is done using water, sand or pig
iron in order to increase the self weight (Sagar, 2014). Figure 2.21 shown a
Pneumatic-tyred Roller:-

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Figure 2.21: Pneumatic-tyred Roller
2.2.6 Pile Driving Equipment
The process of pile driving involves lifting the piles into position, holding it
to refusal or to a specified depth. Driving is accomplished through hammering the
pile top with a hammer. Equipment are so designed for driven effectively at an
economical cost (Sagar, 2014). Major pile driving equipment are either Pile Driving
Rig or Pile Driving Hammer. Figure 2.22 shown a Pile Driving Rig:-

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Figure 2.22: Pile Driving Rig
2.2.7 Concreting Equipment
Concreting Equipment are mainly used for weighing and mixing large
quantity of concrete constituents; capacity at 20 cum/hr to 250 cum/hr. Concrete is
basically mixture of cement, aggregate and water, then deposited and permitted to
solidify. Operation involved in concrete production are batching, mixing, handling,
placing, finishing and curing. The quality of concrete depends on the time taken on
mixing it.

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Concrete Mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate
such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a
revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete
mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving
the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens (Hamdija, 2012). They
are mainly used for mixing small quantities of concrete constituents at the capacity of
200lt per batch. Figure 2.23 shown a Concrete Mixer:-
Figure 2.23: Concrete Mixer
Concrete Transit Mixer are mainly used for transporting concrete from
batching point at the capacity of 3 cum to 9 cum. Figure 2.24 shown a Concrete
Transit Mixer:-

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Figure 2.24: Concrete Transit Mixer
Concrete Pump are used for horizontal and vertical transportation of large
volumes of concrete in short duration at capacity of 30 cum/hr for ordinary
construction and 120 cum/hr for specialized construction. Figure 2.25 shown a
Concrete Pump:-
Figure 2.25: Concrete Pump

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2.3 Importances of Machinery
In order to increase work efficiency, it is essential for people to be aware of
different types of equipment and their specific uses. With this, it eliminates the
heavy manual work by human thus reducing fatigue and eliminates various
other hazards and health issues.
Nowadays, many types of equipment are used in the construction area. When
Contractor is considering on the projects, they need to be aware that there will be so
many equipment that will be needed (Best Construction Tools, 2015). These
equipment are dedicated to bring ease and convenience for people to have in
their work. It is a fact that not all work can be done by man alone. Therefore
equipment helps to carry out activities which cannot be done manually and to do
them more economically and much faster. It is essential for people and
construction workers to improve their work and have convenience and improvement
with the help of equipment (Best Construction Tools, 2015).
Within the area, there are so many equipment that will help Contractor to aid
his work. It is necessary for him to know all about the different work equipment for
them to use in a particular site of work in order to increase the rate of output
through work progress with the best effective and efficient methods.
With regards to the improvement of work production, there are so many
things in which people need to provide their team or group. Construction is
considered to be an area where people should be large in number in order for them to
work effectively. In order to satisfactorily further work efficiency, it is necessary for
people to know of the different groups of tools in construction and their specific uses
just to facilitate and further the improvement of work (Best Construction Tools,
2015). Hence, it helps to maintain the high quality standards often required by
present-day design and specifications.

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Lastly, it is essential for Contractor to know what are the necessary works
needed to be done in the areas of construction. In order to provide the equipment
need, they should know the nature of the construction work orders. It is needed for
people to assess properly what are the needed tools for construction. Moreover, it is
necessary for Contractor, to know and comply what are needed to increase work
productivity. Also, it is necessary for Contractor to know about the needs so that
there would be work efficiency throughout the project (Best Construction Tools,
2015). Contractor should think ahead about these things so that a good job
production can be produced hence reducing the overall construction costs
especially for large contracts and also able to maintain the planned rate of
production when there is a shortage of skilled or unskilled labor.
2.4 Concept on Selection of Machinery
(Deodhar, 2012) quoted a proper selection of equipment for a construction
project is of vital importance for its speedy and economical completion. Selection of
equipment has become more complicated as large variety of equipment are being
manufactured nowadays. For selection of equipment, a considerable experience in
the operation and maintenance in the field is essential. Records kept for operation,
maintenance and actual output obtained under comparable conditions of previous
projects will greatly help in taking decision for equipment selection.
With the undertaking of new projects and the retirement of old machinery and
equipment, it becomes necessary to acquire new construction equipment. In this
stage, sufficient knowledge base of current brands and products is necessary. It is
also important to determine what sort of equipment and capacity is needed. In fact,
selection of equipment for the project is one of the key decisions in planning and
executing a construction project, which affects how the work will be done, the time
required to complete the work, and the cost that will be accrued.

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Generally, an equipment manager is responsible of selecting the equipment,
whereas it is the responsibility of the construction planning group to select
equipment. Nevertheless, both the inventory of equipment in hand and the standard
equipment policy play an important role in equipment selection. Therefore, final
decision on the equipment required for the projects is generally given by equipment
managers, project managers, and construction planning group together (Deodhar,
2012). Once the selection of equipment is made, a choice has to be made whether to
buy, rent, or lease the equipment. These decisions are given based on the economic
standing and strategy of the firm, and the nature and frequency of equipment use.
(Singh, 2001) quoted the contractor may decide on the choice of the
manufacture based on its own past experience of from experience of other. A
different kind of information is needed to be collected before selecting a particular
manufacturer. Trade catalogues and advertisement in trade journals are important
source of information for evaluation and sourcing of equipment. The information
collected about equipment should include:-
1. Name of manufacturer
2. Model number
3. Engine type, horse power and speed
4. Machine dimensions
5. Type of controls
6. Operating pressure
7. Fuel consumption
8. Type of transmission
9. Weight
10. Warranty periods
11. Maintenance details

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2.4.1 Common Factors affecting Selection of Equipment
Every equipment has certain factors in common and which must be taken into
consideration while selecting equipment. Firstly, scope of work to be carried out
must be taken into consideration. Since the first concern is getting the job done, the
time frame within which the work is required to be carried out, the specification of
work and the methodology adopted will be of primary concern (Chinchore & Khare,
2014).
Next, suitability of the equipment to the job conditions. Selected equipment
should suit the demands of the job conditions. Hence, climate of region and working
conditions should be kept in view while selecting the type of equipment (Chinchore
& Khare, 2014).
Moreover, the availability of spare parts during breakdown of equipment.
Sometimes, in order to acquire necessary spare parts, it can causes a long idle periods
while waiting for it, especially on imported equipment. Availability of spare parts at
reasonable cost during the entire working life should be assured while selecting a
particular type of equipment (Chinchore & Khare, 2014).
Furthermore, versatility on the construction equipment. If possible, the
selected equipment should be capable of performing more than one function and
should have feature of inter convertibility as far as possible (Chinchore & Khare,
2014).
Last but not least, the selection of manufacturer. It is desirable to have
equipment of the same manufacturer on a project and to have minimum number of
different makes of equipment. The quality of local dealers is also important
(Chinchore & Khare, 2014).

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2.5 Summary of review of Literature
The reviews of related literature consist of the roles of machinery in
construction industry, what are the consequences of these machinery in construction
industry, and the selection of machinery in construction industry. It concludes with a
section of summarizing the perceptions gained from the literature review.
2.5.1 Findings in relation to Objective 1
In this section, it covered the classification on construction machinery into
various categories, for examples, (1) Excavating Equipment, (2) Hauling Equipment,
(3) Hoisting Equipment, (4) Conveying Equipment, (5) Compacting Equipment, (6)
Pile Driving Equipment and (7) Concreting Equipment. It also shown and explained
different types of machinery in each categories.
2.5.2 Findings in relation to Objective 2
In this section, it covered the importances of construction machinery.The
reasons why construction machinery are needed and what is the benefit of using
construction machinery.
2.5.3 Findings in relation to Objective 3
In this section, it covered on the selection of construction machinery. It
explained how a construction machinery are being selected and what are the factors
affecting its selection, in order to achieve its purposes.

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References
1 Bloch, H. and Geitner, F. (2012). Machinery failure analysis and troubleshooting.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
2 Best Construction Tools. (2015). The Importance of Construction Equipment and
How They Benefit Workers. Retrieved on 24 November 2015, from
https://bestconstructiontools.wordpress.com/2015/04/20/the-importance-of-
construction-equipment-and-how-they-benefit-workers/
3 Deodhar, S. V. (2012). Construction Equipment and Job Planning. Khanna
Publisher: Forth Edition.
4 Singh, J. (2001). Heavy Construction – Planning, Equipment and Methods.
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.: Second Edition.
5 Hamdija, V. (2012). 5. construction equipment Building Construction.
Slideshare.net. Retrieved 21 November 2015, from
http://www.slideshare.net/hamo92/5-construction-equipment-building-
construction/
6 Sagar, R. (2014). Construction equipments - Introduction and Classification.
Slideshare.net. Retrieved 22 November 2015, from
http://www.slideshare.net/SagarRadadiya/construction-equipments-introduction-
and-classification/
7 Chinchore, N. D., & Khare, P. P. R. (2014). Planning and Selection of Heavy
Construction Equipment in Civil Engineering, 4(12), 29–31.