Construction Equipment and other details .pptx

CE 309
Advance Construction Technology
Credit 1.5
Maruf Hossain Hredoy
BSc in CE,KUET
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
Dhaka International University
Department of Civil Engineering

Construction Equipments 2
CE 309: Advance Construction Technology and HES
Sessional
1.50 credit, 3 hrs/week.
Course contents:
Advance Construction Technology: introduction with different
construction equipments and their suppliers; strategic analysis of the
performance of different construction equipments of CATERPILLER,
HITACHI and other prominent companies; application of different
machineries in building, road, rail, airfield, bridge, and other sector of
construction; advance HES tools for construction; Market Analysis:
market survey on local construction and finish goods; short case study
on different items availability; source segregation; fire hydrants and
other safety equipments.
HES practices & policies and Legal Aspects of Construction in
Bangladesh: HES practices in BD and all around the world; discussion
on Labor law, public procurement rules and ISO 9001; Comparison
with U.S. legal systems applicable to civil engineering and construction;
Introduction to ISO 14001.

Marks Distribution
Attendance and Class performance 20 marks
Lab Report 20 marks
Lab Final Exam 20 marks
Lab Based Project Work 20 marks
Viva Voce 20 marks
Total =(20+20+20+20+20)=100 marks

Grade Distribution
Obtained Marks Grade GPA
80-100 A+ 4.00
75-79 A 3.75
70-74 A- 3.50
65-69 B+ 3.25
60-64 B 3.00
55-59 B- 2.75
50-54 C+ 2.50
45-49 C 2.25
40-44 D 2.00
0-39 F 0.00

CGPA Calculation
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1
3
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒔𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓

CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENTS

⮚ Construction equipment
⮚ International Standards and Guidelines for Civil Engineering
⮚ Safety Standards for Construction Equipment
Study Plan

Definition
What is construction equipment?
Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially
designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones
involving earthwork operations. They are also known as heavy
machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment, engineering
equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics.
Example: Bulldozers, Excavator, Concrete Vibrator, Wheel
Loader, Concrete mixing plant etc.

What is the role of equipment in
construction?
Construction machinery refers to the various types of heavy
equipment used in the construction industry to perform tasks
such as excavation, grading, paving, and lifting. Some
common types of construction machinery include excavators,
bulldozers, cranes, backhoes, and loaders

The sources of power of construction equipment are given
bellow:
1. Hydraulic or pneumatic systems
2. Gasoline
3. Diesel fuel
4. Natural gas
5. Battery-powered building and construction equipment such
as loaders and spreaders are also available.
Source of Power

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENTS
1. Earth moving equipment
2. Hauling equipment
3. Hoisting equipment
4. Conveying equipment
5. Aggregate and concrete production
equipment
6. Pile driving equipment
7. Tunneling and rock drilling equipment
8. Pumping and dewatering equipment
9. Dredging equipment

FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT
❖ Use of equipment available with the organization
❖ Suitability for job condition with special reference
to climatic and operating conditions
❖ Uniformity of type
❖ Size of equipment
❖ Use of standard equipment
❖ Country of origin
❖ Unit cost of production
❖ Availability of spare parts and selection of
manufacturers

1.Earth Moving Equipments:
The equipment which perform excavation, digging
of large quantities of earth , moving them to
distances , placement , compacting, leveling, dozing,
grading, hauling etc., are called earth moving
equipment.

FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
❖ Volume of material to be removed
❖ Height of the excavation
❖ Disposal of the excavated material
❖ Distance of excavation site to hauling units
❖ Material to be removed from site
❖ Type of soil to be excavated
❖ Duration of project (for excavation)

Classification
:
❑ Excavating equipment
❑ Excavating and earth moving
equipment
Types of earth excavation equipments:
a) Power shovel
b) Back hoe
c) Drag line
d) Clam shell

a) Power Shovel
▪ Long-lasting.
▪ Excavate all types of earth except hard rock
BASIC PARTS:
* Track system * Cabin
* Cables * Rack & stick
* Boom foot pin * Saddle block
* Boom point sheave * bucket ( Size = .375 m3 to 5 m3)

• Operation:
Cable controlled & it makes outward strokes
while digging.
• Applications:
⮚Close range of work.
⮚Very hard materials, big sized boulders.
⮚Digging in gravel banks, clay pits, cuts in road works,
road side berms etc.,
a) Power Shovel

a) Power Shovel

• Also termed as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel.
• Used to excavate below the surface of equipment - it caves into
the ground.
Basic parts:
* Boom
* Boom foot drum
* Stick, bucket
Operation:
* jack boom
* boom sheave
* bucket sheave
• Similar to shovel except it makes inward strokes while digging.
Application:
• Digging below machine level like trenches, footings, basements.
• To trim the surface (dressing).
b) Back Hoe

b) Back Hoe

• The drag line is so name because of its prominent
operation of dragging the bucket against the material to
be dug.
• Unlike the shovel, it has a long light crane boom and the
bucket is loosely attached to the boom through cables.
• Because of this construction, a dragline can dig and dump
over larger distances than a shovel can do.
• Drag lines are useful for digging below its track level and
handling softer materials.
c) Drag Line

Basic parts:
* Boom
* Drag cable
* Drag chain
* Hoist cable
* Hoist chain
* Bucket
Applications:
o Dragging softer material and below its track level
o It is very useful for excavating trenches when the sides are
permitted to establish their angle of repose without shoring.
o It has long reaches.
o Excavationfor canals and depositing on the
embankment
without hauling units.
c) Drag Line

c) Drag Line

Construction Equipments
26
• This is so named due to resemblance of its bucket to a clam
which is like a shell-fish with hinged double shell.
• The front end is essentially a crane boom with a specially
designed bucket loosely attached at the end through cables as in
a drag line.
• The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually given in cubic
meters.
• The basic parts of clam shell bucket are the closing line, hoist
line, sheaves, brackets, tagline, shell and hinge.
d) Clam Shell

• Application:
• Used for handling loose material such
as crushed stone, sand, gravel, coal etc.
• Main feature is vertical lifting of material from one location to
another.
• Mainly used for removing material from coffer dam, sewer main
holes, well foundations etc.
d) Clam Shell

d) Clam Shell

Comparison between different types of equipment
S.No. Items of comparison
Power
shovel
Back hoe Drag line Clam shell
1
Excavation in hard soil or
rock
Good Good Not good Poor
2
Excavation in wet soil or
mud
Poor Poor Moderately good Moderately good
3
Distance between footing
and digging
Small Small Long Long
4 Loading efficiency Very good Good Moderately good Precise but slow
5 Footing required Close to work Close to pit
Fairly away from
pit
Fairly away from
pit
6 Digging level
Digs at or
above footing
level
Digs below
footing level
Digs below
footing level
Digs at or below
footing level
7 Cycle time Short
Construction
Shortly more
than power
Equipmshenotvsel
More than power
shovel
More than the
other
equipm3e1nt

EXCAVATING AND EARTH
MOVING EQUIPMENT
Types
1. Motor graders
2. Bull dozers
3. Tractors

o They may be either towed or motorised.
o Usually self propulsive.
Construction:
• Front of the grader frame is supported on a pair of front wheels
& rear on tandem wheels.
• Curved blade is supported on the circle and be turned through
360 degree.
• Blade has replaceable edges.
• Cutting depth - 2-4cms.
Motor Graders

• USES:
* Gravel road repairing
* Bank cutting
* Base course spreading
* Snow, land clearance
* Road shoulder reshaping
* Ditch filling
* Material mixing
* Frozen top soil, asphalt
breaking
Motor Graders

Motor Graders

• Versatile equipment- essentially a heavy steel blade
mounted on the front of tractor.
• Construction:
❖ Consist of heavy blade with concave profile.
❖ Blade is attached to the body with two arms, a supporting
frame & held by two push arms
• Application:
❖ Spreading earth fill
❖ Clearing, opening up pilot roads
❖ Back filling trenches
❖ Clearing construction sites
Bull Dozers

Bull Dozers

❑ Multi purpose machines mainly used for pulling and pushing
other machines for agricultural purposes.
Types:
1. Wheel type ( <50 km/hr )
1. Crawler type ( <12 km/hr )
Applications:
❖ Clearing & excavating machinery
❖ Hauling & conveying machinery
Tractor
s

Wheel
Tractors

Crawler
Tractors

Comparison between crawler and wheeled tractors
Crawler type Wheeled type
1. Slow speed 1. Greater speed
2. More compact and powerful and can
handle heavier jobs
2. Con handle only lighter jobs
3. Costly 3. Cheaper
4. Cost of operation and maintenance is
high
4. Operational and maintenance cost
is less
5. Stick control for steering 5. Wheel steering control
6. Moves on rough roads only 6. Moves on rough as well as good roads
7. Used for short distances 7.Used for longer distances
8. Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Construction
8. Lesser skills required for
operations, maintenance and repairs
Equipments 43

EARTH COMPACTION
EQUIPMENTS
Types
1. Smooth – wheel rollers
1. Sheep – foot rollers

⮚ Plain steel rollers
⮚ Self – propelled (5 to 25 tonnes)
⮚ No deep compaction
⮚ Rear wheels are larger in diameter and the front ones are wider
⮚ Diesel engine type
⮚ Compaction is by static weight of roller
Suitability:
⮚ Granular soils
⮚ Sand
⮚ Gravel
⮚ Crushed stones
Smooth-Wheel Rollers

Smooth-Wheel Rollers

❑ Hollow steel drum with projected feet mounted at 100 to 200
mmc/c
❑ Weight - 15 tonnes
❑ Speed - 25 km/hr
❑ Compaction is by kneading action
❑ In convertible rollers the foot plate can be removed
❑ In turn foot rollers the individual sheep foot can be changed
Suitability:
Clay, predominantly cohesive and impervious soil
Sheep-Foot Rollers

Sheep-Foot Rollers

PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
• Pile is a structural member driven into the ground for the
purpose of transferring surface loads
• They are effective at an economical cost
Equipments needed:
✔ Pile driven rigs
✔ Guide leaders
✔ Pile driving hammers
✔ Additional aids for pre boring, jetting etc.
✔ Boiler for steam raising or air compressor.

• Pile Driving Rigs provide basic operation of lifting the pile,
holding the pile in position, hammering it into the ground or of
pulling it out of the ground and guiding the pile in the desired
direction of movements.
• It supports the boom, the winch, mechanism, driving hammer, the
guiding leaders and a platform for mounting the auxiliary
equipment such as jet pumps, drilling auger etc.
Type
s 1. Skid mounted
2. Crane mounted
3. Floating rigs
Pile Driven Rigs

1.Skid Mounted rigs

2.Crane Mounted rigs

3.Floating rigs

• The leadersguide the pile and the hammer
during operation
which extents to the entire height of the rigs.
• In case pile driven below the rigs in to excavations or trenches
extensible leaders are used.
• It enable hammer to deliver blow axially to pile.
Guiding leaders

Guiding leaders

Hammers
Types
1. Drop hammer
2. Single acting hammer
3. Double acting hammer
4. Differential acting hammer
5. Vibratory hammer

HAULING EQUIPMENTS
❑Hauling is defined as movement of materials from
one place to another place.
❑Equipments used for this process is hauling
equipments.
Types
1.Dump trucks
2.Dumpers

Side Dump
Truck

Bottom Dump
Truck

❖ High speed pneumatic wheeled trucks with short chasis and
strong bodies.
❖ Suitable for short hauls on rough roads and specially where a
shuttle movement is required.
2.Dumpers

EQUIPMENTS FOR
MATERIAL HANDLING &
ERECTION OF
STRUCTURES

Construction
Equipments
6
Type
s
Handling devices
or Hoisting equipments
1. Block and tackle
2. Hoists
3. Elevators
❑ Vertical motion devices
1. Hand trucks
2.Narrow gauge rail road
3. Tractors &
trailors
3. Skids
3. Pipeline
❑ Horizontal motion device
❑ Combination devices
1. Chute
1. Fork lift truck
1. Cranes 6

❖ Vertical Motion Devices >> 1. Block and
tackle
⮚Oldest & Simplest one.
⮚Use only mechanical
power.
⮚Inexpensive device.
⮚But, Waste of manpower.

Block and
Tackle

❖ Vertical Motion Devices >> 2.
Hoist
✔ Operated b/w fixed guide rails.
✔ Operated by Hand, Compressed
air or by electric power.
✔ Same as elevators but operator
does not go up but operated from
one point to others.

❖ Vertical Motion Devices >> 3.
Elevators
⮚ Same as Hoists but operator
can go up with the load.
⮚ Electrical type elevator is best.
⮚If not Hydraulic type elevator is
used.

❖ Horizontal Motion Devices >>1 . Hand
Trucks
⮚Simplest one still in use.
⮚Require large manpower to use.
⮚Advantages are small cost,
flexibility, easy transportation
from one place to another place.

Hand
Trucks
Equipments
Construction 78

❖ Horizontal Motion Devices
2. Narrow Gauge Rail Road
✔ Very Expensive.
✔ Used in industries like blast
furnace, copper refineries,
steel rolling operations etc.

3. Tractors & Trailors
⮚Most widely used.
⮚Different tailors can
be attached to
tractors.
⮚ Less costly than narrow

4.Skids
✔ Wheeled or Plain trollies over which
materials are loaded and picked up by
lift trucks.
✔ Used to transfer load from
position to position.

5. Pipeline
✔ Pipeline and pumps are used for
horizontal transportation of materials.
✔ Used to transfer fluids and gaseous
material.

❖ Combination Devices >> 1.
Chute
⮚ Used for both horizontal and vertical
movements.
⮚ May be straight or spiral forms.
⮚ Used in Packing industry, Railway
& Air terminals.

CHUTE

❖ Combination Devices >> 2. Fork Lift
Truck
✔ It is provided with fork which
receives the load at G.L. &
elevates hydraulically to desired
height.
✔ No need of Manual lifting.
✔ Self loading & unloading.

❑ They may be electrically operated, diesel operated or
electric drive.
diesel-
Classification:
i. Derrick cranes.
ii. Mobile cranes.
iii. Tower cranes.
❖ Combination Devices >> 3.
Crane
❑ Used in construction projects, shipping, industries etc.

PARTS:
• * Mast
TYPES:
* boom * bull wheel.
• * Guy-derrick
OPERATION:
* stiff leg derrick.
• The boom can revolve through 360 degree.
• It can carry loads upto 200 tons.
• When the load is less than 50 tons guy ropes are replaced by trussed
structure.
• Stiff leg derrick can carry 7- 50 tons.
❖ Combination Devices >> 3.i Derrick
Crane

❖ Derrick Crane
❑Uses:
✔ Loading and unloading cargoes at ports.
✔ To handle loose materials like sand, ballast, coal.
✔ In construction projects, industrial, multistoreyed
building construction.
✔ Plant errection.

❖ Derrick Crane

❖ Combination Devices >> 3.ii Mobile
Crane
⮚ They are either crawler mounted or wheel mounted.
⮚ Crawler mounted are highly maneuverable and operate on
unmade ground.
⮚ Suitable for rough terrains.
⮚ Operate in a limited area.
⮚ Truck mounted cranes have high mobility.
⮚ Speed - 70-75 km/hr.
⮚ Load – 3 to 160 tons.

❖ Derrick Crane

❖ Mobile Crane

❖ Combination Devices >> 3.iii Tower
Crane
⮚ It has a truss structure welded from angle bars and channels.
⮚ Ladders are provided for ease.
⮚ They can be assembled and dismantled.
⮚ Used in industrial and residential high rise building.
⮚ Also commonly used in industrial plants with steel structures.

❖ Tower
Crane

BATCHING, MIXING
AND PLACING OF
CONCRETE

✔ Proportionating the ingredients of concrete for a particular mix.
✔ Weigh batching is commonly used.
Types
1.Manual batching
2.Semi - automatic batching
3.Automatic batching
BATCHER
S

❖ Concrete Batcher

❑ Mixing all the ingredients of concrete to make a mix of specified
consistency
❑ Factors governing mixing:
❖ Correct setting of machine
❖ Proper cleaning of blades
❖ Sequence of material charged
❖ Timely supply of water
❖ Direction of in - flow
❖ Speed and time of mixing
❑ Types:
⮚ Drum type mixers - tilting & non - tilting
⮚ Pan type mixers
CONCRETE MIXERS

Concrete Mixers

✔ Usually done through buckets carried on rail roads or tracks.
✔ Dump trucks and belt conveyors are also used.
✔ Cable ways can be used or the hoisting of buckets may be
done with the help of cranes.
CONCRETE PLACERS

Concrete Placers

DREDGING
EQUIPMENTS

DREDGING
❑ Used for excavation from river bed, lake, sea for the purpose of
deepening them.
Types
1. Dipper dredger
2. Back hoe dredger
3.Bucket or ladder dredger
4.Grab dredger
5. Suction dredger

1. Dipper Dredger

2. Back Hoe Dredger

3. Ladder
Dredger

4. Grab Dredger

4. Grab Dredger
ent
s
Construction Equipm 111

TRENCHER
S

⮚ Consists of a pair of circular rims connected by u shaped
buckets or cutters.
⮚ Self propelled.
⮚ The excavating device is connected to a means of conveying.
⮚ Width
⮚ Depth
- 12
m
- 3 m
❖ Operation:
* Cable drive
WHEEL
TRENCHERS

❖ Uses:
>> For laying
✔ Water, gas, oil pipe
lines
✔ Telephone cables
✔ Drainage
✔ Sewers
WHEEL
TRENCHERS

❖ Wheel
Trenchers

❖ Ladder Type Trenchers
❑ SIMILAR TO WHEEL TRENCHER EXCEPT BUCKETS ARE PROVIDED
WITH CHAIN LINKS ON LADDER TYPE FRAME OR BOOM.
ADVANTAGES:
1. FASTER AND CHEAPER.
1. DIGS NECESSARY DEPTH.
1. CONTINUOUS PROCESS.

❖ Ladder Type
Trenchers

Feller buncher
Uses:
∙ It is used in logging.
∙ It is a motorized vehicle with an attachment
that can rapidly cut and gather several trees
before felling them.

Uses:
∙ A skidder is any type of heavy vehicle used in a logging
operation for pulling cut trees out of a forest in a process called
"skidding", in which the logs are transported from the cutting site
to a landing.
Skidder

Uses:
∙ In civil engineering, a wheel
tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy
equipment used for earthmoving.
Scrapper

Uses:
∙ A pile driver is a mechanical device used to drive piles (poles) into
soil to provide foundation support for buildings or other structures.
∙ The term is also used in reference to members of the construction
crew that work with pile-driving rigs.
Pile Driver

Uses:
∙ Tamping machine or ballast tamper is a machine used to pack
(or tamp) the track ballast under railway tracks to make the
tracks more durable. Prior to the introduction of mechanical
tampers, this task was done by manual labour with the help of
beaters.
Tamping
Machine

Uses:
∙ Used to move heavy load.
∙ Carry load vertically.
Tower Crane

Uses:
∙ Crushers is used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste
materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled
∙ It is used to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in
rock ore), so that pieces of different composition can be
differentiated.
Stone Crusher

Uses:
∙ Used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a
variety of soil and rock strata.
∙ It may also be used for microtunneling.
∙ It can bore through anything from hard rock to sand.
Tunnel Drilling
Machines

Uses:
∙ It provide power.
∙ A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy for use in an external circuit.
∙ Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids.
Generator

Uses:
∙ The prime objective of soil stabilization is to improve the California
Bearing Ratio of in-situ soils by 4 to 6 times.
∙ The other prime objective of soil stabilization is to improve on-site
materials to create a solid and strong sub-base and base courses.
∙ It is used in road construction.
Soil Stabilizer

Uses:
∙ It is used for concrete curing.
∙ It is very easy to move.
∙ It spray water all over the concrete.
Concrete Curing
Equipment

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