This document discusses various tools and machines used for soil excavation in construction projects. It describes both hand tools like spades, shovels, and pickaxes that are used for smaller excavations, as well as heavy machinery like excavators, bulldozers, dump trucks, graders, and rollers that are used for larger projects and moving excavated soil. The document provides detailed descriptions and pictures of different types of excavation equipment based on their mechanism and intended use in construction.

1. CHENAB COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Engineering Economy And Construction Management
Tools And Plants( T & P )
 Submitted To: Engr. Faisal Iqbal
 Submitted By: Rana Ghafran
 Registration No: 2016-UET-CCET-CIVIL-33
Marks: _____________ Signature: ____________
SOIL EXCAVATION TOOLS AND MACHINES IN
CONSTRUCTION.

2. There are different types of soil excavation tools and machines used in construction.
Excavation of soil is necessary in construction point of view and it should be done by hand
tools or machineries based on the area of the land or depth of excavation.
By the process of excavation, the land is cleaned from tree roots, strums, organic impurities
etc., which should harm to the foundation.
Types of Soil Excavation Tools and Machines:
Now a days, for the soil excavation there are so many equipment’s are there and these
are classified into two types.
 Hand tools
 Machineries
Hand tools for Soil Excavation:
These are generally used for smaller depths of excavations in small areas. Man power
is required to operate these tools. The tools come under this category are explained
below.
Spade
Spade is a tool which consists metal plate having sharp
edges, the plate is attached to long handle which is generally
made up of wood. Because of its sharp edges the soil can be
dig easily. The metal plate having less curvature in the spade
so, we cannot lift the soil by spade.
Shovel
Shovel is tool which is used for the purpose of lifting of
excavated soil. It is also similar to spade the difference between
spade and shovel is the difference in leading edge. The
curvature of metal plate of shovel is generally higher when
compared to spade so we can hold the soil easily and lifted it.
Shovel can also be used for digging purpose in case of soft
soils, sand etc.

3. Hoe
Hoe is an excavating tool which consists a metal plate
attached to a long handle with acute angle. The plate
having sharp edge is used to excavate the soil. For small
work of excavation it is widely preferred tool.
Sometimes metal plate is replaced by fork type plate.
Trowel
Trowel is hand sized tool which is generally used to dig
the small trenches in soil or to remove the shallow roots
in soil.
Rake
Rake is a tools which is having a horizontal rod having
metal teeth and is used to remove the small layers of soil.
Pick axe
Pick axe consists hard spike attached perpendicular to
handle. They are used for excavating small trenches in
soil. Pick axe can cut the soil even if the soil is of hard
type. The metal spike is pointed on one side and wide
blade is provided on the other side.
Mattock
This looks like pickaxe. But serious digging is not
possible with mattock. Generally it is used as lifting tool
because of its curve shapes metal at its bottom.

4. Machinery Tools for Soil Excavation:
These are the tools which are operated by mechanical force and are used for the larger depths of
excavations. There are so many types of machine tools with ease of operation are designed in
this modern day period.
Tracked Excavator
This is also called as track hoe. It consists of cabinet
and long arm. Long arm again consists of 2 parts. The
first part which is closure to cabinet is called as Boom
and the other part is called as Dipper-stick. Digging
bucket is attached to the end of dipper. This entire
system can rotate 360 degrees. In this case Vehicle is
moved by traction, so we can use this equipment in
mines, forestry, pipeline industries etc. the function of
excavator is done by hydraulic fluid so, it is also
called as hydraulic excavators.
Wheeled Excavator
This whole arrangement is similar to the tracked
excavator except that the movement of vehicle is done
by wheels. It can move quickly when compared to
tracked excavator but it is not suitable for uneven
grounds or hilly areas because of slippery nature. So
these are generally used for road constructions etc.
Back Hoe Excavator
In case of back hoe excavator, the hoe arrangement is on
back side and loader bucket is arranged in front of the
vehicle. So two operations digging and loading or lifting
is done by hoe and loader. This is widely used
equipment nowadays because of its small size and
versatility. This is moved with the help of wheels. so,
moving from one workstation to another is quickly
done.

5. Bulldozer
Bulldozer consists of hard steel plate with sharp edge at its
front. This sharp edge is helps the plate to cut the soil and for
excavation. The metal plate can be raised and lowered with
the help of hydraulic arms. The bulldozers are available in
both tracked and wheeled form. These are widely used for
the works of soil excavations, weak rock strata removal,
lifting of soil etc.
Dragline Excavators
Dragline excavators consists large length boom. A cable is hanged
from the top of the boom and digging bucket is suspended to the
cable. Generally dragline excavators are used for larger depth
excavations like port construction, under water sediment removal
etc. These are heavy equipment with greater economy.
Trenchers
Trenchers are the equipment’s used to dig trenches in the ground. These are also available in
many sizes based on our requirement. The trenches dug are generally used for drainage purpose,
pipeline laying, cable laying. The trenchers are generally available in two types.
 Chain trenchers
 Wheeled trenchers
Chain trenchers
Chain trencher consists of a fixed arm called boom around
which digging chain is arranged. The chain is very hard and
consists sharp tooth. Whenever it is driven into ground the
chain rotates around boom with rapid force and cuts the
ground. By adjusting the angle of the boom we can manage
the depth to be excavated. It cuts the soil with hard strata
which cannot excavate by bucket type excavator. In case of
smaller chain trenchers wheeled vehicles are available and
for larger chain trenchers are available in tracked form.

6. Wheeled trenchers
In case of wheeled trencher, toothed metal wheel is used as
trenching tool. This equipment is available in both tracked and
wheeled form of vehicles. When compared to chain trencher the
wheeled trencher can cut harder soil strata. It is also used to cut
pavement surface while road repair works. Economically also
wheeled trencher is better than the chain trencher.
Dumpers
Dump trucks or dumpers generally vary in size from 1 to about 80
tonne capacity. Large capacity machines are also available but are
generally used in mines, quaries or open cast sites. In recent years
articulated dump trucks with capacities upto 35 tonne have become
popular as they are versatile and are especially suitable for hauling on
softer sub grades. The speed of tipping in increased over a road lorry
by the absence of a tailgate. Small dumper units are available for
work on small sites and mounted dump trucks are also available with
load capacities upto about 20 tonne.
Dozers
Bulldozer is a tractor equipped with affront pusher blade, which can
be raised and lowered by hydraulic rams. An angle dozer has a blade
that is capable of being set an angle to push material sideways whilst
the tractor moves forward. The tractor unit is usually mounted on
crawler tracks thus allowing it to travel over and push off a wide
variety of ground conditions although wheel mounted units is
available. Blades are manufactured in a variety of styles but are all of
heavy duty construction with a hardened steel basal leading edge
driven into the ground to cut and push the material to be excavated.
Dozers have a wide variety of roles including excavating soils and
weak rocks, ripping moving excavated material over short distances
spreading materials, trimming earthworks and acting as a pusher to
boost the effective power of scrapers and other plants. Wide ranges of
crawler units are available ranging from 45 to 575 kW.

7. Scraper
Scraper can excavate load and deposit material in one cycle and may be
towed or self propelled. It consists of a centrally mounted bowl, the
bottom, leading edge of which can be controlled. Both towed and self
propelled scrapers are effectively articulated between the front motorized
or towing unit and the bowl and larger self propelled scraper may second
engine mounted on the rear.
Graders
Graders are used to spread fill and finely trim the subgrade. They
consists of a blade which can rotate in a circular arc about a sub
horizontal axis and which is supported beneath a longitudinal frame
joining the front steering wheels and the rear drive wheels. The front
wheels are generally articulated whilst the rear wheels are set in tandem
beneath the motor and control units. The blade is used to trim and
redistribute soil and therefore graders usually operate in the forward
direction.
Roller
construction of roads and foundations. Similar rollersare used also at
landfills or in agriculture A roller (sometimes called a roller-
compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type engineering vehicle used
to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the.
Clamshell
buckets are commonly used in dredging, excavation or material
handling, however, each application has its unique requirements and
has to be designed optimally for maximum efficiency. We design,
develop and manufacture both hydraulic and mechanical clamshell
used on excavators and cranes.

8. Loader
a loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move
aside or load materials such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow,
feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand,
woodchips, etc. into or onto another type of machinery (such as a
dump truck, conveyor belt etc.
CONCRETE
Concrete Batch Plant
A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant orbatching
plant or a concrete batching plant, is equipment that combines
various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs
include water, air, admixtures, sand, aggregate (rocks, gravel,
etc.), fly ash, silica fume, slag, and cement.it used in big
project.
Concrete Mixer
A concrete mixer (often mistakenly called a cement mixer) is a
device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as
sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete
mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components.
Concrete Transit Mixer
A concrete mixer (often mistakenly called a cement mixer) is a
device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as
sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer
uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume
works portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete
can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time
to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is
mixing concrete by hand. This is usually done in a wheelbarrow;
however, several companies have recently begun to sell modified
tarps for this purpose.

9. Concrete Pump
A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring
liquid concrete by pumping. There are two types ofconcrete pumps. ...
It is known as a boom concrete pump because it uses a remote-
controlled articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to
place concreteaccurately.
HOIST
A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around
which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use
chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium
Boom Hoist Crane
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and
sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used
for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places.

10. Chain Hoist Crane
A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum
or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually
operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or
wire rope as its lifting medium. ... Most hoists couple to their loads using
a lifting hook.
Electrical Hoist Crane
A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-
wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically
or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium
Derrick Crane
A derrick is a lifting device composed at minimum of one guyed mast, as
in a gin pole, which may be articulated over a load by adjusting its guys.
... To lift a load, a separate line runs up and over the mast with a hook on
its free end, as with acrane.
Mobile Crane
A mobile crane is a cable-controlled crane mounted on crawlers or
rubber-tired carriers or a hydraulic-powered crane with a telescoping
boom mounted on truck-type carriers or as self-propelled models.

11. Tower Crane
The TOWER CRANE is a fixed Crane and have to be mounted On-Site. The Tower Crane present itself
like a vertical metallic structure having a horizontal boom that can turn over an angle up to 360°. From
his particular setting up, the TOWER CRANE is ideal for all king of high building or high structure
Construction.