This document discusses different types of research methods, as presented by Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat. It covers descriptive vs analytical research, quantitative vs qualitative research, applied vs fundamental (basic) research, and conceptual vs empirical research. Descriptive research reports what is happening, while analytical research evaluates facts to make a critical assessment. Quantitative research deals with numerical data and statistics, while qualitative research provides insights through focus groups, interviews and observations. Applied research solves practical problems, and fundamental research adds to scientific knowledge. Conceptual research develops theories, while empirical research is based on observable evidence and experiments.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, reviewing literature, and formulating hypotheses. It provides details on:
1) Defining the research problem involves identifying and selecting a problem and then precisely formulating it.
2) Reviewing literature helps gain background knowledge and identify relationships between concepts to form hypotheses. Literature is recorded systematically.
3) A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between variables. It predicts the influence of independent variables on dependent variables.
This research proposal outlines Pujan Agrawal's planned research project. It includes definitions of key terms like research and research proposals. It describes the importance of research proposals and their relationship to the research process. The proposal lists the typical components of a research proposal, such as the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, and references. It also discusses types of research proposals, common errors to avoid, and thanks the reader for their time.
This document discusses research design and methods for collecting data. It begins by defining a research design as the conceptual structure for conducting research that aims to balance relevance and economy. The key components of a research design are then outlined, including the research problem, data collection procedures, population, and data analysis methods. The document also discusses types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It provides details on methods for collecting primary data, such as experiments, surveys, observation, and interviews. Secondary data collection from published sources is also mentioned.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
This document defines and discusses hypotheses in research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It then discusses the importance of hypotheses in providing direction, goals, and a framework for research. The document outlines characteristics of good hypotheses and different types of hypotheses, including simple vs. complex, associative vs. causal, directional vs. non-directional, and null vs. research hypotheses. Sources of hypotheses and their role in linking theories to practice are also mentioned.
This document defines and discusses research methodology. It describes research as a systematic search for knowledge through investigation. The objectives of research are to gain new insights into phenomena and to test hypotheses. Research can be motivated by various factors such as intellectual curiosity, a desire for career advancement, or a desire to solve problems. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. It also discusses various research approaches like quantitative, qualitative, experimental, and simulation approaches. Finally, it discusses the significance of research for advancing knowledge and solving problems across various fields.
This document discusses various aspects of research, including:
1. What is research and its key characteristics such as being systematic and aimed at finding new knowledge.
2. Examples of activities that can and cannot be classified as research. Participating in a workshop would not be considered research, while systematically investigating an issue like car dashboard sounds through data collection and analysis would be.
3. The basic steps involved in the research process from defining the problem to analyzing and reporting findings.
4. Additional topics covered include the objectives, problems, and types of research. The document provides an overview of researching as a systematic process for discovering new knowledge.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, reviewing literature, and formulating hypotheses. It provides details on:
1) Defining the research problem involves identifying and selecting a problem and then precisely formulating it.
2) Reviewing literature helps gain background knowledge and identify relationships between concepts to form hypotheses. Literature is recorded systematically.
3) A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between variables. It predicts the influence of independent variables on dependent variables.
This research proposal outlines Pujan Agrawal's planned research project. It includes definitions of key terms like research and research proposals. It describes the importance of research proposals and their relationship to the research process. The proposal lists the typical components of a research proposal, such as the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, and references. It also discusses types of research proposals, common errors to avoid, and thanks the reader for their time.
This document discusses research design and methods for collecting data. It begins by defining a research design as the conceptual structure for conducting research that aims to balance relevance and economy. The key components of a research design are then outlined, including the research problem, data collection procedures, population, and data analysis methods. The document also discusses types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It provides details on methods for collecting primary data, such as experiments, surveys, observation, and interviews. Secondary data collection from published sources is also mentioned.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
This document defines and discusses hypotheses in research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It then discusses the importance of hypotheses in providing direction, goals, and a framework for research. The document outlines characteristics of good hypotheses and different types of hypotheses, including simple vs. complex, associative vs. causal, directional vs. non-directional, and null vs. research hypotheses. Sources of hypotheses and their role in linking theories to practice are also mentioned.
This document defines and discusses research methodology. It describes research as a systematic search for knowledge through investigation. The objectives of research are to gain new insights into phenomena and to test hypotheses. Research can be motivated by various factors such as intellectual curiosity, a desire for career advancement, or a desire to solve problems. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. It also discusses various research approaches like quantitative, qualitative, experimental, and simulation approaches. Finally, it discusses the significance of research for advancing knowledge and solving problems across various fields.
This document discusses various aspects of research, including:
1. What is research and its key characteristics such as being systematic and aimed at finding new knowledge.
2. Examples of activities that can and cannot be classified as research. Participating in a workshop would not be considered research, while systematically investigating an issue like car dashboard sounds through data collection and analysis would be.
3. The basic steps involved in the research process from defining the problem to analyzing and reporting findings.
4. Additional topics covered include the objectives, problems, and types of research. The document provides an overview of researching as a systematic process for discovering new knowledge.
This document summarizes research methodology and design. It discusses types of research including pure and applied research as well as qualitative and quantitative research. It also outlines the research process including formulating research questions, developing a research proposal, and designing the research. The design considerations covered include design strategy, data collection methods, sampling, and pilot testing. It also discusses research ethics and characteristics of sound research.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as exploring issues to understand phenomena through unstructured sources like interviews rather than statistics. Some key characteristics of qualitative research are that it seeks to understand people's perspectives in natural settings, is value-bound, and aims for a holistic picture through discovery rather than testing hypotheses. Case studies are described as an in-depth analysis of a single case to understand its complexity. Triangulation is introduced as using multiple research strategies or data sources to confirm findings and reduce errors.
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
This provide valuable and basic information regarding Research Methodology, how to conduct Research work, types of research, advantages and limitation of Research. Very helpful to Personnels associated with Research work.
A good research employs scientific methods and is characterized by being orderly, systematic, and replicable. It is based on current professional issues and aims to develop or test theories while solving problems. The research has a clearly defined purpose directed towards expanding professional knowledge and developing empirical evidence, often by collecting first-hand data.
There are two basic types of scientific research: inductive and deductive. Inductive research involves assuming theoretical concepts and patterns from observed data to build theories, while deductive research tests concepts and patterns using empirical data to evaluate theories. Additionally, there are three types of scientific research based on purpose: exploratory research investigates new areas of interest to generate initial ideas and test feasibility; descriptive research carefully observes and documents phenomena through reliable scientific methods; and explanatory research seeks explanations for observed phenomena by answering "why" and "how" questions.
There are several basic types of research:
- Descriptive research describes the state of affairs as they currently exist, while analytical research analyzes existing facts and information to make evaluations.
- Applied research aims to solve immediate problems, whereas fundamental research generalizes knowledge through pure investigation.
- Quantitative research is based on measurable quantities, while qualitative research considers non-quantifiable phenomena like motivation.
- Conceptual research deals with abstract theories, while empirical research relies on experience and observation.
The document outlines the research methodology process which consists of 11 steps: 1) formulating the research problem, 2) conducting an extensive literature review, 3) developing a working hypothesis, 4) preparing the research design, 5) determining the sample design, 6) collecting the data, 7) executing the project, 8) analyzing the data, 9) hypothesis testing, 10) drawing generalizations and interpretations, and 11) preparing the report. It also discusses key aspects of each step such as different research objectives, types of research, and components of a good research project.
Inductive and Deductive Approach to Research. Difference between Inductive an...Rohan Byanjankar
What is inductive and Deductive Approach to Research? The difference between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning to Research with clear example, figure and some major differences between them.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific search for knowledge on a topic. Research objectives are described as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, or hypothesis-testing. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees or intellectual fulfillment. Types of research include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Key aspects of the research process are identified as formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. Qualities of good research noted are being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. Common problems faced by researchers in India are also outlined.
This document discusses the key elements of writing a successful research proposal. It explains that a proposal should include an introduction stating the research problem, a literature review to establish the context and need for the study, clearly defined objectives, a detailed methodology section, a work plan with timeline, and intended dissemination of results. The document cautions common mistakes like lack of focus, unclear or weak arguments, and improper referencing. Overall, the document provides guidance on how to structure a proposal to obtain approval and funding for a research study.
1) Research methods are the foundation of psychology as a science and involve exploring questions through various studies and experiments.
2) There are common biases and effects that can skew research, such as hindsight bias, overconfidence, and the Barnum effect. Researchers must account for these to ensure valid results.
3) Research can be experimental, involving manipulation of independent variables and control groups, or correlational, exploring relationships between variables without proving causation through surveys and observation. Proper sampling, operationalization, and statistical analysis are important.
This document discusses research methodology and topics in research. It defines research as a systematic method of investigation and analysis to gain knowledge and solve problems. The document outlines several key objectives of research, including discovering new techniques, arriving at conclusions from data, and resolving contradictions. Finally, it notes that research is significant as it can help solve societal problems, be useful to different groups, aid industries, and inform government policies.
Research can be categorized into different types based on its objectives and approach. The three main types are fundamental research, applied research, and action research. Fundamental research focuses on developing theories through laboratory experiments, applied research aims to solve practical problems, and action research directly addresses immediate issues in real-world settings. Research can also be experimental, empirical, conceptual, explanatory, descriptive, analytical, ex-post facto, deductive, or inductive depending on its methodology and goals. The objective of all research is to systematically gain new knowledge or analyze existing information to better understand an issue.
The document discusses various types of research including descriptive research, which describes characteristics without determining causes, and analytical research, which evaluates facts and information. It also discusses applied research which aims to solve immediate problems, and basic research which improves scientific understanding without specific applications. Additional types discussed are quantitative research using measurement, qualitative research investigating human behavior, conceptual research developing new ideas, empirical research using observation, and historical research studying past events.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines what research is, including that it is a formal, systematic process using the scientific method. The document discusses the aims of research as discovering new information, expanding knowledge, and solving problems. Basic research aims to contribute to knowledge, while applied research aims to solve current problems. The document also discusses internal vs. external research teams, how managers should interact with researchers, research ethics, and the scientific investigation process. It provides examples of research areas and defines different types of hypotheses used in research.
The word ‘Research’ is comprised of two words Re + Search.
It means to search again. So research means a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge of the already existing facts.
This document discusses research methodology and formulating a research problem. It covers reviewing existing literature, developing theoretical and conceptual frameworks, and establishing operational definitions. The key steps in formulating a research problem are to: 1) identify a broad area of interest and narrow it down, 2) raise research questions and formulate objectives, and 3) define concepts and populations clearly to avoid ambiguity. A literature review establishes theoretical background, identifies gaps in knowledge, and helps integrate research findings. Developing strong frameworks and operational definitions is important for building a valid research study.
Research Methodology Course - Unit 1.pptsvarsastry
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the objectives, motivation, and criteria for good research. The document outlines the research process and different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, pure, and applied. It also summarizes various research methods such as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, evaluation, action, experimental, analytical, historical, survey, case study, and field research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a phenomenon. The objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses. Research must be directed at solving a problem, be based on empirical evidence, and involve carefully designed procedures. The research process involves selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing and executing the study, analyzing results, and reporting findings. Literature reviews help establish the background and rationale for a study by summarizing previous related work.
This document summarizes research methodology and design. It discusses types of research including pure and applied research as well as qualitative and quantitative research. It also outlines the research process including formulating research questions, developing a research proposal, and designing the research. The design considerations covered include design strategy, data collection methods, sampling, and pilot testing. It also discusses research ethics and characteristics of sound research.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as exploring issues to understand phenomena through unstructured sources like interviews rather than statistics. Some key characteristics of qualitative research are that it seeks to understand people's perspectives in natural settings, is value-bound, and aims for a holistic picture through discovery rather than testing hypotheses. Case studies are described as an in-depth analysis of a single case to understand its complexity. Triangulation is introduced as using multiple research strategies or data sources to confirm findings and reduce errors.
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
This provide valuable and basic information regarding Research Methodology, how to conduct Research work, types of research, advantages and limitation of Research. Very helpful to Personnels associated with Research work.
A good research employs scientific methods and is characterized by being orderly, systematic, and replicable. It is based on current professional issues and aims to develop or test theories while solving problems. The research has a clearly defined purpose directed towards expanding professional knowledge and developing empirical evidence, often by collecting first-hand data.
There are two basic types of scientific research: inductive and deductive. Inductive research involves assuming theoretical concepts and patterns from observed data to build theories, while deductive research tests concepts and patterns using empirical data to evaluate theories. Additionally, there are three types of scientific research based on purpose: exploratory research investigates new areas of interest to generate initial ideas and test feasibility; descriptive research carefully observes and documents phenomena through reliable scientific methods; and explanatory research seeks explanations for observed phenomena by answering "why" and "how" questions.
There are several basic types of research:
- Descriptive research describes the state of affairs as they currently exist, while analytical research analyzes existing facts and information to make evaluations.
- Applied research aims to solve immediate problems, whereas fundamental research generalizes knowledge through pure investigation.
- Quantitative research is based on measurable quantities, while qualitative research considers non-quantifiable phenomena like motivation.
- Conceptual research deals with abstract theories, while empirical research relies on experience and observation.
The document outlines the research methodology process which consists of 11 steps: 1) formulating the research problem, 2) conducting an extensive literature review, 3) developing a working hypothesis, 4) preparing the research design, 5) determining the sample design, 6) collecting the data, 7) executing the project, 8) analyzing the data, 9) hypothesis testing, 10) drawing generalizations and interpretations, and 11) preparing the report. It also discusses key aspects of each step such as different research objectives, types of research, and components of a good research project.
Inductive and Deductive Approach to Research. Difference between Inductive an...Rohan Byanjankar
What is inductive and Deductive Approach to Research? The difference between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning to Research with clear example, figure and some major differences between them.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific search for knowledge on a topic. Research objectives are described as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, or hypothesis-testing. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees or intellectual fulfillment. Types of research include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Key aspects of the research process are identified as formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. Qualities of good research noted are being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. Common problems faced by researchers in India are also outlined.
This document discusses the key elements of writing a successful research proposal. It explains that a proposal should include an introduction stating the research problem, a literature review to establish the context and need for the study, clearly defined objectives, a detailed methodology section, a work plan with timeline, and intended dissemination of results. The document cautions common mistakes like lack of focus, unclear or weak arguments, and improper referencing. Overall, the document provides guidance on how to structure a proposal to obtain approval and funding for a research study.
1) Research methods are the foundation of psychology as a science and involve exploring questions through various studies and experiments.
2) There are common biases and effects that can skew research, such as hindsight bias, overconfidence, and the Barnum effect. Researchers must account for these to ensure valid results.
3) Research can be experimental, involving manipulation of independent variables and control groups, or correlational, exploring relationships between variables without proving causation through surveys and observation. Proper sampling, operationalization, and statistical analysis are important.
This document discusses research methodology and topics in research. It defines research as a systematic method of investigation and analysis to gain knowledge and solve problems. The document outlines several key objectives of research, including discovering new techniques, arriving at conclusions from data, and resolving contradictions. Finally, it notes that research is significant as it can help solve societal problems, be useful to different groups, aid industries, and inform government policies.
Research can be categorized into different types based on its objectives and approach. The three main types are fundamental research, applied research, and action research. Fundamental research focuses on developing theories through laboratory experiments, applied research aims to solve practical problems, and action research directly addresses immediate issues in real-world settings. Research can also be experimental, empirical, conceptual, explanatory, descriptive, analytical, ex-post facto, deductive, or inductive depending on its methodology and goals. The objective of all research is to systematically gain new knowledge or analyze existing information to better understand an issue.
The document discusses various types of research including descriptive research, which describes characteristics without determining causes, and analytical research, which evaluates facts and information. It also discusses applied research which aims to solve immediate problems, and basic research which improves scientific understanding without specific applications. Additional types discussed are quantitative research using measurement, qualitative research investigating human behavior, conceptual research developing new ideas, empirical research using observation, and historical research studying past events.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines what research is, including that it is a formal, systematic process using the scientific method. The document discusses the aims of research as discovering new information, expanding knowledge, and solving problems. Basic research aims to contribute to knowledge, while applied research aims to solve current problems. The document also discusses internal vs. external research teams, how managers should interact with researchers, research ethics, and the scientific investigation process. It provides examples of research areas and defines different types of hypotheses used in research.
The word ‘Research’ is comprised of two words Re + Search.
It means to search again. So research means a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge of the already existing facts.
This document discusses research methodology and formulating a research problem. It covers reviewing existing literature, developing theoretical and conceptual frameworks, and establishing operational definitions. The key steps in formulating a research problem are to: 1) identify a broad area of interest and narrow it down, 2) raise research questions and formulate objectives, and 3) define concepts and populations clearly to avoid ambiguity. A literature review establishes theoretical background, identifies gaps in knowledge, and helps integrate research findings. Developing strong frameworks and operational definitions is important for building a valid research study.
Research Methodology Course - Unit 1.pptsvarsastry
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the objectives, motivation, and criteria for good research. The document outlines the research process and different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, pure, and applied. It also summarizes various research methods such as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, evaluation, action, experimental, analytical, historical, survey, case study, and field research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a phenomenon. The objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses. Research must be directed at solving a problem, be based on empirical evidence, and involve carefully designed procedures. The research process involves selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing and executing the study, analyzing results, and reporting findings. Literature reviews help establish the background and rationale for a study by summarizing previous related work.
1. The document defines research methods as strategies used to collect and analyze data to better understand a topic or uncover new information.
2. Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical analysis while qualitative research uses narrative descriptions.
3. The main purposes of research are exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory research explores new areas, descriptive research expands knowledge on current issues, and explanatory research examines the impact of changes.
4. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are discussed, including interviews, surveys, observation, and case studies for qualitative and surveys, descriptive, and correlational research for quantitative.
The document discusses different types of research categorized by purpose, process, and outcome. Research can be descriptive, analytical, exploratory, or predictive depending on its purpose. The process of research determines whether it is qualitative or quantitative. Finally, the outcome separates research into applied/action research which solves practical problems, or fundamental/basic research which develops theories. Exploratory research aims to gain insights into problems through preliminary studies, while qualitative research uses methods like interviews to understand human behaviors and emotions.
The document discusses different types of research categorized by purpose, process, and outcome. Research can be descriptive, analytical, exploratory, or predictive depending on its purpose. The process of research determines whether it is qualitative or quantitative. Finally, the outcome separates research into applied/action research which solves practical problems, or fundamental/basic research which develops theories. Exploratory research aims to gain insights into problems, while qualitative research uses words and narratives over numbers.
Research Methodology of different data analysis slides.pptxtalhachemist222
General. All solvents were reagent grade or HPLC grade. Unless otherwise noted, all materials
were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Melting points
were obtained on a Mel-Temp apparatus and are uncorrected. 1
H NMR spectra were recorded at
400 MHz. 13C NMR spectra were recorded at 100 MHz. Flash column chromatography was carried
out by Biotage Isolera One using ISCO RediSep silica gel cartridges. Analytical HPLC was
performed on an Agilent 1200 series HPLC system equipped with an Agilent G1315D DAD
detector (detection at 220 nm) and an Agilent 6120 quadrupole MS detector using an Agilent
Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 3.5 μm) at a flow rate of 1.25 mL/min. The HPLC
solvent system consisted of deionized water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% formic acid.
The mobile phase in HPLC consisted of 5% acetonitrile/95% water for 0.25 min followed by a
gradient to 40% acetonitrile/60% water over 1.5 min and then a gradient to 85% acetonitrile/15%
water over 2.25 min. Unless otherwise noted, all final compounds biologically tested were
confirmed to be of ≥95% purity by the HPLC methods described above. No unexpected or
unusually high safety hazards were encountered during the course of the experiments described
below.
To a solution of 6-aminonicotinic acid 3 (100 mg, 0.72
mmol) and K2CO3 (150 mg, 1.09 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added chloromethyl acetate (79 mg,
0.72 mmol). After stirring at 50 °C for 5 h, DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue was
purified using a Biotage Isolera One flash purification system with a silica gel cartridge
(30→100% EtOAc in Hexanes) to give 99.7 mg (66% yield) of compound 5 d as a white solid.
To a solution of 6-aminonicotinic acid 3 (100
mg, 0.72 mmol) and K2CO3 (150 mg, 1.09 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added chloromethyl
isobutyrate (99 mg, 0.72 mmol). After stirring at 50 °C for 5 h, DMF was removed in vacuo and
the residue was purified using a Biotage Isolera One flash purification system with a silica gel
cartridge (30→100% EtOAc in Hexanes) to give 136.9 mg (79% yield) of compound 5e as a white
To a solution of 6-aminonicotinic acid 3 (100 mg,
0.72 mmol) and K2CO3 (150 mg, 1.09 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added chloromethyl butyrate
(99 mg, 0.72 mmol). After stirring at 50 o
C for 5 h, DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue
was purified using a Biotage Isolera One flash purification system with a silica gel cartridge
(30→100% EtOAc in Hexanes) to give 152.9 mg (89% yield) of compound 5f as a white solid.
To a solution of 6-aminonicotinic acid 3 (100 mg,
0.72 mmol) and K2CO3 (150 mg, 1.09 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added chloromethyl butyrate
(99 mg, 0.72 mmol). After stirring at 50 o
C for 5 h, DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue
was purified using a Biotage Isolera One flash purification system with a silica gel cartridge
(30→100% EtOAc in Hexanes) to give 152.9 mg (89% yield) of compound 5f as a white solid.
To a solution of 6-aminonicotine
Ppt research Methods and statistical consultancyTilayeMatebe
This document provides an outline for a course on research methods and statistical consultancy. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the course including different types of research, developing research proposals and reports, sampling methods, and statistical consultancy. Specifically, it defines research, describes common research types such as descriptive and analytical research, and explains important components of the research process such as identifying a problem, developing objectives, conducting a literature review, and selecting a research methodology. It also introduces various sampling methods and how to determine sample sizes. Finally, it provides an overview of statistical consultancy services that can be provided to clients.
The document discusses research methodology for a study on improving 4th grade students' ability to solve math word problems. It proposes using action research with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data will be collected before and after an intervention to measure students' growth. Qualitative data, such as an anonymous survey, will gather students' responses about the benefits of methods taught. The research aims to effectively improve students' understanding of word problems and determine the perceived benefits of using a graphic organizer strategy.
Research Methodology, Sampling & Hypothesis.pptSameer63064
The document provides an overview of various research methodologies. It defines research and lists the characteristics of research as systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable. It then describes different types of research such as pure and applied research, exploratory research, descriptive research, diagnostic studies, evaluation studies, action research, experimental research, analytical studies, historical research, surveys, and case studies. For each type of research, the document provides details on the definition, purpose, and key aspects. It also discusses topics such as sampling methods, hypotheses, research design, and data collection in research.
The document provides an overview of various research methodologies. It defines research and lists the characteristics of research as systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable. It then describes different types of research such as pure and applied research, exploratory research, descriptive research, diagnostic studies, evaluation studies, action research, experimental research, analytical studies, historical research, surveys, and case studies. For each type of research, the document provides details on the definition, purpose, and key aspects. It also discusses topics such as sampling methods, hypotheses, research design, and data collection in research.
The document provides an overview of various research methodologies. It defines research and lists the characteristics of research as systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable. It then describes different types of research such as pure and applied research, exploratory research, descriptive research, diagnostic studies, evaluation studies, action research, experimental research, analytical studies, historical research, surveys, and case studies. For each type of research, the document provides details on the definition, purpose, and key aspects. It also discusses topics such as sampling methods, hypotheses, research design, and data collection in research.
This document provides an overview of various research methodologies. It defines research and lists its key characteristics as systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable. It then describes different types of research including pure and applied research, exploratory research, descriptive research, diagnostic studies, evaluation studies, action research, experimental research, analytical studies, historical research, surveys, and case studies. For each type of research, the document provides details on definitions, purposes, and examples. It also discusses research design, hypotheses, variables, and experimental versus non-experimental designs.
This document provides an overview of various research methodologies. It defines research and lists its key characteristics as systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable. It then describes different types of research including pure and applied research, exploratory research, descriptive research, diagnostic studies, evaluation studies, action research, experimental research, analytical studies, historical research, surveys, and case studies. For each type of research, the document provides details on definitions, purposes, and examples. It also discusses research design, hypotheses, variables, and experimental versus non-experimental designs.
This document provides an overview of various research methodologies. It defines research and lists its key characteristics as systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable. It then describes different types of research including pure and applied research, exploratory research, descriptive research, diagnostic studies, evaluation studies, action research, experimental research, analytical studies, historical research, surveys, and case studies. For each type of research, the document provides definitions and discusses their purposes. It also covers research design, hypotheses, and components of research design such as objectives and variables.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research including:
1. The importance of research is to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to developing knowledge. Research aims to discover answers and truths through objective and systematic methods.
2. The main objectives of research are to gain familiarity with phenomena, accurately portray characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses of causal relationships.
3. Motivations for research include desires for degrees/benefits, solving problems, intellectual joy, service, and respectability.
4. The goals of scientific research are description, prediction, and explanation/understanding of phenomena through identifying covariation of events, proper time sequencing, and eliminating alternative
This document discusses different types of research categorized by purpose, process, and outcome. There are four types of research defined by purpose: descriptive research involves fact-finding without variable control; analytical research analyzes phenomena through secondary data; exploratory research gains insights in preliminary stages; predictive research determines frequency or association. Qualitative research uses words and explores perspectives while quantitative research uses numbers and measurement. Applied research solves practical problems while fundamental research formulates theory without immediate application.
Quantitative and Qualitative Research In ArchitectureNeha Bansal
Research methodologies can be either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative research involves collecting non-numerical data through methods like interviews and observations to understand concepts, opinions, and experiences. Quantitative research defines phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and using statistical techniques. It uses methods like surveys, experiments, and correlation analysis to collect numerical information that can be analyzed statistically. The choice of qualitative or quantitative methodology depends on the research question and goals of the study.
The document provides an introduction to the concept of research, outlining that research involves systematically investigating phenomena through objective and logical methods such as collecting facts, answering questions, and explaining unexplained events. It discusses different types of research including pure research conducted for knowledge, applied research for problem solving, exploratory research to investigate unknown problems, and descriptive research to gather information without changing the environment. The document also covers research purposes, assumptions, significance, and maintaining objectivity.
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2. Research Methodology
Topics for discussion -
1. Meaning of Research,
2. Need of Research,
3. Research Methods vs. Methodology
7/31/2020 2Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
TYPES OF RESEARCH:
(i) Descriptive vs. Analytical: Descriptive research includes
surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The
major purpose of descriptive research is description of the
state of affairs as it exists at present.
The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher
has no control over the variables; he can only report what has
happened or what is happening.
Examples: frequency of shopping, preferences of people, or
similar data.
The methods of research utilized in descriptive research are
survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and
correlational methods.7/31/2020 3
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
A research study classified as a descriptive study
attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem,
phenomenon, service or programme, or provides
information about, say, the living conditions of a
community, or describes attitudes towards an issue.
For example, it may attempt to describe the types of
service provided by an organisation, the administrative
structure of an organisation, the living conditions of
indigenous people in the outback, the needs of a
community, or the attitudes of employees towards
management. The main purpose of such studies is to
describe what is prevalent with respect to the
issue/problem under study.
7/31/2020 4
5. Analytical research is a specific type of research that
involves critical thinking skills and the evaluation of
facts and information relative to the research being
conducted. A variety of people including students,
doctors and psychologists use analytical research
during studies to find the most relevant information.
From analytical research, a person finds out critical
details to add new ideas to the material being
produced.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
In analytical research, on the other hand, the
researcher has to use facts or information already
available, and analyze these to make a critical
evaluation of the material.
7/31/2020 5
7. Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Applied vs. Fundamental ( Basic):
Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem
facing a society or an industrial/business organisation, whereas
fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with
the formulation of a theory.
“Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or ‘basic’
research.”
Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure
mathematics are examples of fundamental research.
Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for
some pressing practical problem, whereas basic research is directed
towards finding information that has a broad base of applications and
thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific
knowledge.
7/31/2020 7
10. 7/31/2020 10
1. Albert Einstein introduced it to the world in 1905, the
Special Theory of Relativity, and its subsequent expansion to
include his ideas on gravitational force in 1916 with the
publication of the General Theory, has remained stubbornly
conceptual in nature.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Examples of Fundamental Research:
2. Quantum theories of matter
3. Use of Steam as a fuel in engine
Examples of Applied Research:
1.Applied research to improve agricultural crop production
2. Applied research to treat or cure a specific disease.
3. Development in Engine Technology.
11. 7/31/2020 11
Quantitative vs. Qualitative:
Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or
amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of
quantity.
Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative
phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
TYPES OF RESEARCH:
Quantitative research, deals with data that are numerical or that
can be converted into numbers. The basic methods used to
investigate numerical data are called ‘statistics’. Statistical
techniques are concerned with the organisation, analysis,
interpretation and presentation of numerical data. Statistics is a
huge area of study with wide application across many disciplines.
12. 7/31/2020 12
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TYPES OF RESEARCH:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Quantitative vs. Qualitative:
Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of
generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into
usable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors,
and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger
sample population. Quantitative Research uses measurable data to
formulate facts and uncover patterns in research. Quantitative data
collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data
collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include
various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile
surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone
interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls,
and systematic observations.
13. 7/31/2020 13
Example of Quantitative Research
Let’s say you wanted to know the average height of all
professional basketball players. To conduct that research, you
could do a survey and call up each player on the phone and ask
them for their height. You could physically find them and
measure them. OR Opt for secondary research and simply
compile the data from websites.
As you can see, quantitative research can come in many forms,
including surveys, observation, experimentation, and secondary
research. All of these techniques will help you obtain numerical
(“quantitative”) data.
Awesome examples of quantitative data is forecasting about
world population in next 10 years.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TYPES OF RESEARCH: Quantitative vs. Qualitative:
14. 7/31/2020 14
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TYPES OF RESEARCH:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Quantitative vs. Qualitative:
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is
used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons,
opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the
problem or helps to develop ideas for potential quantitative
research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends
in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem.
Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured
or semi-structured techniques. Some common methods
include focus groups (group discussions), individual
interviews, and participation/observations. The sample size is
typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfil a given
quota.
15. 7/31/2020 15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TYPES OF RESEARCH: Quantitative vs. Qualitative:
Example of Qualitative Research
Imagine you work at online shopping company like Amazon, etc
and your roll is to carry out the costumer satisfaction level, then
you will collect the feed back of costumer through telephone,
email, responses on website in the form of star rating. It is a
qualitative research.
You have a little form for each costmer that asked “how was your
experience today?” Let’s assume there are 100 responses,
including comments like “great, satisfactory, poor, average, etc.
16. 7/31/2020 16
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TYPES OF RESEARCH:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Conceptual vs. Empirical:
Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or
theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop
new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
Conceptual research is defined as a methodology
wherein research is conducted by observing and analyzing already
present information on a given topic. ... It is related to abstract
concepts or ideas. Philosophers have long used conceptual
research to develop new theories or interpret existing theories in a
different light.
Conceptual research focuses on the concept or theory that explains or
describes the phenomenon being studied. What causes disease? How
can we describe the motions of the planets? What are the building
blocks of matter? The conceptual researcher sits at his desk with pen in
hand and tries to solve these problems by thinking about them.
17. 7/31/2020 17
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TYPES OF RESEARCH:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Conceptual vs. Empirical:
Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena
and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from
theory or belief.
For example: Pharmaceutical companies use empirical research to
try out a specific drug on controlled groups or random groups
to study the effect and cause.
Empirical research is basically a research that uses empirical
evidence. Empirical evidence refers to evidence verifiable by
observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic. Thus,
empirical research is research studies with conclusions based on
empirical evidence. Moreover, empirical research studies are
observable and measurable.
18. 7/31/2020 18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TYPES OF RESEARCH:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Steps in Empirical Research:
The main difference between conceptual and empirical research is
that conceptual research involves abstract ideas and concepts,
whereas empirical research involves research based on
observation, experiments and verifiable evidence.
20. 7/31/2020 20
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TYPES OF RESEARCH:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Conceptual vs. Empirical:
Nicolaus Copernicus was a mathematician and astronomer, who
formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than
Earth at the center of the universe, who had formulated such a
model some eighteen centuries earlier. It is a example of Conceptual
research.
Pharmaceutical companies use empirical research to try out a
specific drug on controlled groups or random groups to study the
effect and cause.
An empirical research study can also be carried out to determine
the effects of a new drug on specific groups of people. The
researcher may expose the research subjects to controlled
quantities of the drug and observe research subjects to controlled
quantities of the drug and observe the effects over a specific period
of time in order to gather empirical data.
21. 7/31/2020 21
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Criteria of Good Research:
Scientific research to satisfy the following criteria -
1. The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common
concepts be used.
2. The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail
to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further
advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained.
3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to
yield results that are as objective as possible.
4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in
procedural design and estimate their effects upon the findings.
Cont…
22. 7/31/2020 22
5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its
significance and the methods of analysis used should be
appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data should be
checked carefully.
6. Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of
the research and limited to those for which the data provide an
adequate basis.
7. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is
experienced, has a good reputation in research and is a person of
integrity.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Criteria of Good Research:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
23. 7/31/2020 23
The qualities of a good research are
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Criteria of Good Research:
1. Good research is systematic
2. Good research is logical
3. Good research is empirical
4. Good research is replicable
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
24. 7/31/2020 24
Suppose you want to go out for a drive. Before you start, you must
decide where you want to go and then which route to take. If you
know the route, you do not need to consult a street directory, but,
if you do not know the route, then you need to use one. Your
problem is compounded if there is more than one route. You need
to decide which one to take. The research process is very similar to
undertaking a journey. As with your drive, for a research journey
there are also two important decisions to make. The first is to
decide what you want to find out about or, in other words, what
research questions you want to find answers to. Having decided
upon your research questions or research problems, you then
need to decide how to go about finding their answers. The path to
finding answers to your research questions constitutes research
methodology.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Problem:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
25. 7/31/2020 25
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
➢ A research problem is the problem or issue that leads to the
need for a study.
Research Problem:
➢ It can originate from many potential sources.
➢ It may come from an extensive literature review.
➢ The sources of research problems are often multiple.
26. 7/31/2020 26
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Research Problem:
What is a Research Problem Statement?
A Research problem statement is a clear description of the
issue (problem) which also includes a vision and methods
used to make ways into solving the problem. Basically, it’s a
clear, concise description of the issues that need to be
addressed.
“A problem well stated is half solved” — Charles Kettering
27. 7/31/2020 27
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Research Problem:
Formulating a research problem is the first and most important
step in the research process. A research problem identifies your
destination, what you intend to re-search.
You should examine it thoroughly, carefully and critically. The
main function of formulating a research problem is to decide
what you want to find out about.
Broadly speaking, any question that you want answered and any
assumption or assertion that you want to challenge or
investigate can become a research problem or a research topic
for your study.
28. 7/31/2020 28
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
The importance of formulating a research problem:
A research problem is like the foundation of a building. The type
and design of the building are dependent upon the foundation. If
the foundation is well designed and strong you can expect the
building to be also. The research problem serves as the
foundation of a research study: if it is well formulated, you can
expect a good study to follow.
29. 7/31/2020 29
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
The importance of formulating a research problem:
Research problem provides direction and defines the purpose(s) of
any particular research, which could be one or combination of the
followings:
i. The filling of existing knowledge gap
ii. Knowledge of the relationship among different aspects of nature
or phenomenon
iii. Testing and verification of new or old body of knowledge,
theories or beliefs.
iv. The need for theory construction
v. Resolution and clarification of contradictory findings or classical
problems
vi. Informing changes in present practice?
30. 7/31/2020 30
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Need of defining a problem:
The definition of a problem serves the following purposes:
1. The definition of a problem sets the direction of the study.
2. The definition reveals the methodology or procedure of the
study.
3. The definition helps the researcher to control subjectivity or
biases of the researcher.
4. The definition of the problem suggests and specifies the
variables to be taken up into the investigation through a problem
involved into so many variables.
5. The-definition makes the research work practicable.
31. 7/31/2020 31
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Considerations in selecting a research problem:
A
• Interest and Ethical issues
• Manageable, Specific and Clear
B
• Measurement of concepts
• Level of expertise
C
• Relevance
• Availability of data
32. 7/31/2020 32
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Need of defining a problem:
The definition of a problem serves the following purposes:
1. The definition of a problem sets the direction of the study.
2. The definition reveals the methodology or procedure of the
study.
3. The definition helps the researcher to control subjectivity or
biases of the researcher.
4. The definition of the problem suggests and specifies the
variables to be taken up into the investigation through a problem
involved into so many variables.
5. The-definition makes the research work practicable.
34. 7/31/2020 34
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
For any specific research work to occupy the place in the
development of a discipline, the researcher must be thoroughly
familiar with both previous theory and research. To assure this
familiarity, every research work has as one of its early stage, a
review of the theoretical and research literature.
In research methodology the term literature refers to the
knowledge of a particular area of investigation of any discipline
which includes theoretical, practical and its research studies.
A L.R. contains a critical analysis and the integration of
information from various sources, as well as consideration of any
gaps in literature and possibilities for future research.
36. 7/31/2020 36
Primary Sources -
The term primary source is used broadly to embody all sources
that are original. Primary sources provide first-hand information.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Sources of Literature:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
A secondary source is a source that provides non-original or
second hand data or information. Secondary sources are written
about primary sources.
Secondary Sources -
38. 7/31/2020 38
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Sources of Literature:
Systematic reviews search, appraise and collate all
relevant empirical evidence in order to provide a
complete interpretation of research results.
We must adopt a comprehensive,
objective and reproducible search
strategy to capture all relevant sources
of evidence. In doing so, you can be
confident of having incorporated all the
appropriate material for the topic at
hand. A thorough search strategy should
involve multiple databases, registries,
sources of grey literature, conference
proceedings and abstracts.
39. 7/31/2020 39
Systematic reviews offer a number of benefits.
For starters, they deliver a clear and comprehensive overview of
available evidence on a given topic.
Moreover, SRs also help identify research gaps in our current
understanding of a field. They can highlight methodological
concerns in research studies that can be used to improve future
work in the topic area.
Lastly, they can be used to identify questions for which the available
evidence provide clear answers and thus for which further research
is not necessary.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Sources of Literature:
40. 7/31/2020 40
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Sources of Literature:
A monograph is a special type of book written on a single
specialized topic, devoted mainly for research works; could pose
some unsolved problems and may provide detained explanation
of some research papers.
So, it is like a big survey paper, but it does not appear in journals;
it rather appears the way most books appear. A book is written
works on a broad range of topics belonging usually to the same
subject area.
Unlike review papers, a research paper is a document containing
original results or findings.
The word monograph is derived from the Greek "mono" (single)
and grapho (to write), meaning "writing on a single subject".
Monograph
Example: AIR-WATER FLOW IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
41. 7/31/2020 41
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Sources of Literature:Patents OR Intellectual Property Rights
A patent for an invention is the grant of a property right to the
inventor. Patents are granted for new, useful and non-obvious
inventions for a period of 20 years from the filing date of
a patent application, and provide the right to exclude others from
exploiting the invention during that period.
THE OFFICIAL LEGAL RIGHT TO MAKE or SELL AN INVENTION FOR
A PARTICULAR NUMBER OF YEARS.
42. 7/31/2020 42
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Sources of Literature: Research Databases
Research databases are organized collections of computerized
information or data such as periodical articles, books, graphics and
multimedia that can be searched to retrieve
information. Databases can be general or subject oriented with
bibliographic citations, abstracts, and or full text.
Google Scholar
Index Copernicus
Indian Citation Index
J-Gate
Web of Science
44. 7/31/2020 44
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
The gap, also considered the missing piece or pieces in the research
literature, is the area that has not yet been explored or is under-
explored.
Identifying gap areas from literature and research database
A research gap is, simply, a topic or area for which missing or
insufficient information limits the ability to reach a conclusion for a
question.
45. 7/31/2020 45
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Identifying gap areas from literature and research database
Gap analysis is used to compare where you are against where you
would like to be. This helps you identify the gaps between these
two states, and come up with an action plan to close them.
47. 7/31/2020 47
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
HYPOTHESIS:
✓ Hypothesis is a formal question that researcher intends to
resolve.
✓ Hypothesis is a predictive statement, capable of being tested
by scientific methods, that relates an independent variable to
some dependent variable.
“Students who receive counselling will show a greater increase
in creativity than students not receiving counselling”
Or
“the automobile A is performing as well as automobile B.”
48. 7/31/2020 48
‘Hypo’ means tentative or subject to the verification and ‘Thesis’ means
statement about solution of a problem.
The world meaning of the term hypothesis is a tentative statement
about the solution of the problem. Hypothesis offers a solution of the
problem that is to be verified empirically and based on some rationale.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
HYPOTHESIS:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a new medicine
reduces COVID-19 by 25%. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0 : The drug reduces COVID-19 by 25%
Ha : The drug does not reduce COVID-19 by 25%
A hypothesis is a hunch, assumption, suspicion, assertion or an
idea about a phenomenon, relationship or situation, the reality or
truth of which you do not know.
Hypo + thesis = Hypothesis
49. 7/31/2020 49
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
HYPOTHESIS:
CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPOTHESIS
1. It is conceptual in nature.
2. It is a verbal statement in a declarative form.
3. It has the empirical referent. It indicates the tentative
relationship between two or more variables.
4. It has a forward or future reference. A hypothesis is future
oriented.
5. It is the pivot of a scientific research. All the research activities
are designed for its verification.
50. 7/31/2020 50
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Null hypothesis
and
Alternative hypothesis
HYPOTHESIS:
If we are to compare method A with method B about its superiority
and if we proceed on the assumption that both methods are
equally good, then this assumption is termed as the null
hypothesis.
As against this, we may think that the method A is superior or the
method B is inferior, we are then stating what is termed as
alternative hypothesis.
The null hypothesis is generally symbolized as H0 and the
alternative hypothesis as Ha.
51. 7/31/2020 51
When you construct a hypothesis stipulating that there is no
difference between two situations, groups, outcomes, or the
prevalence of a condition or phenomenon, this is called a null
hypothesis and is usually written as H0 and if there is
difference in two situations, groups, outcomes, or the
prevalence of a condition or phenomenon, this is called a
Alternate hypothesis and is usually written as Ha.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Null hypothesis
and
Alternative hypothesis
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
53. 7/31/2020 53
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
Process of Hypothesis Testing:
Formation of Hypothesis
Design of Experiment
Data Collection
Testing of Hypothesis
Lab Experimental setup
Survey
Computer
Programming, Design
,& Development
Mean, Mode, Median, etc
Statistical Software's
Statistical Methods
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The level of significance: This is a very important concept in
the context of hypothesis testing. It is always some percentage
(usually 5%) which should be chosen wit great care, thought
and reason. In case we take the significance level at 5 per cent,
then this implies that H0 will be rejected
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Hypothesis Testing:
when the sampling result (i.e., observed evidence) has a less
than 0.05 probability of occurring if H0 is true.
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Hypothesis Testing:
IMPORTANT PARAMETRIC TESTS:
The important parametric tests are: (1) z-test; (2) t-test;
(3) χ2-test, and (4) F-test.
All these tests are based on the assumption of normality i.e., the
source of data is considered to be normally distributed.
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
IMPORTANT NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS:
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
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Numerous statistical software systems are available currently. The
commonly used software systems are –
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS - manufactured by
IBM corporation),
Statistical Analysis System ((SAS - developed by SAS Institute North
Carolina, United States of America),
R (designed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman from R core
team),
Minitab (developed by Minitab Inc),
Stata (developed by StataCorp) and
the MS Excel (developed by Microsoft).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Hypothesis Testing:
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon
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Q1. Define the term ‘ Research’. Enumerate the need of research.
Differentiate Research Methods and Research Methodology.
Q2. List the types of research. Explain Quantitative research and
Qualitative research.
Q3. Write Short notes on -
A. Conceptual Research
B. Empirical Research
C. Fundamental research
Q4. What do you understand from the phrase “ Review of Literature” .
Describe the objectives and significance of it.
Q5. What is Hypothesis? Explain Null and Alternative Hypothesis.
ASSIGNMENT -I
Prof. Sanjay Shekhawat, SSBT COET Jalgaon