Based on the tables provided, here is a summary of the key findings: 1. A chi-square test of independence found a significant association between gender and grade (p < 0.01). 2. Most male students (83.9%) received grades of B or lower, while most female students (88.1%) received grades of A or B+. 3. This suggests that female students generally performed better than male students. 4. The Cramer's V value of 0.373 indicates a moderate strength of association between gender and grade. In summary, the results show that gender is significantly related to grade, with female students tending to achieve higher grades.

1. Types/Classifications of Research
• The research can be classified from three perspectives:
– Application
• Basic and applied research
– Objectives
• Exploratory, Descriptive, or explanatory (causal,
hypothesis testing)
– Type of information
• Qualitative and quantitative
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

2. Basic Research
– Generating scientific knowledge for future use
(Common use)
– Undertaken for the sake of knowledge without any
intention to apply it in practice
– May lead to discovery of new theory or refinement of
an existing theory
– Attempts to expand the limits of knowledge
– Not directly involved in the solution to a practical
problem
– Commonly conducted at a University
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

3. Applied Research
– Carried on to find solution to a real life problem and
action oriented
– Seeks an immediate and practical results
– May indirectly contribute to the development of
theoretical knowledge by leading to a discovery of
new facts or testing of a theory or to conceptual clarity
– Conducted when a decision must be made about a
specific real-life problem
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

4. Basic Differences Between Basic
and Applied Research
• Basic Research • Applied Research
– Problem based on the – “what is the problem” is
researcher interest to an important step in
explain and resolving that problem.
understanding of the – What problems to
subject analysis may be outside
– Selection of the problem the individual researcher
is totally the choice of domain
the researcher – Researcher role is
– Some value judgment examine analytically and
may be made, action is a course of action
not recommended recommended
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

5. Exploratory Studies
• To clarify ambiguous problems
• To get better understanding of an issue
• To provide information for further analysis
• To identify information/data required
• As a preliminary research
• To exhaust inexpensive & time saving
resources
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

6. Descriptive Studies
• To describe a characteristic of a
population or phenomenon
• Seeks answers to who, what, when, where
and how questions
• To gather accurate info
• It is based on previous understanding of
the problem
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

7. Causal Studies
• To identify cause-and-effect relationship
among variables
• To explain a relationship between
variables/factors
• Specific problem based
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

8. Quantitative vs. Qualitative
research
Quantitative Qualitative
Objective Quantification In-depth under.
Approach Structured Unstructured
Sample size Large Small
Represent. Yes (if random) No
Interv. Skill Moderate to low High
Basis Numbers Words
Analysis Statistics Comparative
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

9. BM 040
Research Chapter 6
Methodology
Research Ethnics
Benjamin Chan
Bsc. Human Development (UPM)
Msc. Human Development (UPM)
PhD Candidate (UM)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Benjamin.chan@ucti.edu.my 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
9
9
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

10. Ethical Example Explanation
Principles
Invasion of Parker,2000 A study on CEO of a company
Privacy Fail to protect individual anonymity
Scott et.al Documented the company size,
location, history, and company
activities…made it clear to the
public which company was
involved in the study
Harm to Dalton’ 1959 counseling Potentially harmful to the female
Participant relationship with female secretary future employment
secretary
Milgram and Shortland’s Inducing subjects to against the
(1973) steal experiment laws
Lack of Haney, Banks, Zimbardo’s Do not give full information about
informed (1973) prison experiment the nature of the study and its
Consent possible implementation for them
Deception Milgram’s (1963) electricity Physically
shock experiment
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

11. BM 040
Research Chapter 7
Methodology
Measurement and Scaling
Concepts, Questionnaire
Design
Benjamin Chan
Bsc. Human Development (UPM)
Msc. Human Development (UPM)
PhD Candidate (UM)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Benjamin.chan@ucti.edu.my 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
11
11
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

12. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

13. Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

14. BM 040
Research Chapter 8
Methodology
Sampling
Benjamin Chan
Bsc. Human Development (UPM)
Msc. Human Development (UPM)
PhD Candidate (UM)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Benjamin.chan@ucti.edu.my 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
14
14
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

15. Probability Sampling Non Probability Sampling
S Q
P P
A A
S S
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

16. Qualitative Analysis
 The process of interpreting data collected during
the course of qualitative research
 The analysis of data depends on its type.
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

17. Quantitative Analysis
 The process of presenting and
interpreting numeric data collected
during the course of quantitative
research
 Often contain descriptive statistic
and inferential statistic.
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

18. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Analysis
An intelligent way of differentiating Qualitative
research from Quantitative research is: that largely
1.Qualitative research is exploratory, while
Quantitative research is descriptive, predictive and
conclusive.
2.Quantitative data is measurable while Qualitative
data can not be put into a context that can be
graphed or displayed as a mathematical term.
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

19. What factors determine the most appropriate
statistical techniques?
Research objectives / questions / purpose of
your study
Measurement scales you used in your research
instrument
Research design of your studies.
Nature of your data –meeting normally and / or
equality of variance assumptions for parametric
tests.
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Research Methods for Degree Study

20. MSA-UCSI
BM 040
Research
Methodology
08.10.2011
Chapter 15
Introduction to
Benjamin Chan
Harvard
Y.F
Benjamin Y.F. Chan
Bsc. (UPM) (Human Development)
B.S. (Human Development)
Human Development
Referencing
M.S. (UPM)
(UPM)
PhD Candidate (UPM) (Institute of
Gerontology)
Msc. Human Development
(UPM)
Room No : A 2- 6
PhD Candidate (UM)
Department of Resource MGM & Consumer
Studies
Faculty of Human Ecology
University Putra Malaysia
Benjamin.chan@ucti.edu.m
Tel : 603 8946 7097
y

21. Why do we reference?
Introduction to Research
‘By providing references, you:
• Demonstrate the coverage of your
research (from 1980 to 2000)
• Allow the reader to consult and verify your
sources of information
• Avoid plagiarism’
Pears and Shields, 2005, p 1
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Data Analysis
Research Methods for Degree Study

22. Why do we reference?
Introduction to Research
1. To avoid plagiarism
2. To show you have read a piece of work
and understood it
3. To show courtesy to the original author
4. To track your reading / note-taking
5. To back up an argument
http://library.apiit.edu.my/harvard-referencing
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides
Data Analysis
Research Methods for Degree Study

23. Revision for Chi-square Analysis
• A chi-square test of independence was conducted to
assess whether the grade received by students (A, B+,
B, C and below) is related to their gender (male and
female) or not. Data collected from a randomly selected
sample. Interpret the results based on Table 1, Table 2
and Table 3.

24. Table 1: Gender * Grade Crosstabulation
Count
Grade
A B+ B C and Below Total
Gender Male 4 7 35 22 68
Female 18 14 27 8 67
Total 22 21 62 30 135
Table 2: Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 18.802a 3 .000
N of Valid Cases 135
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 10.42.
Table 3: Symmetric Measures
Value Approx. Sig.
Nominal by Nominal Cramer's V .373 .000

25. Answer
1. A chi-square test of independence was conducted to assess
whether the grade received by students (A, B+, B, C and
below) is related to their gender (male and female)
2. The finding of crosstabs analysis for grade and gender was
found to be correlated or related [Pearson χ2 (3, N = 135) =
18.802, p≤ 0.01]
3. A close inspection of Table 1 for pattern of relationship
reveals that the majority (83.9%) of the male students
obtained grades between “B” to “C and below”, while the
majority (88.1%) of female students obtained grade between
A to B
4. This suggests that, in general, the female students
performed better in the test compared to male
5. The Cramer’s V value obtained (V = 0.373) indicates that
the strength or magnitude relationship between grade and
gender is at moderate level

26. Answer
Gender * Grade Crosstabulation
Grade
A B+ B C and Below Total
Gender Male Count 4 7 35 22 68
% within Gender 5.9% 10.3% 51.5% 32.4% 100.0%
Female Count 18 14 27 8 67
% within Gender 26.9% 20.9% 40.3% 11.9% 100.0%
Total Count 22 21 62 30 135
% within Gender 16.3% 15.6% 45.9% 22.2% 100.0%