7. To solve a currently
existing problem
(applied research)
Research
can be undertaken for
two different purposes: To contribute to the
general body of
knowledge in a
particular area of
interest
(basic/fundament
al research)
Deny A. Kwary, Airlangga University
www.kwary.net
8. http://www2.infohio.org/rpc/docs/step1/WhatIsResearch.pdf
•Driven by a question or problem that
then guides the process.
• Seeking information with a clear goal
in mind.
A process, which works best when done
step-by-step. The steps may need to be
repeated, as the process is reiterative.
Collection and interpretation of data in
an attempt to resolve the problem or
answer the question.
Going beyond facts and old ideas.
Taking a new look at the information
and taking a stand.
10. Research may be defined as a systematic
approach/method consisting of
enunciating the problem, formulating a
hypothesis, collecting the facts or data,
analyzing the facts and reaching certain
conclusions, either in the form of solution
towards the concerned problem or in
certain generalizations for some
theoretical formulation.
11. Research may also be defined as a scientific study, which by
means of logical and systematized techniques, aims to...
a. Discover new facts or verify and test old facts
b. Analyze their sequences, inter-relationships and
explanations which are derived within an appropriate
theoretical frame of reference
c. Develop new scientific tools, concepts, and
theories which would facilitate reliable and valid
study of human behavior in decision making.
12. may be defined as all those
methods/techniques that are
used for conducting the
research.
13. may be defined as a way to systematically
solve the research problem
constitutes of research methods,
selection criterion of research
methods, used in context of research
study and explanation of using of a
particular method or technique and
why other techniques are not used so
that research results are capable of
being evaluated either by researcher
himself or by others.
14. a collective term denoting the various
processes by the aid of which the
sciences are built.
consists of systematic observation,
classification and interpretation of data.
Scientific method is a universally
applicable, systematic method of
understanding a phenomenon and
verifying the truth. Scientific methods
have the following characteristics.
15. consists of a series of actions or steps necessary to effectively
carry out research and the desired sequencing of these steps
a. Formulating the research problem
b. Extensive literature survey
c. Developing the hypothesis
d. Preparing the research design
e. Determining sample design
f. Collecting the data
g. Execution of the project
h. Analysis of data
i. Hypothesis testing
j. Generalization and interpretation
k. Preparation of the report
16. Decisions regarding what, where,
when, how much, by what means,
concerning an enquiry or a research
study, constitute a research design.
A research design is the arrangement of
conditions for collection and analysis of
data in a manner that aims to combine
relevance to the research purpose with
economy in procedure.
contains the following aspects.
a. A clear statement of the research problem
b. Procedure and techniques to be used for gathering information from population to be
studied.
c. Methods to be used for processing and analyzing data
17. The logic of
Social Research
“…as social researchers we We couch these explanations in
believe that patterns and terms of theories. Theories
regularities occur in society allow us to select out from a
and that these are not simply mass of confusing material
random. those elements of reality which
are of concern
The task we are faced with is to us. On the basis of theory we
to ask why these patterns can develop hypotheses about
exist: in other words to relationships which ought to
produce exist, if the theory is valid.”
explanations of them. (Rose & Sullivan 1996, 10)
