Research requires properly planned methodology. I would like to recommend that researchers to focus on these 4 critical steps. If these steps are fulfilled, you will find it easy to conduct your research.
This document provides guidance on performing a gynecological examination. It discusses obtaining consent and ensuring patient privacy and comfort. It describes examining the external genitalia, performing a speculum exam to inspect the cervix and vaginal walls, and obtaining specimen samples. It also covers the bimanual exam to palpate the uterus, ovaries, and surrounding structures to identify any masses or tenderness. Proper draping, positioning, infection control and communication with the patient are emphasized throughout the exam.
The document discusses intersexuality and sexual differentiation. It defines the different levels of sex including chromosomal, gonadal, genital and hormonal sex. Normal sexual differentiation is described where XY fetuses develop testes and masculinize, while XX fetuses develop ovaries. Intersex conditions occur when there is discordance between levels of sex. They include virilization of genetic females, incomplete masculinization of genetic males, and true hermaphroditism. The most common cause of intersex is congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Management of intersex newborns involves medical evaluation and counseling, with the goal of assigning sex by 18 months of age based on surgical and medical potential.
This document discusses disorders of sexual development (DSDs), including hermaphroditism. It defines chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex, and how genes like SRY and AMH/MIS influence sex differentiation. DSDs are classified by sex chromosomes and genital development. Ovotesticular DSD involves the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue. The document outlines normal sex differentiation and the genetic pathways involved, as well as various DSD conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen insensitivity syndrome.
The document discusses the background and definition of research ethics. It defines ethics as norms for conduct that distinguish acceptable from unacceptable behavior. Research ethics refers to rules that define proper conduct for researchers and are aimed at protecting human subjects. The history of modern research ethics is traced back to unethical medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors during World War 2, which led to the Nuremberg Code establishing ethical principles for research involving human subjects. Other influential documents discussed include the Helsinki Declaration, Belmont Report, and controversies like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
1) Qualitative research aims to provide a holistic understanding of social settings through comprehensive descriptions of interlocking events in everyday life.
2) The process of qualitative research involves establishing a general problem, developing research questions, selecting a design and sampling strategy, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting findings.
3) Common qualitative research designs include case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory research. Each design has distinct features regarding the researcher's role, data collection methods, and analytical approach.
In the Educational research, two approaches are used. Quantitative & qualitative. Qualitative Research is much different than the quantitative. The details of the qualitative research are discussed in this presentation.
This document provides guidance on performing a gynecological examination. It discusses obtaining consent and ensuring patient privacy and comfort. It describes examining the external genitalia, performing a speculum exam to inspect the cervix and vaginal walls, and obtaining specimen samples. It also covers the bimanual exam to palpate the uterus, ovaries, and surrounding structures to identify any masses or tenderness. Proper draping, positioning, infection control and communication with the patient are emphasized throughout the exam.
The document discusses intersexuality and sexual differentiation. It defines the different levels of sex including chromosomal, gonadal, genital and hormonal sex. Normal sexual differentiation is described where XY fetuses develop testes and masculinize, while XX fetuses develop ovaries. Intersex conditions occur when there is discordance between levels of sex. They include virilization of genetic females, incomplete masculinization of genetic males, and true hermaphroditism. The most common cause of intersex is congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Management of intersex newborns involves medical evaluation and counseling, with the goal of assigning sex by 18 months of age based on surgical and medical potential.
This document discusses disorders of sexual development (DSDs), including hermaphroditism. It defines chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex, and how genes like SRY and AMH/MIS influence sex differentiation. DSDs are classified by sex chromosomes and genital development. Ovotesticular DSD involves the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue. The document outlines normal sex differentiation and the genetic pathways involved, as well as various DSD conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen insensitivity syndrome.
The document discusses the background and definition of research ethics. It defines ethics as norms for conduct that distinguish acceptable from unacceptable behavior. Research ethics refers to rules that define proper conduct for researchers and are aimed at protecting human subjects. The history of modern research ethics is traced back to unethical medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors during World War 2, which led to the Nuremberg Code establishing ethical principles for research involving human subjects. Other influential documents discussed include the Helsinki Declaration, Belmont Report, and controversies like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
1) Qualitative research aims to provide a holistic understanding of social settings through comprehensive descriptions of interlocking events in everyday life.
2) The process of qualitative research involves establishing a general problem, developing research questions, selecting a design and sampling strategy, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting findings.
3) Common qualitative research designs include case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory research. Each design has distinct features regarding the researcher's role, data collection methods, and analytical approach.
In the Educational research, two approaches are used. Quantitative & qualitative. Qualitative Research is much different than the quantitative. The details of the qualitative research are discussed in this presentation.
Unit 1 of the course will cover the physiology of reproduction from the perspectives of male and female anatomy, hormone function, pregnancy, parturition, artificial insemination, and reproductive technologies. Key topics include follicle development and ovulation in females, hormone regulation of the estrous cycle, sperm maturation and function in males, fertilization and embryonic/fetal development, the birthing process, and the use and implications of artificial insemination and other assisted reproductive technologies in livestock. Students will complete a chapter review assignment to assess their understanding of these topics.
This document provides an overview of the clinical management of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). It begins by defining NOA and explaining its challenges. It then discusses the diagnostic evaluation and differentiates between obstructive and nonobstructive causes. For NOA due to spermatogenic failure, the document outlines that the condition is irreversible and reviews sperm retrieval techniques and their success rates depending on the underlying etiology. It also notes that while biomarkers can reflect testicular function, they cannot definitively predict whether sperm will be found for retrieval.
The document discusses research methodology, outlining key components such as qualitative versus quantitative methods, the research onion model, and tips for postgraduate research. It provides examples of research problems and breaks down the components of the research onion model into qualitative and quantitative categories. The document emphasizes that research methodology is determined by factors like the research problem, ontology, epistemology, and choice of design/role of concepts, and that the type of data collected depends on whether a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods approach is used.
Mixed method research involves using both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study. There are four basic designs: convergent parallel design, explanatory sequential design, exploratory sequential design, and embedded design. The convergent design collects both types of data simultaneously and merges the results, while the sequential designs implement the methods in phases to build on each other. The embedded design incorporates one method within a study using the other method predominantly. Key decisions in choosing a design are the level of interaction between methods, priority, timing, and mixing strategies.
This document discusses male infertility, defining it as a male's inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female, which accounts for 40-50% of infertility cases. It outlines various causes of male infertility including genetic factors, disorders of spermatogenesis, duct obstruction, accessory gland disorders, and psychological/environmental factors. Investigations for male infertility include medical history, physical exam, semen analysis, hormone levels, and imaging tests. Management depends on test results and may include lifestyle changes, hormone therapy, assisted reproduction techniques, and preventing risk factors like smoking.
This document discusses male infertility, including:
1) Male infertility accounts for around 40% of infertility cases, and prevalence in India is estimated at 15-20 million cases.
2) Common causes of male infertility include varicocele (42.2%), unknown causes (22.7%), obstruction (14.3%), and others such as immunological issues, endocrine problems, and genetic disorders.
3) Evaluation of male infertility involves taking a thorough history, physical exam including scrotal exam, and investigations such as semen analysis, hormonal profiling, and genetic testing. Abnormal findings can help determine the underlying cause and guide treatment.
Congenital malformations of genital organs Mohamed Jammal
Congenital malformations of the genital organs can occur in males or females. In females, these may include Müllerian agenesis where the uterus and upper vagina are absent, bicornuate or didelphys uteri where the uterus is partially or fully duplicated, or vaginal septa from incomplete fusion of the vagina. In males, conditions include cryptorchidism where one or both testes fail to descend, hypospadias where the urethral opening is misplaced, and anorchia where testes are completely absent. Diagnosis involves medical history, exam, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may include surgery or assisted reproduction.
The document discusses hyperthermia syndrome in children, which is characterized by a sudden increase in body temperature above 104°F due to disruption of thermoregulation. Common causes include infections, drug reactions, and immature thermoregulation in children. Signs include lethargy, convulsions, rapid pulse, and loss of consciousness. Treatment involves reducing fever through physical cooling and medications like paracetamol. Anesthesia-induced malignant hyperthermia is a genetic disorder triggered by certain anesthetics that can lead to death without prompt dantrolene treatment and intensive care. Prognosis depends on the underlying cause but is generally good with timely management.
This document discusses the principles of managing ambiguous genitalia. It defines sex and gender, discusses human sexual differentiation and the classification of ambiguous genitalia. The key aspects of managing ambiguous genitalia in newborns include a thorough medical history, physical exam and investigations to determine sex assignment and any necessary surgical interventions. For adolescents presenting with intersex conditions, management may involve hormone replacement, corrective surgery, and maintaining or changing the individual's gender role based on diagnosis. A multidisciplinary team is important for properly diagnosing and treating individuals with intersex conditions at any age.
Explanation in science (philosophy of science)Anuj Bhatia
This document discusses scientific explanation and the challenges involved. It summarizes Carl Hempel's covering law model of explanation and identifies some of its limitations, such as not respecting asymmetry and allowing irrelevant explanations. The document also discusses how causality may provide a better approach than covering laws. Additionally, it notes that while science can explain many phenomena, some things like the origin of life may remain unexplained or be fundamentally unexplainable by science. The document also discusses reductionism and how higher-level sciences are autonomous due to multiple realization.
Hirschsprung Disease - Approach & ManagementVikas V
Hirschsprung Disease. - A developmental Disorder of Intrinsic Component of Enteric Nervous System.
Also known Congenital Megacolon.
This Presentation deals with The eitology, presentation, diagnosis, medical and surgical management & complications of the same.
what is endometriosis? Theories in endometriosis, sites of endometriosis. types and clinical presentation. signs and symptoms.
Investigations :TVS, CA125
laparoscopic findings
chocolate cyst and extrapelvic endometriosis.
Classification of endometiosis
Diffential diagnosis
Management :of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases
drugs and minimally invasive surgery
surgey and preventive measures in endometiosis.
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male
reproductive system. The gland is made of two lobes, or regions,
enclosed by an outer layer of tissue. As the diagrams show, the prostate
is located in front of the rectum and just below the bladder, where
urine is stored. The prostate also surrounds the urethra, the canal
through which urine passes out of the body.
Scientists do not know all the prostate's functions. One of its
main roles, though, is to squeeze fluid into the urethra as sperm move
through during sexual climax. This fluid, which helps make up semen,
energizes the sperm and makes the vaginal canal less acidic.
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
This document discusses key aspects of research methodology. It begins by defining research as a systematic process of examining a topic closely through various methods such as observation and experimentation. The document then outlines several types of research including pure research, applied research, descriptive research, and correlational research. It also discusses different research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research. The rest of the document delves into various steps of research methodology such as formulating hypotheses, preparing a research design, identifying variable types, and qualifying a rigorous research. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of conceptualizing and planning a scientific research study.
This document provides guidance for standardizing the process of semen analysis according to the 5th edition of the WHO laboratory manual. It outlines the aims, learning objectives, and steps for proper sample collection, handling, and analysis. Key points covered include assessing liquefaction time, viscosity, volume, pH, and motility using categories and acceptable difference tables. Case studies are presented to demonstrate how to document results for various clinical scenarios. The goal is to implement best practices for semen evaluation and quality control testing according to WHO standards.
Presentation on the characteristic of scientific research 1Junesh Acharya
The document discusses scientific research. It defines research as the systematic analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations and theories. Scientific research has several key characteristics: it pursues truth through logical consideration, is objective and replicable, reliable and valid, rigorous, and testable/generalizable. The research process involves realizing a problem, formulating a hypothesis, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and generalizing findings. Overall, scientific research uses scientific methods and tools to systematically study and explain variables in an objective, replicable manner.
This document discusses complex sampling design and analysis. It begins by explaining that complex sampling involves methods other than simple random sampling, where the probability of selection is not equal for all units. It describes different complex sampling methods like stratified sampling and cluster sampling. The document also discusses key concepts in complex sampling like sampling weights, design effects, and methods for analyzing complex sample data while properly adjusting standard errors. It concludes with providing an example of calculating sampling weights and preparing sample data for complex sample analysis in SPSS.
This document discusses statistical guidelines and considerations for clinical trials from various organizations. It provides an overview of how statistics are described in ICH, WHO, Malaysian, and European guidelines. Key points covered include the importance of pre-specifying the statistical analysis plan before a trial begins, considerations for study design such as randomization and blinding, determining sample size, evaluating safety data, and reporting trial results according to the pre-specified plan.
Unit 1 of the course will cover the physiology of reproduction from the perspectives of male and female anatomy, hormone function, pregnancy, parturition, artificial insemination, and reproductive technologies. Key topics include follicle development and ovulation in females, hormone regulation of the estrous cycle, sperm maturation and function in males, fertilization and embryonic/fetal development, the birthing process, and the use and implications of artificial insemination and other assisted reproductive technologies in livestock. Students will complete a chapter review assignment to assess their understanding of these topics.
This document provides an overview of the clinical management of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). It begins by defining NOA and explaining its challenges. It then discusses the diagnostic evaluation and differentiates between obstructive and nonobstructive causes. For NOA due to spermatogenic failure, the document outlines that the condition is irreversible and reviews sperm retrieval techniques and their success rates depending on the underlying etiology. It also notes that while biomarkers can reflect testicular function, they cannot definitively predict whether sperm will be found for retrieval.
The document discusses research methodology, outlining key components such as qualitative versus quantitative methods, the research onion model, and tips for postgraduate research. It provides examples of research problems and breaks down the components of the research onion model into qualitative and quantitative categories. The document emphasizes that research methodology is determined by factors like the research problem, ontology, epistemology, and choice of design/role of concepts, and that the type of data collected depends on whether a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods approach is used.
Mixed method research involves using both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study. There are four basic designs: convergent parallel design, explanatory sequential design, exploratory sequential design, and embedded design. The convergent design collects both types of data simultaneously and merges the results, while the sequential designs implement the methods in phases to build on each other. The embedded design incorporates one method within a study using the other method predominantly. Key decisions in choosing a design are the level of interaction between methods, priority, timing, and mixing strategies.
This document discusses male infertility, defining it as a male's inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female, which accounts for 40-50% of infertility cases. It outlines various causes of male infertility including genetic factors, disorders of spermatogenesis, duct obstruction, accessory gland disorders, and psychological/environmental factors. Investigations for male infertility include medical history, physical exam, semen analysis, hormone levels, and imaging tests. Management depends on test results and may include lifestyle changes, hormone therapy, assisted reproduction techniques, and preventing risk factors like smoking.
This document discusses male infertility, including:
1) Male infertility accounts for around 40% of infertility cases, and prevalence in India is estimated at 15-20 million cases.
2) Common causes of male infertility include varicocele (42.2%), unknown causes (22.7%), obstruction (14.3%), and others such as immunological issues, endocrine problems, and genetic disorders.
3) Evaluation of male infertility involves taking a thorough history, physical exam including scrotal exam, and investigations such as semen analysis, hormonal profiling, and genetic testing. Abnormal findings can help determine the underlying cause and guide treatment.
Congenital malformations of genital organs Mohamed Jammal
Congenital malformations of the genital organs can occur in males or females. In females, these may include Müllerian agenesis where the uterus and upper vagina are absent, bicornuate or didelphys uteri where the uterus is partially or fully duplicated, or vaginal septa from incomplete fusion of the vagina. In males, conditions include cryptorchidism where one or both testes fail to descend, hypospadias where the urethral opening is misplaced, and anorchia where testes are completely absent. Diagnosis involves medical history, exam, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may include surgery or assisted reproduction.
The document discusses hyperthermia syndrome in children, which is characterized by a sudden increase in body temperature above 104°F due to disruption of thermoregulation. Common causes include infections, drug reactions, and immature thermoregulation in children. Signs include lethargy, convulsions, rapid pulse, and loss of consciousness. Treatment involves reducing fever through physical cooling and medications like paracetamol. Anesthesia-induced malignant hyperthermia is a genetic disorder triggered by certain anesthetics that can lead to death without prompt dantrolene treatment and intensive care. Prognosis depends on the underlying cause but is generally good with timely management.
This document discusses the principles of managing ambiguous genitalia. It defines sex and gender, discusses human sexual differentiation and the classification of ambiguous genitalia. The key aspects of managing ambiguous genitalia in newborns include a thorough medical history, physical exam and investigations to determine sex assignment and any necessary surgical interventions. For adolescents presenting with intersex conditions, management may involve hormone replacement, corrective surgery, and maintaining or changing the individual's gender role based on diagnosis. A multidisciplinary team is important for properly diagnosing and treating individuals with intersex conditions at any age.
Explanation in science (philosophy of science)Anuj Bhatia
This document discusses scientific explanation and the challenges involved. It summarizes Carl Hempel's covering law model of explanation and identifies some of its limitations, such as not respecting asymmetry and allowing irrelevant explanations. The document also discusses how causality may provide a better approach than covering laws. Additionally, it notes that while science can explain many phenomena, some things like the origin of life may remain unexplained or be fundamentally unexplainable by science. The document also discusses reductionism and how higher-level sciences are autonomous due to multiple realization.
Hirschsprung Disease - Approach & ManagementVikas V
Hirschsprung Disease. - A developmental Disorder of Intrinsic Component of Enteric Nervous System.
Also known Congenital Megacolon.
This Presentation deals with The eitology, presentation, diagnosis, medical and surgical management & complications of the same.
what is endometriosis? Theories in endometriosis, sites of endometriosis. types and clinical presentation. signs and symptoms.
Investigations :TVS, CA125
laparoscopic findings
chocolate cyst and extrapelvic endometriosis.
Classification of endometiosis
Diffential diagnosis
Management :of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases
drugs and minimally invasive surgery
surgey and preventive measures in endometiosis.
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male
reproductive system. The gland is made of two lobes, or regions,
enclosed by an outer layer of tissue. As the diagrams show, the prostate
is located in front of the rectum and just below the bladder, where
urine is stored. The prostate also surrounds the urethra, the canal
through which urine passes out of the body.
Scientists do not know all the prostate's functions. One of its
main roles, though, is to squeeze fluid into the urethra as sperm move
through during sexual climax. This fluid, which helps make up semen,
energizes the sperm and makes the vaginal canal less acidic.
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
This document discusses key aspects of research methodology. It begins by defining research as a systematic process of examining a topic closely through various methods such as observation and experimentation. The document then outlines several types of research including pure research, applied research, descriptive research, and correlational research. It also discusses different research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research. The rest of the document delves into various steps of research methodology such as formulating hypotheses, preparing a research design, identifying variable types, and qualifying a rigorous research. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of conceptualizing and planning a scientific research study.
This document provides guidance for standardizing the process of semen analysis according to the 5th edition of the WHO laboratory manual. It outlines the aims, learning objectives, and steps for proper sample collection, handling, and analysis. Key points covered include assessing liquefaction time, viscosity, volume, pH, and motility using categories and acceptable difference tables. Case studies are presented to demonstrate how to document results for various clinical scenarios. The goal is to implement best practices for semen evaluation and quality control testing according to WHO standards.
Presentation on the characteristic of scientific research 1Junesh Acharya
The document discusses scientific research. It defines research as the systematic analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations and theories. Scientific research has several key characteristics: it pursues truth through logical consideration, is objective and replicable, reliable and valid, rigorous, and testable/generalizable. The research process involves realizing a problem, formulating a hypothesis, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and generalizing findings. Overall, scientific research uses scientific methods and tools to systematically study and explain variables in an objective, replicable manner.
This document discusses complex sampling design and analysis. It begins by explaining that complex sampling involves methods other than simple random sampling, where the probability of selection is not equal for all units. It describes different complex sampling methods like stratified sampling and cluster sampling. The document also discusses key concepts in complex sampling like sampling weights, design effects, and methods for analyzing complex sample data while properly adjusting standard errors. It concludes with providing an example of calculating sampling weights and preparing sample data for complex sample analysis in SPSS.
This document discusses statistical guidelines and considerations for clinical trials from various organizations. It provides an overview of how statistics are described in ICH, WHO, Malaysian, and European guidelines. Key points covered include the importance of pre-specifying the statistical analysis plan before a trial begins, considerations for study design such as randomization and blinding, determining sample size, evaluating safety data, and reporting trial results according to the pre-specified plan.
This document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine and how to critically appraise clinical papers. It discusses how evidence-based medicine involves using both clinical expertise and the best available external evidence in decision making. The origins of evidence-based medicine in the 1970s and 1990s are also reviewed. The document then focuses on how to critically read clinical papers, including the key things to assess for diagnostic tests, clinical course/prognosis, causation, and therapy papers. It provides guidance on an appraisal format and emphasizes the need to both evaluate the study and summarize what it was about. Evidence-based medicine is positioned as an important guide but not a replacement for clinical expertise and judgment.
The document describes the principles of good clinical practice (GCP) according to international guidelines. It provides a brief history of human subject research regulations, from the Nuremberg Code established after World War II to modern standards like the Declaration of Helsinki, Belmont Report, and ICH GCP guidelines. The core principles of GCP outlined in the document are: prioritizing subject well-being, using qualified researchers, obtaining informed consent, maintaining quality standards, and appropriately recording and protecting private data. Adhering to GCP aims to safely and ethically conduct clinical trials involving human participants.
The document discusses lifestyle and its relationship to health. It defines lifestyle as a person's manner of living that reflects their values and attitudes. Health behavior is any activity people perform to maintain or improve their health. The document states that almost 80% of deaths could be prevented through healthy lifestyle modifications. It identifies faulty lifestyles like sedentary behavior, unhealthy diets, smoking, and lack of sleep as risks. Approaches to changing lifestyle discussed include health behavior change models and social marketing, as well as overcoming internal and external barriers. The document provides seven steps to healthy living and keys to maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Application of assessment and evaluation data to improve a dynamic graduate m...Pat Barlow
1. The document describes the process of creating and refining assessment tools and curriculum for a graduate medical education workshop on research design and statistics.
2. They developed an initial assessment, pre-course survey, new classroom activities and homework, and post-course evaluation to gather data and feedback from students.
3. After implementing changes based on the assessment data, the workshop was much more successful and rigorous, demonstrating the importance of continuously collecting and using student feedback to improve a dynamic curriculum over time.
Thank you to everyone for supporting my content! How have *you* made use of this content in your work? Leave a comment or email them to barlow.p1218@gmail.com. Thanks again!
The Development of the Biostatistics & Clinical Epideimiolgy Skills (BACES) A...Pat Barlow
A poster based on my dissertation work developing a new biostatistics and clinical epidemiology skills self-assessment for medical residents. I used an Item Response Theory (IRT) approach to gather preliminary data on 30 multiple choice items that will eventually turn into an online self-assessment module for residents looking to hone their skills in these critical areas. The article is currently under review in Medical Teach, and I am looking for more sites / collaborators for expanding the instrument. Email if you're interested!
Auditing is an important part of quality assurance and quality management. It involves systematically and objectively evaluating processes, systems, or services against predefined standards to ensure compliance. The goals of auditing are to find any deviations from these standards, analyze their causes, and implement changes to improve performance and prevent issues from reoccurring. Auditing can be internal, conducted by an organization's own staff, or external, conducted by independent third parties. It follows a standard process of planning, data collection on site, analysis, reporting, and verifying that any necessary corrective actions were successfully implemented.
This document discusses social marketing and outlines its key principles. Social marketing aims to create social change by applying commercial marketing techniques to promote ideas and behaviors that benefit individuals and communities. It is a systematic process involving situational analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation of programs designed to influence voluntary behavior change in target audiences. The goals are to improve personal and public welfare by addressing issues like health, safety and the environment. Social marketing is consumer-oriented and based on the idea that audiences will adopt promoted behaviors if they perceive a benefit from doing so.
Methods for developing assessment instruments to generate useful data in t…Pat Barlow
The authors developed assessment instruments to evaluate graduate medical residents' knowledge of clinical research skills in the presence of vague course objectives. They used 5 practical tips: 1) understand the learning and work environment; 2) clarify the assessment purpose; 3) leverage existing resources; 4) design instruments fitting the purpose; and 5) obtain ongoing feedback through iterative testing and revision. Assessment results improved the curriculum and instruments by identifying gaps and refining objectives and content.
This document discusses quality and quality improvement. It defines quality as meeting customer needs and doing things right the first time. It explains that quality is important for competitiveness, saving resources, and avoiding bad products or services losing customers. Quality must be followed by all, including top managers and team members. Quality processes involve planning, doing work according to standards, and evaluating outputs. Continuous quality improvement is achieved through defining processes, setting standards, evaluating compliance, prioritizing defects, implementing solutions, and checking results. A variety of tools can be used for quality improvement.
Bad Statistics, Bad Reporting, Bad Impact on Patients: The Story of the PACE ...Julie Rehmeyer
A talk by Julie Rehmeyer at the Joint Statistics Meetings, 2016.
In 2011, headlines worldwide announced that an effective treatment had been found for a debilitating illness that affects 17 million people around the world. The study was published in The Lancet. Great news!
Except that it wasn't. Patients with the illness, known as chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis, quickly decried the study as having severe scientific problems. Furthermore, it didn't fit with their experience: patients reported that the two treatments -- psychotherapy and gradually increasing exercise -- had little impact and could indeed be dangerous. They analyzed the study and spelled out its serious flaws, particularly statistical ones, in scientific journals, but the authors dismissed the concerns as prejudice against psychiatry.
In late 2015, journalist David Tuller wrote a 14,000-word expose of the flaws in the trial, citing the grave concerns of researchers. Dr. Ronald Davis of Stanford University, for example, said, "I'm shocked that the Lancet published it.I don't understand how it got through any kind of peer review."
I'll describe the problems with the science, with the functioning of the scientific institutions, and with the journalism.
- A sample is a small group selected from a population to represent that population. Sampling provides benefits like being less time-consuming, less expensive, and allowing results to be repeated.
- There are two main types of samples: probability and non-probability. Probability samples include simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster samples. Sample size is determined based on factors like the type of study, expected results, costs, and available resources.
- Inferential statistics allow generalization from a sample to a population through hypothesis testing and significance tests. Tests include t-tests, F-tests, chi-squared tests, and correlation/regression to analyze relationships between variables. Significant results suggest differences are likely not due to chance
The document discusses regression and correlation analysis. It defines regression analysis as estimating the values of one variable from knowledge of another variable. Correlation analysis measures the strength of association between variables. Regression analysis can be linear, exponential, logarithmic or power. Linear regression finds the best-fit straight line to describe the relationship between two variables. The correlation coefficient measures the extent of correlation between -1 and 1. Values above the critical t-value indicate a significant correlation. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating the linear regression equation and correlation coefficient.
With the unbelievable success of my previous survey research lecture, I felt it only right to keep going with that theme. This presentaiton is a copy of a guest lecture I recently did for the Clinical Epidemiology course here at The University of Iowa. The slides first talk about some fundamentals of psychmetric measurement like reliability and validity, and then get practical by discussing 5 simple strategies for creating successful survey instruments. Like, favorite, share, comment, enjoy!
This document discusses the role of medical sociology and how social factors influence health and disease. It covers key topics such as how social epidemiology studies the social determinants of health, how social conditions can cause and spread disease, and how cultural beliefs and traditions impact health behaviors. The family is presented as the primary social unit that can both positively and negatively influence health through shared environment, practices, and support systems. Medical sociology aims to understand these social dimensions of health to help develop more effective public health interventions and policies.
Comparing research designs fw 2013 handout versionPat Barlow
This is an updated version of my Comparing Research Designs lecture, which now includes discussions on: (1) common considerations with research design such as bias, reliability, validity, and confounding; and (2) expanded discussion of RCT designs including factorial and cross-over designs.
Here are the key points to compare the different research methods:
Cross-sectional study:
- Advantages: Quick, easy, low cost, can study multiple factors at once
- Disadvantages: Cannot determine temporal sequence, prone to biases
- Requirements: Representative sample, standardized data collection
Case-control study:
- Advantages: Efficient to study rare diseases, can study multiple exposures
- Disadvantages: Prone to selection and recall biases, uncertain temporal sequence
- Requirements: Clear case definition, appropriate controls matched to cases
Cohort study:
- Advantages: Directly measures risk, establishes temporal sequence
- Disadvantages: Expensive, long follow up needed
Data Driven is just the beginning, why the details of evidence matter by Dr. ...James McCarter
At Virta Health, our values include being evidence-based and prioritizing data and science over opinion in our decision-making. But how does this apply to the data we provide employers? Here are three questions we think employers should be asking healthcare providers and vendors offering health solutions to make smarter data-driven decisions (and some examples of vendor data that doesn’t stand up to scrutiny).
This presentation describes the key performance indicators to assess the quality of work in microbiology department. The KPIs in common use are mentioned and other indicators are summarized.
This document discusses various concepts and methods for quality management and improvement in the health sector. It covers definitions of quality, different frameworks for quality improvement like FADE and PDCA cycles, and factors that influence quality like structure, process and outcomes. It also discusses accreditation standards from organizations like JCI and ISO, and quality improvement models like Six Sigma. Patient education is presented as an important part of the quality improvement process.
RSS 2009 - Investigating the impact of the QOF on quality of primary careEvangelos Kontopantelis
The document summarizes research investigating the impact of the UK's Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) pay-for-performance scheme on primary care quality. It finds that in the short-term, quality of care increased more than expected for incentivized measures, but decreased for some non-incentivized measures. Over the long-term, quality continued improving for incentivized measures but effects on non-incentivized care were mixed, with no clear declines. The study used a large patient database and statistical modeling to analyze changes in quality indicators for conditions and care activities both inside and outside the QOF incentives.
This document discusses criterion audits and provides guidance on conducting an audit using the NHS Education for Scotland Pharmacy Directorate criterion audit proforma. It defines what a criterion audit is and explains the eight parts of the audit process: choosing a topic, setting criteria and standards, planning, collecting initial data, implementing changes, collecting second data set, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. Conducting regular criterion audits can improve patient care, support learning and development, and demonstrate commitment to quality assurance. The peer review process provides feedback to further strengthen audit quality and educational impact.
Enhancing the quality and transparency of health research: Introducing the PR...Thomas Bandholm
This lecture was held September 14 in Aalborg, Denmark at a PhD Forum (symposium). I hope you find it useful. Kind regards Thomas Bandholm (Twitter@TBandholm).
mHealth Israel_Future of Integrated Individualized Healthcare_Roche DiagnosticsLevi Shapiro
Presentation by Alexandra Eberhard, Sr. Director, Global Business Development, Roche Diagnostics on the "Future of Integrated Individualized Healthcare". Includes background about Roche Diagnostics and investments in innovation. Overview of Roche products and solutions with a portfolio covering the entire spectrum of diagnostics users. Emphasis on the triple aim of healthcare- The power of data and technology to enable the transformation from volume- to value-based healthcare. Interest in data for Pharma - drive more efficient R&D; DIA - develop novel patient care Dx solutions. Focus on the needs of labs, physicians & payers for better patient health. A suite of digital solutions that improve clinical & business outcomes. Suite of solutions to optimize the lab. Translating data into insights to achieve financial goals. A move from volume- to value-based care. New opportunities in the disease continuum- Holistic solutions approach. Expanding the focus towards earlier in the patient journey. Doing now what patients need next. Contact Alexandra Vallon-Eberhard, PhD MBA; Sr. Director Global Business Development; Diagnostics Lead for Innovation in Israel; Based in Basel, Switzerland; Email: alexandra.vallon_eberhard@roche.com
Placenta Previa Complete Breakthrough by Slidesgo.pptxMelissaCioaca
This document provides a summary of a presentation on placenta previa complete breakthrough. It begins with an introduction slide that provides context on medical breakthroughs. The background section outlines the current challenges with placenta previa and the vision for a breakthrough treatment. The methodology section describes the study design, data collection and analysis methods. The results section presents key findings from the study and comparisons to previous literature. In conclusion, the breakthrough has the potential to significantly improve outcomes for patients with placenta previa.
This document provides an overview of clinical audits in the NHS community pharmacy setting. It defines a clinical audit as a quality improvement process that systematically reviews care against criteria to implement changes that improve outcomes. The key aspects of an audit are described as the audit cycle of defining standards, assessing practice, comparing to standards, and reassessing with changes. Examples of audit topics are provided and the process explains steps of choosing a topic, collecting data, assessing performance, analyzing findings, and sharing results. Future directions for audits and resources are also mentioned.
This document summarizes a workshop on mapping the UK diagnostics landscape. The workshop included sessions on industry views, clinicians' views, the current diagnostics system, how diagnostic pathways can be achieved, and the role of health technology assessment in diagnostics. Speakers discussed topics like the potential for rapid diagnostics in community healthcare, barriers to diagnostic usage, tackling antimicrobial resistance, and how industry is driving greater diagnostic uptake. The goal of the workshop was to evaluate how fit the current diagnostics system is for purpose and identify ways to improve it.
Effects of Working with Chemical Products in Your Health Breakthrough by Slid...CarolineNeves49
This document provides guidance on creating a presentation about a medical breakthrough. It includes suggestions for content to include in sections on introduction, background, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions, and credits. Templates are provided for common slide types like an agenda, data visualizations, quotes, team members, and references. The overall document aims to help structure a presentation that effectively communicates the key elements of a medical breakthrough.
Modeling the cost effectiveness of two big league pay-for-performance policiescheweb1
This document summarizes Ankur Pandya's presentation on using cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to evaluate two pay-for-performance (P4P) policies. It discusses modeling done to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of financial incentives in a randomized controlled trial that linked incentives to cholesterol control. The modeling found that a shared incentives strategy was cost-effective under certain assumptions about how long the effects of the intervention persisted. It also discusses CEA modeling done to evaluate the UK's Quality and Outcomes Framework primary care P4P program, finding it was not cost-effective unless costs were lower or effects were higher.
Clinical Audits and Process Improvement in HospitalsLallu Joseph
How to conduct a clinical audit, differences between research and clinical audit, medical audit, History of audit, benefits of audit, standard, criteria, benchmarks, compare performance, examples of clinical audit, audit cycle, types of audit, NABH, JCI, QAPI, PDCA, Hospital accreditation,
This document provides an introduction to practical biostatistics. It outlines the learning objectives of describing populations and samples, summarizing data, and using appropriate statistical tests for bivariate analyses. It covers key concepts in biostatistics including populations and samples, causality, levels of measurement, data distributions, variables, and types of statistical analyses. Descriptive and analytical statistics are discussed as well as popular tests for summarizing, comparing, and exploring relationships between variables.
Muslim scholars and early physicians made many contributions to public health through their teachings and practices. They emphasized hygiene, moderate eating and lifestyle, quarantine for infectious diseases, and prevention through immunization. The Prophet Muhammad taught about personal hygiene, environmental hygiene, and that good health requires care of both the body and soul. Scholars like al-Razi recognized airborne infection and described symptoms of diseases. Quarantine and preventing travel during outbreaks were practiced. Overall, Islam promotes healthy living and protecting communities from disease.
There is no islamic or non-islamic epidemiology & biostatistics. All relevant and valuable knowledge is regarded as beneficial to muslims. This lecture trying to highlight those statement.
This document discusses multivariate analysis and the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. It provides several key studies that established this relationship:
- A 1950 case-control study that associated lung cancer with smoking.
- A 1898 study finding elevated lung tumors in tobacco workers exposed to tobacco dust.
- Later studies in the 1930s-1950s further strengthened the relationship by showing higher rates of lung cancer in heavy smokers.
This document outlines a two-day training program on research methodology. Day 1 covers getting research ideas, conducting a literature review using EndNote, building a conceptual framework, writing objectives, determining study designs, and developing sampling plans and data collection tools. Day 2 focuses on statistical analysis plans, including preparing dummy tables and covering descriptive and analytical statistics. The document provides details on the contents to be covered, including effective literature searches, choosing appropriate study designs, planning for data collection and analysis, and writing for publication.
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
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Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
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Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
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Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
8. What is conceptual framework?
Visual representation of your problem statement and
research gap
End product of literature review and your assumptions
No specific format
But I propose using ‘causality’ approach
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Criteria Explanation
Specific Who is the target population? What is actually done?
Measurable State the measurement done
Attainable Realistic in term of time & expertise
Relevant Relevant to the whole study (title)
Timely Defined time
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13. Example
To find prevalence of hypertension among school
children
To measure prevalence of high blood pressure
among secondary school children in Pahang from
January to June 2016
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SpecificMeasurable Specific
Timely
Specific
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14. Approach
1. General – Specific
Specific objectives are subsets of the general objective
Specific objectives determine the order of the
analysis/report
2. Primary – Secondary
Primary & secondary are independent objectives
Primary = main outcome, not necessary to be
analysed/reported first
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Data
dictionary
Definition
used
Protocol for
measurement
Codebook
Statistics
operational
definition &
code
Linkage to
source of data
e.g.
• anthropometric
measurements (weight,
height etc.)
• clinical examination
• laboratory
investigation (e.g. blood
glucose, HbA1c)
• QOL (SF36, HRQOL etc)
• DASS questionnaire
For categorical data e.g.
• Sex, 1=Male, 2=Female
• Pregnancy, 1=Yes, 0=No,
99=Not applicable (for male
respondent)
Operational definition for
statistics purpose e.g.
• AsthmaYes if, Q1=1 and
Q2=1 and Q3=2 or Q4=1
(based on the questionnaire form)
Source of data for certain
variables e.g.
• BMI is calculated from
variable Weight (in kg) and
Height (in cm) defined
elsewhere
19. What’s the info for?
Standardisation of data collection
Proper declaration of instruments &
measurement used
For statistical analysis
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20. Describe clearly all the variables used
Definition
Operation definition
Instrument used to measure the variable
How it will be measured?
What is the instrument used?
How precise will you measure it?
How will you categorise it (if relevant)?
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21. Definition vs. Operational definition
e.g. Obese
Definition: A condition of abnormal or excessive fat
accumulation in adipose tissue, to the extent that health
may be impaired (WHO 1998)
Operational: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (WHO 1998)
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22. Definition vs. Operational definition
e.g. Hypertension
Definition: A chronic medical condition in which the blood
pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated
Operational: BP ≥ 140/90 (JNC7 2004)
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23. Example of a data dictionary
Name Label Tool Level of
measurement
Code Unit Precision Link
age Age (years) Questionnaire Numerical N/A Years Nearest 1 year
sex Sex Questionnaire Categorical 1=Male
2=Female
N/A N/A
weight Body weight
(kg)
Seca 762 Numerical N/A kg Nearest 0.1 kg
height Height (cm) Seca 206 Numerical N/A cm Nearest to 1 cm
obese Obesity Based on BMI
calculation. BMI
≥ 30 kg/m2
(WHO 1998)
Categorical 1=Yes
2=No
N/A N/A Refer to
Weight &
Height
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24. Adapt & adopt known scale
How valid is the scale – Refer to original paper
You may need to translate & validate it
Even if had been validated, you need to pre-test it
Easier to validate a known tool rather than to create one
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29. How will you present the results?
Table or graph or even texts
Answer for each objective
Can include your expected results
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30. How to report your research?
Clinical study – CONSORT (www.consort-statement.org)
Observational study – STROBE (www.strobe-statement.org)
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33. The 4 steps that will ease your
research are:
1. Clear conceptual framework
2. SMART objectives
3. Detail data dictionary
4. Expected dummy table
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