Rescaling the city—globalization and human settlement patterns
•
1 like•560 views
Susan Wachter's presentation from Comparative Urban Politics Workshop: Rescaling The City August 30th, 2006 The American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Rescaling the city—globalization, locus of control and human settlement patterns ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
9 frontiers-shanghai
The document discusses several themes related to globalization and urbanization including:
- The shift towards greater economic growth and recovery in lower-income metropolitan areas in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East as compared to higher-income areas in Europe and the United States.
- The increasing interconnectedness and blurring boundaries between global cities like New York and London as they become linked by shared culture, language, and massive financial flows.
- The need for urban studies to move beyond frameworks focused solely on global cities and economic competitiveness, and instead consider the diversity and creative potential of all cities.
SSC2011_Stephanie Pollack PPT
The document summarizes research on neighborhood change in transit-rich neighborhoods. It found that gentrification occurred in most neighborhoods studied, with renters more susceptible. While racial composition generally did not change significantly, displacement was not clearly evident. However, gentrification did lead to higher housing costs for renters and more automobile-owning households in some neighborhoods, reducing transit usage. The research aims to understand these patterns and propose policy tools to promote equitable neighborhood change near transit.
Planning theory 1
This document discusses three concepts related to planning theory: compact cities, public participation, and rationality. Compact cities are high-density urban developments built in balance with the natural environment that have clear boundaries and a mix of uses. Public participation involves engaging stakeholders and citizens affected by decisions. Rationality means acting based on facts and reality to avoid unwanted consequences, and there are different types of rationality like instrumental, incremental, and bounded rationality.
The Future of Urbanism Workshop
Urban Democracy Workshop at the Academy of Urbanism 10th Anniversary Congress - The Future of Urbanism, June 2016, London
Reflections: The Science of the City
This document discusses definitions and characterizations of cities. It analyzes the genesis of cities through the historical processes of surplus food production, division of labor, and the development of functional interdependencies between clusters of producers and families. Analytically, cities emerge from division of labor and agglomeration economies that concentrate human activities around a center. This urban land nexus requires governance institutions to manage density and proximity. While urban theory is eclectic, analyzing cities' intrinsically urban aspects is important. Cities emerge in capitalism as producers and workers agglomerate. A focus on agglomeration and the urban land nexus highlights the importance of the urban commons to competitive advantage and communal life.
The City of Wealth
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): The Science of the City
Naples, March 2016
Presentation by Kingsley Haynes
Contemporary Urbanism In Brazil
The book examines contemporary urbanism in Brazil beyond Brasilia by assessing major trends like late-modernism, revitalization, and social inclusion. It examines how cities are regenerating democratically to meet market and social demands while respecting culture and history. Reviews praise the book for its detailed case studies and for radically altering understanding of Brazilian urbanism as a laboratory for urban change worldwide.
sprawl developments measurement indicator and projections in selected nigeri...
Sprawl development is commonly attributed to the unprecedented rate of urbanization and city spatial growth. Large cities are not necessarily sprawling but are determined by characteristic compactness and connectedness of the metropolitan development and services including infrastructure and amenities. The understanding of the sprawl phenomenon is enhanced by some characteristic measurement of sprawl making use of certain development parameters. This paper therefore highlights an aspect of the measurement of sprawl utilizing the results from remote sensing data sourced from records of satellite images (from various Landsat and Nigeriasat) documented in research literatures. Also, the population census figures for each of the cities were sourced and projected as required for analysis and used in conjunction with their respective urban built-up land coverage. Results reveal varying pattern of relationship between progressions of urban spatial coverage changes and growth of population over a specified period of time. Intrinsic values from the computation such as urban population density and land consumption rate evolve as indicators for sprawl development and measurements.
Recommended
9 frontiers-shanghai
The document discusses several themes related to globalization and urbanization including:
- The shift towards greater economic growth and recovery in lower-income metropolitan areas in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East as compared to higher-income areas in Europe and the United States.
- The increasing interconnectedness and blurring boundaries between global cities like New York and London as they become linked by shared culture, language, and massive financial flows.
- The need for urban studies to move beyond frameworks focused solely on global cities and economic competitiveness, and instead consider the diversity and creative potential of all cities.
SSC2011_Stephanie Pollack PPT
The document summarizes research on neighborhood change in transit-rich neighborhoods. It found that gentrification occurred in most neighborhoods studied, with renters more susceptible. While racial composition generally did not change significantly, displacement was not clearly evident. However, gentrification did lead to higher housing costs for renters and more automobile-owning households in some neighborhoods, reducing transit usage. The research aims to understand these patterns and propose policy tools to promote equitable neighborhood change near transit.
Planning theory 1
This document discusses three concepts related to planning theory: compact cities, public participation, and rationality. Compact cities are high-density urban developments built in balance with the natural environment that have clear boundaries and a mix of uses. Public participation involves engaging stakeholders and citizens affected by decisions. Rationality means acting based on facts and reality to avoid unwanted consequences, and there are different types of rationality like instrumental, incremental, and bounded rationality.
The Future of Urbanism Workshop
Urban Democracy Workshop at the Academy of Urbanism 10th Anniversary Congress - The Future of Urbanism, June 2016, London
Reflections: The Science of the City
This document discusses definitions and characterizations of cities. It analyzes the genesis of cities through the historical processes of surplus food production, division of labor, and the development of functional interdependencies between clusters of producers and families. Analytically, cities emerge from division of labor and agglomeration economies that concentrate human activities around a center. This urban land nexus requires governance institutions to manage density and proximity. While urban theory is eclectic, analyzing cities' intrinsically urban aspects is important. Cities emerge in capitalism as producers and workers agglomerate. A focus on agglomeration and the urban land nexus highlights the importance of the urban commons to competitive advantage and communal life.
The City of Wealth
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): The Science of the City
Naples, March 2016
Presentation by Kingsley Haynes
Contemporary Urbanism In Brazil
The book examines contemporary urbanism in Brazil beyond Brasilia by assessing major trends like late-modernism, revitalization, and social inclusion. It examines how cities are regenerating democratically to meet market and social demands while respecting culture and history. Reviews praise the book for its detailed case studies and for radically altering understanding of Brazilian urbanism as a laboratory for urban change worldwide.
sprawl developments measurement indicator and projections in selected nigeri...
Sprawl development is commonly attributed to the unprecedented rate of urbanization and city spatial growth. Large cities are not necessarily sprawling but are determined by characteristic compactness and connectedness of the metropolitan development and services including infrastructure and amenities. The understanding of the sprawl phenomenon is enhanced by some characteristic measurement of sprawl making use of certain development parameters. This paper therefore highlights an aspect of the measurement of sprawl utilizing the results from remote sensing data sourced from records of satellite images (from various Landsat and Nigeriasat) documented in research literatures. Also, the population census figures for each of the cities were sourced and projected as required for analysis and used in conjunction with their respective urban built-up land coverage. Results reveal varying pattern of relationship between progressions of urban spatial coverage changes and growth of population over a specified period of time. Intrinsic values from the computation such as urban population density and land consumption rate evolve as indicators for sprawl development and measurements.
Urban lives
Slides from a lesson exploring 'urban lives' from happy cities to urban acupuncture and sustainable cities.
The Political Economy of Regionalism
The document discusses the political economy of regionalism and its relevance for transboundary water management and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It explores how transboundary water management can be more efficiently and sustainably supplied if more strongly linked to broader regional political economies. The document defines key terms like regionalism and political economy. It discusses challenges in governing transboundary waters and how management is itself a regional public good. The re-emergence of regionalism in different forms and cases studies are also summarized.
Gentrification_Chicago
This document analyzes gentrification in Chicago between 1990 and 2000 using U.S. Census data at the census tract level. It finds that many neighborhoods near downtown Chicago experienced increases in income, education, and the percentage of white residents over this period, indicating gentrification. At the same time, many outer neighborhoods saw increases in minority populations, suggesting original residents may have been displaced outward. The author aims to quantify gentrification and examine how initial neighborhood characteristics relate to which areas gentrified.
Urban-rural linkages and multi-locational household livelihoods
Urban-rural linkages and multi-locational household livelihoodsInternational Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Dr. Einhard Schmidt Kallert
“Food Security and Nutrition in an Urbanizing World”
June 06, 2017
Brussels, Belgium
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), SNV Netherlands Development Organization, and Welthungerhilfe are jointly organizing a one-day event in Brussels on the eve of the European Development Days to explore the challenges and opportunities of urbanization from a variety of perspectives
Urbanism
This document discusses the concepts of urbanism and urbanization. Urbanism is defined as the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, as well as the role of cities in societal development. It originated from the work of sociologists like Marx, Tonnies, Durkheim, Weber and Simmel. The Chicago School further developed sociological theories of urbanism. Urbanization refers to the phenomenon of rural to urban migration and the factors driving this migration. The document examines elements that define an area as "urban" and discusses early urban sociologists' framing of symbolic interaction in urban settings. It provides an overview of sociologist George Simmel's work on the impacts of city life on mental life and
Fellmann11e ch3
The document discusses several concepts related to spatial interaction and human spatial behavior:
1) It describes three bases for interaction between places - complementarity, transferability, and intervening opportunity. Complementarity refers to one place having what another wants. Transferability is the cost of moving a commodity between places. Intervening opportunities provide alternatives that reduce interaction between distant places.
2) Factors that influence spatial interaction include distance decay, the gravity concept, and movement biases. Distance has a retarding effect on interaction. The gravity concept states that large cities attract more people. Certain centers are more attractive to merchants and customers.
3) The document covers types of human migration like forced, voluntary, push and pull
IRJET- Water Imprints: The Process of Contemporary Urbanization for [Re]-Stru...
This document discusses the process of urbanization in Dhaka, Bangladesh and how it has impacted the relationship between urban and rural areas. It notes that rapid urban growth has physically separated cities from natural resources like water and open spaces. The lack of connection between urban and environmental areas has exacerbated water crises and degraded the land. The document argues that water can be a sustainable element to reconnect cities to surrounding territories if it is incorporated into the spatial structure of urban planning. It examines theories of regionalism, environmentalism, and transects - the grading of habitats from rural to urban. Integrating ecological elements like water and green spaces into urban planning could make cities and their surrounding areas more livable while regenerating the relationship between urban
The Scale of Public Space: Taksim Square in Istanbul
The Scale of Public Space:
Taksim Square in Istanbul
Dr.SenemZeybekoglu Sadri *
Department of Architecture, Girne American University, Turkey
A B S T R A C T
This article aims at following the traces of the transformation of public sphere in Turkey through its manifestations on urban public spaces with the case study of Taksim Square. In this attempt, the article illustrates how Taksim square, as a public space, has been shaped by struggles between different ideologies, discourses, political decisions and daily activities taking place at personal, interpersonal, local, national, supranational and global scales. Through this way this article also aims at understanding how these contestations at different scales are affecting people, individually and collectively, from daily life practices to political integration. The article also discusses that our daily life practices and preferences are political decisions and our participation in public sphere occurs through those daily actions of the personal spheres. Therefore, the article suggests that a paradigm shift is needed in the design and production of the built environments that will facilitate the coexistence of multiple counter publics.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(1), 67-75.
https://doi.org/10.25034/1761.1(1)67-75
www.ijcua.com
Copyright © 2017 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.
Web fb presentation 111613bp
This document discusses New York City's potential to lead on climate change adaptation and sustainable investment through mobilizing progressive urban voters. It notes that NYC has low voter turnout averaging 28% in recent elections, with mayoral races often decided by margins under 50,000 votes. A bloc of just 20,000-40,000 college-educated young progressive voters in Manhattan and Brooklyn could significantly impact local elections. By organizing such a bloc around issues like climate adaptation and infrastructure investment, NYC could make these national priorities and create a model for progressive political action in cities worldwide.
Nathan pittman
The document discusses the inadequacies of the current public transportation system and proposes creating an integrated system modeled after German and Swiss examples. An integrated system could improve cost effectiveness by reducing duplication, increase ridership by improving mobility and connectivity across the region, and potentially increase labor market participation. However, the links between transportation access and employment outcomes require further study. The document raises questions and provides references for further information.
Thesis book draft 2_120615
This document presents a thesis investigating opportunities for low-cost housing through modular construction and high-density communal living. The aim is to create a new housing paradigm that achieves a more economically viable, ecologically resilient, and culturally constructive typology through hyper-density. This typology could integrate within cities to offer housing for those unable to achieve traditional ownership and set precedent for a shift towards communal rather than individual housing culture. The document outlines the thesis statement and argument, relevance of addressing housing issues, and the author's personal background. It provides an abstract and table of contents, and discusses literature reviewed on topics of urbanism, housing affordability, and the need for an alternative urban model.
Miem0312 bharat nihalani urban sprawl
Urban sprawl refers to low-density auto-oriented development that has expanded city footprints. It has negative impacts like worse health, environmental, and cultural issues. Urban economics literature identifies the primary causes of sprawl as falling transportation costs, rising incomes, and how people self-sort based on preferences. This has led to issues like traffic, pollution, loss of open space, and unequal public services. Local public finance models also show how people sort into jurisdictions based on amenities and preferences, influencing the urban landscape. An integrated approach is needed to better understand the complex trade-offs of policies on households in cities and suburbs.
Trends in New Jersey Land Use: Addressing Obesity Through Planning
Presented at the New Jersey Chapter of the American Planning Association annual conference, Nov. 4, 2011, by Outreach and Development Director Dan Fatton
Urbanization
This document provides an overview of urbanization and perspectives on urban growth. It discusses the definition of urbanization and causes of urban growth such as improved food supply, healthcare, education and jobs. It outlines functionalist, symbolic and conflict perspectives on urbanization. The functionalist view sees urban development as necessary for societal progress, while increasing rates of anomie. Symbolic perspectives examine how city life shapes social interaction and division of labor. Conflict views emphasize the role of power and wealth in influencing urban development decisions. The document also examines theories of urban growth patterns and current problems faced by developing world cities like pollution, unemployment, and housing shortages.
SineadOuillon PhD scope
This document discusses the role of arts and culture in promoting a circular economy. It first defines a circular economy as one that is restorative and regenerative by keeping products and materials at their highest value. The research focuses on how arts and culture can engage citizens and impact the development of a circular economy in cities. A literature review covers what is known about the circular economy and the relationship between citizens and sustainable practices. The document then outlines research methods, including case studies of various cities and a qualitative ethnographic study of an arcade in Coventry, UK to explore how public arts and collaboration influence participation in the circular economy.
Vigar, Geoff, Stephen Graham, and Patsy Healey. "In search of the city in spa...
Summary. This paper addresses the ways in which urban regions are represented in contemporary urban policies. In doing so, it critically examines how urban trends are reflected in diverse notions of ‘cityness’ in contemporary policy discourses about spatiality and territoriality. Through a detailed case study of the use and construction of the word ‘city’ in a range of urban governance contexts in Newcastle upon Tyne, this paper analyses the political work done by diverse representations and invocations of ‘cityness’ in contemporary urban governance. Such representations matter because the way in which contemporary cities are conceptualised influences policy formulations and policy outcomes. In addition, considerable emphasis is being placed in contemporary urban policy on ‘joining-up’, ‘integrating’ and co-ordinating governance efforts. How conceptions of the city are mobilised to do such integrating work provides insight into the challenge such ambitions present. The evidence from the case study suggests that the capacity of local actors to think about the processes of change in metropolitan regions, and to define the ways in which they can respond, is often limited, as they struggle to define what their ‘city’ actually might be these days. This tends to be to the detriment of collective attempts to maximise conditions for citizens and for investment.
Free transit
This document discusses arguments for free public transit in Toronto. It makes the following key points:
1. Free transit would provide immediate relief for commuters and improve mobility for those who are least mobile, such as the young, elderly, disabled and low-income.
2. Free transit could lead to more use of public transit over time, making transportation patterns more sustainable. However, free transit alone may not be enough to significantly reduce car use - transit capacity would need to be expanded and car use restricted.
3. Financing free transit would be difficult without restructuring transportation funding and challenging the many ways governments subsidize car-centric infrastructure. Advocates would need to argue for shifting costs onto private transportation
Graham, Stephen. "Bridging urban digital divides? Urban polarisation and info...
The societal diffusion of information and communications technologies (ICTs) remains starkly uneven at all scales. It is in the contemporary city that this unevenness becomes most visible. In cities, clusters and enclaves of ‘superconnected’ people, rms and institutions often rest cheek-by-jowel with large numbers of people with non-existent or rudimentary access to communications technologies. In such a context, this paper has two objectives, reected in its two parts. The rst part of the paper seeks to demonstrate that dominant trends in ICT develop- ment are currently helping to support new extremes of social and geographical unevenness within and between human settlements and cities, in both the North and the South. The paper’s second part aims to explore the prospect that such stark ‘urban digital divides’ might be ameliorated through progressive and innovative policy initiatives which treat cities and electronic technologies in parallel. It does this using a range of illustrative exemplars from a variety of contexts
Understanding households’ residential location choice in kumasi’s peri urban ...
This document summarizes a research study on households' residential location choices in peri-urban areas of Kumasi, Ghana. The study had three objectives: 1) Understand factors influencing location choices in two peri-urban settlements, 2) Examine likely future location preferences, and 3) Consider implications for sustainable urban growth. Literature on peri-urban areas and residential choice theory provided context. Field data was collected through surveys. Key findings included that family relations, lower land/rent prices, and work proximity most influenced current location choices. Many households planned to stay, suggesting continued rapid expansion. The study concludes this will challenge sustainable growth goals unless policies promote livable central areas and mixed-use development.
Sprawl: Understanding its Meaning and Application to Practice
This document discusses the definition and measurement of urban sprawl. It begins with an overview of the origins of the term "sprawl" in the 1930s and its popularization in the 1950s. It then examines conflicting perspectives on sprawl and various definitions from different organizations. The document proposes defining sprawl based on eight dimensions: density, continuity, concentration, clustering, centrality, mixed-uses, and proximity. These dimensions can be quantified to objectively measure sprawl's characteristics in a given geographic area. The document concludes that defining sprawl objectively using land use characteristics can help planners make informed land use decisions.
PITT_Winter2017_RGB_150dpi (dragged)
Barbara Quarles had a 32-year career as a children's librarian where she nurtured young minds through storytime. She was encouraged to pursue her love of books and became a librarian after being inspired by her high school librarian. Later in her career, she was selected to serve on a prestigious committee to choose the best children's books of the year. Now retired, she hopes to inspire future librarians through a charitable gift to the School of Information Sciences.
Rob Bomba dreamed of becoming a doctor to help others around the world. Though he passed away unexpectedly while pursuing his associate's degree, his friend established a memorial fund in his honor to support nontraditional students at Pitt,
WHI.3 -- River Valley Civilizations
This presentation provides an overview of ancient river valley civilizations, social, political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations, and aspects of the history of Judaism.
More Related Content
What's hot
Urban lives
Slides from a lesson exploring 'urban lives' from happy cities to urban acupuncture and sustainable cities.
The Political Economy of Regionalism
The document discusses the political economy of regionalism and its relevance for transboundary water management and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It explores how transboundary water management can be more efficiently and sustainably supplied if more strongly linked to broader regional political economies. The document defines key terms like regionalism and political economy. It discusses challenges in governing transboundary waters and how management is itself a regional public good. The re-emergence of regionalism in different forms and cases studies are also summarized.
Gentrification_Chicago
This document analyzes gentrification in Chicago between 1990 and 2000 using U.S. Census data at the census tract level. It finds that many neighborhoods near downtown Chicago experienced increases in income, education, and the percentage of white residents over this period, indicating gentrification. At the same time, many outer neighborhoods saw increases in minority populations, suggesting original residents may have been displaced outward. The author aims to quantify gentrification and examine how initial neighborhood characteristics relate to which areas gentrified.
Urban-rural linkages and multi-locational household livelihoods
Urban-rural linkages and multi-locational household livelihoodsInternational Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Dr. Einhard Schmidt Kallert
“Food Security and Nutrition in an Urbanizing World”
June 06, 2017
Brussels, Belgium
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), SNV Netherlands Development Organization, and Welthungerhilfe are jointly organizing a one-day event in Brussels on the eve of the European Development Days to explore the challenges and opportunities of urbanization from a variety of perspectives
Urbanism
This document discusses the concepts of urbanism and urbanization. Urbanism is defined as the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, as well as the role of cities in societal development. It originated from the work of sociologists like Marx, Tonnies, Durkheim, Weber and Simmel. The Chicago School further developed sociological theories of urbanism. Urbanization refers to the phenomenon of rural to urban migration and the factors driving this migration. The document examines elements that define an area as "urban" and discusses early urban sociologists' framing of symbolic interaction in urban settings. It provides an overview of sociologist George Simmel's work on the impacts of city life on mental life and
Fellmann11e ch3
The document discusses several concepts related to spatial interaction and human spatial behavior:
1) It describes three bases for interaction between places - complementarity, transferability, and intervening opportunity. Complementarity refers to one place having what another wants. Transferability is the cost of moving a commodity between places. Intervening opportunities provide alternatives that reduce interaction between distant places.
2) Factors that influence spatial interaction include distance decay, the gravity concept, and movement biases. Distance has a retarding effect on interaction. The gravity concept states that large cities attract more people. Certain centers are more attractive to merchants and customers.
3) The document covers types of human migration like forced, voluntary, push and pull
IRJET- Water Imprints: The Process of Contemporary Urbanization for [Re]-Stru...
This document discusses the process of urbanization in Dhaka, Bangladesh and how it has impacted the relationship between urban and rural areas. It notes that rapid urban growth has physically separated cities from natural resources like water and open spaces. The lack of connection between urban and environmental areas has exacerbated water crises and degraded the land. The document argues that water can be a sustainable element to reconnect cities to surrounding territories if it is incorporated into the spatial structure of urban planning. It examines theories of regionalism, environmentalism, and transects - the grading of habitats from rural to urban. Integrating ecological elements like water and green spaces into urban planning could make cities and their surrounding areas more livable while regenerating the relationship between urban
The Scale of Public Space: Taksim Square in Istanbul
The Scale of Public Space:
Taksim Square in Istanbul
Dr.SenemZeybekoglu Sadri *
Department of Architecture, Girne American University, Turkey
A B S T R A C T
This article aims at following the traces of the transformation of public sphere in Turkey through its manifestations on urban public spaces with the case study of Taksim Square. In this attempt, the article illustrates how Taksim square, as a public space, has been shaped by struggles between different ideologies, discourses, political decisions and daily activities taking place at personal, interpersonal, local, national, supranational and global scales. Through this way this article also aims at understanding how these contestations at different scales are affecting people, individually and collectively, from daily life practices to political integration. The article also discusses that our daily life practices and preferences are political decisions and our participation in public sphere occurs through those daily actions of the personal spheres. Therefore, the article suggests that a paradigm shift is needed in the design and production of the built environments that will facilitate the coexistence of multiple counter publics.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(1), 67-75.
https://doi.org/10.25034/1761.1(1)67-75
www.ijcua.com
Copyright © 2017 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.
Web fb presentation 111613bp
This document discusses New York City's potential to lead on climate change adaptation and sustainable investment through mobilizing progressive urban voters. It notes that NYC has low voter turnout averaging 28% in recent elections, with mayoral races often decided by margins under 50,000 votes. A bloc of just 20,000-40,000 college-educated young progressive voters in Manhattan and Brooklyn could significantly impact local elections. By organizing such a bloc around issues like climate adaptation and infrastructure investment, NYC could make these national priorities and create a model for progressive political action in cities worldwide.
Nathan pittman
The document discusses the inadequacies of the current public transportation system and proposes creating an integrated system modeled after German and Swiss examples. An integrated system could improve cost effectiveness by reducing duplication, increase ridership by improving mobility and connectivity across the region, and potentially increase labor market participation. However, the links between transportation access and employment outcomes require further study. The document raises questions and provides references for further information.
Thesis book draft 2_120615
This document presents a thesis investigating opportunities for low-cost housing through modular construction and high-density communal living. The aim is to create a new housing paradigm that achieves a more economically viable, ecologically resilient, and culturally constructive typology through hyper-density. This typology could integrate within cities to offer housing for those unable to achieve traditional ownership and set precedent for a shift towards communal rather than individual housing culture. The document outlines the thesis statement and argument, relevance of addressing housing issues, and the author's personal background. It provides an abstract and table of contents, and discusses literature reviewed on topics of urbanism, housing affordability, and the need for an alternative urban model.
Miem0312 bharat nihalani urban sprawl
Urban sprawl refers to low-density auto-oriented development that has expanded city footprints. It has negative impacts like worse health, environmental, and cultural issues. Urban economics literature identifies the primary causes of sprawl as falling transportation costs, rising incomes, and how people self-sort based on preferences. This has led to issues like traffic, pollution, loss of open space, and unequal public services. Local public finance models also show how people sort into jurisdictions based on amenities and preferences, influencing the urban landscape. An integrated approach is needed to better understand the complex trade-offs of policies on households in cities and suburbs.
Trends in New Jersey Land Use: Addressing Obesity Through Planning
Presented at the New Jersey Chapter of the American Planning Association annual conference, Nov. 4, 2011, by Outreach and Development Director Dan Fatton
Urbanization
This document provides an overview of urbanization and perspectives on urban growth. It discusses the definition of urbanization and causes of urban growth such as improved food supply, healthcare, education and jobs. It outlines functionalist, symbolic and conflict perspectives on urbanization. The functionalist view sees urban development as necessary for societal progress, while increasing rates of anomie. Symbolic perspectives examine how city life shapes social interaction and division of labor. Conflict views emphasize the role of power and wealth in influencing urban development decisions. The document also examines theories of urban growth patterns and current problems faced by developing world cities like pollution, unemployment, and housing shortages.
SineadOuillon PhD scope
This document discusses the role of arts and culture in promoting a circular economy. It first defines a circular economy as one that is restorative and regenerative by keeping products and materials at their highest value. The research focuses on how arts and culture can engage citizens and impact the development of a circular economy in cities. A literature review covers what is known about the circular economy and the relationship between citizens and sustainable practices. The document then outlines research methods, including case studies of various cities and a qualitative ethnographic study of an arcade in Coventry, UK to explore how public arts and collaboration influence participation in the circular economy.
Vigar, Geoff, Stephen Graham, and Patsy Healey. "In search of the city in spa...
Summary. This paper addresses the ways in which urban regions are represented in contemporary urban policies. In doing so, it critically examines how urban trends are reflected in diverse notions of ‘cityness’ in contemporary policy discourses about spatiality and territoriality. Through a detailed case study of the use and construction of the word ‘city’ in a range of urban governance contexts in Newcastle upon Tyne, this paper analyses the political work done by diverse representations and invocations of ‘cityness’ in contemporary urban governance. Such representations matter because the way in which contemporary cities are conceptualised influences policy formulations and policy outcomes. In addition, considerable emphasis is being placed in contemporary urban policy on ‘joining-up’, ‘integrating’ and co-ordinating governance efforts. How conceptions of the city are mobilised to do such integrating work provides insight into the challenge such ambitions present. The evidence from the case study suggests that the capacity of local actors to think about the processes of change in metropolitan regions, and to define the ways in which they can respond, is often limited, as they struggle to define what their ‘city’ actually might be these days. This tends to be to the detriment of collective attempts to maximise conditions for citizens and for investment.
Free transit
This document discusses arguments for free public transit in Toronto. It makes the following key points:
1. Free transit would provide immediate relief for commuters and improve mobility for those who are least mobile, such as the young, elderly, disabled and low-income.
2. Free transit could lead to more use of public transit over time, making transportation patterns more sustainable. However, free transit alone may not be enough to significantly reduce car use - transit capacity would need to be expanded and car use restricted.
3. Financing free transit would be difficult without restructuring transportation funding and challenging the many ways governments subsidize car-centric infrastructure. Advocates would need to argue for shifting costs onto private transportation
Graham, Stephen. "Bridging urban digital divides? Urban polarisation and info...
The societal diffusion of information and communications technologies (ICTs) remains starkly uneven at all scales. It is in the contemporary city that this unevenness becomes most visible. In cities, clusters and enclaves of ‘superconnected’ people, rms and institutions often rest cheek-by-jowel with large numbers of people with non-existent or rudimentary access to communications technologies. In such a context, this paper has two objectives, reected in its two parts. The rst part of the paper seeks to demonstrate that dominant trends in ICT develop- ment are currently helping to support new extremes of social and geographical unevenness within and between human settlements and cities, in both the North and the South. The paper’s second part aims to explore the prospect that such stark ‘urban digital divides’ might be ameliorated through progressive and innovative policy initiatives which treat cities and electronic technologies in parallel. It does this using a range of illustrative exemplars from a variety of contexts
Understanding households’ residential location choice in kumasi’s peri urban ...
This document summarizes a research study on households' residential location choices in peri-urban areas of Kumasi, Ghana. The study had three objectives: 1) Understand factors influencing location choices in two peri-urban settlements, 2) Examine likely future location preferences, and 3) Consider implications for sustainable urban growth. Literature on peri-urban areas and residential choice theory provided context. Field data was collected through surveys. Key findings included that family relations, lower land/rent prices, and work proximity most influenced current location choices. Many households planned to stay, suggesting continued rapid expansion. The study concludes this will challenge sustainable growth goals unless policies promote livable central areas and mixed-use development.
Sprawl: Understanding its Meaning and Application to Practice
This document discusses the definition and measurement of urban sprawl. It begins with an overview of the origins of the term "sprawl" in the 1930s and its popularization in the 1950s. It then examines conflicting perspectives on sprawl and various definitions from different organizations. The document proposes defining sprawl based on eight dimensions: density, continuity, concentration, clustering, centrality, mixed-uses, and proximity. These dimensions can be quantified to objectively measure sprawl's characteristics in a given geographic area. The document concludes that defining sprawl objectively using land use characteristics can help planners make informed land use decisions.
What's hot (20)
Urban-rural linkages and multi-locational household livelihoods
Urban-rural linkages and multi-locational household livelihoods
IRJET- Water Imprints: The Process of Contemporary Urbanization for [Re]-Stru...
IRJET- Water Imprints: The Process of Contemporary Urbanization for [Re]-Stru...
The Scale of Public Space: Taksim Square in Istanbul
The Scale of Public Space: Taksim Square in Istanbul
Trends in New Jersey Land Use: Addressing Obesity Through Planning
Trends in New Jersey Land Use: Addressing Obesity Through Planning
Vigar, Geoff, Stephen Graham, and Patsy Healey. "In search of the city in spa...
Vigar, Geoff, Stephen Graham, and Patsy Healey. "In search of the city in spa...
Graham, Stephen. "Bridging urban digital divides? Urban polarisation and info...
Graham, Stephen. "Bridging urban digital divides? Urban polarisation and info...
Understanding households’ residential location choice in kumasi’s peri urban ...
Understanding households’ residential location choice in kumasi’s peri urban ...
Sprawl: Understanding its Meaning and Application to Practice
Sprawl: Understanding its Meaning and Application to Practice
Viewers also liked
PITT_Winter2017_RGB_150dpi (dragged)
Barbara Quarles had a 32-year career as a children's librarian where she nurtured young minds through storytime. She was encouraged to pursue her love of books and became a librarian after being inspired by her high school librarian. Later in her career, she was selected to serve on a prestigious committee to choose the best children's books of the year. Now retired, she hopes to inspire future librarians through a charitable gift to the School of Information Sciences.
Rob Bomba dreamed of becoming a doctor to help others around the world. Though he passed away unexpectedly while pursuing his associate's degree, his friend established a memorial fund in his honor to support nontraditional students at Pitt,
WHI.3 -- River Valley Civilizations
This presentation provides an overview of ancient river valley civilizations, social, political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations, and aspects of the history of Judaism.
1.1b
The document summarizes the distinct characteristics of the three colonial regions in British North America:
The New England colonies focused on small family farms and religious freedom. The Middle colonies had diverse economies and religious tolerance. The Southern colonies established a plantation system using indentured servants and slaves to grow cash crops like tobacco and rice for profit.
Adaptation of ancient architectural character from old civilisation
Adaptation of ancient architectural character from old civilisationChaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University
The document discusses key aspects of Indus Valley Civilization architecture and urban planning. Some key points:
1) The Indus Valley cities had sophisticated urban planning with standardized brick homes, streets laid out on a grid, drainage and water supply systems.
2) Homes were arranged around courtyards and had indoor kitchens, wells, and covered drains connected to street drains. Larger homes and public buildings were located along streets.
3) An extensive drainage system with covered drains and soak pits served the cities. The public bath at Mohenjo-Daro had a stone-lined pool and was equipped with drains.
4) The granaries found were large brick structuresIndus valley civilization
The document provides an overview of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It discusses the defining characteristics of a civilization and provides details about the Indus Valley Civilization such as its time period from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, its geographic spread along the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys, and its defining features including urban planning with grid-like patterns, advanced sanitation systems, and standardized weights and measures. Key sites of the civilization discussed include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, and Lothal.
ppt
The ancient Chinese civilization grew along the Huang Ho river valley beginning in the Stone Age. Early tribes practiced organized farming and built circular houses with conical roofs and mud floors. Archaeological evidence shows the remains of ovens, storage rooms, and kilns indicating progress in agriculture. Writing also developed during this period, featuring a unique pictorial script where each symbol represented a word and text flowed from top to bottom. This led to the emergence of cities, specialized crafts, long distance trade, and strong central government.
Ancient Civilisations: Indus and Shang
Ancient civilizations in China, India, and Southeast Asia developed along river valleys where conditions supported agriculture. Key features of civilizations included systems of government, distinct occupations, writing, religion, and scientific/artistic achievements. The Indus civilization declined around 1500 BC possibly due to floods, disease, or invasion while the Shang dynasty in China fell in 1150 BC after the last king was killed during an invasion, beginning China's Warring States period.
Origin of cities
The document summarizes the origins of cities from early hunter-gatherer societies to the emergence of permanent agricultural settlements. As the last ice age ended, some 10,000 years ago, people in the Fertile Crescent region began cultivating crops and domesticating animals, leading to settled agricultural villages. This sedentary lifestyle allowed for population growth and surplus food production. Some villages grew into early cities as divisions of labor emerged, populations concentrated, and formal institutions and defenses developed to manage communal resources and protect settlements, marking the beginnings of urbanization in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and the Levant.
Settlement features of indus valley civilisation
Division of Settlement
Introduction to Indus Valley Civilization
Division Of Harappan Civilization
Town Planning Features of Harappans
Layout Of Harappan City
The Citadels
The Lower Town
The Great Bath
Granaries
The Drainage System
Harappan Wells
Courtyards
Streets
Nature of Harappan Cities
Typical and atypical aspects of the civilisation
Bibliography
Review Indus River Valley
The document discusses the Indus River Valley civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It formed along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan around 2500 BC. The civilization included major urban settlements like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had populations of 30,000-40,000 people and were laid out in an organized grid pattern. The Harappan civilization developed new technologies and engaged in trade, but its writing system remains undeciphered and it declined around 1900 BC for unknown reasons.
Power harappa practicum
The ancient Chinese civilization began developing along the Hwang-Ho river valley in the Stone Age. By 6000 BC, agriculture and cattle rearing had developed, and farming tribes regulated these activities. Stone and wooden tools were used initially in agriculture, but the introduction of bronze led to its widespread adoption for tools and weapons. Early Chinese civilization is only poorly understood due to limited archaeological evidence, but houses were circular with conical roofs, and pottery, tools, and burial grounds have been excavated from this period.
Paper11 post
Ania Loomba is a scholar of postcolonial literature and theory. She received her degrees from Delhi University and researches and teaches on early modern literature, histories of race and colonialism, postcolonial studies, feminist theory, and contemporary Indian literature and culture. According to Loomba, colonialism refers to the physical occupation of territory, while postcolonialism deals with the effects of colonialization on culture and societies. She discusses definitions of colonialism, imperialism, and postcolonialism from sources like the Oxford English Dictionary. Colonialism can be defined as the conquest and control of other people's land and goods by European powers starting in the 16th century. Imperialism refers to rule by an emperor or
Indus valley civilisation 2
The document provides details from a presentation on the Indus Valley Civilization given by four students. It summarizes key facts about the mature phase of the civilization from 2600-1900 BCE, including its location along the Ghaggar-Hakra river and major sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It describes architectural features like the Great Bath, pillared halls, and wells, and artifacts found including a dancing girl figurine, toy cart, and seals. Photos illustrate reconstructed and preserved buildings, structures, and objects from this ancient civilization.
Colonial Settlement 0708
The document discusses the colonial settlement of British North America from 1607 to 1750. It outlines the founding and economic motivations of the Jamestown colony and other Chesapeake colonies, as well as the religious motivations but also economic activities of the New England colonies. While some colonies like Plymouth and Maryland were founded for religious freedom, the document asserts that overall economic opportunities were a larger driving force in the settling of North America than religious reasons.
Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
The document discusses a study on the impacts of the Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in human settlement development patterns in the Jaffna Peninsula. The scheme aims to address salinization issues that have reduced available freshwater and arable land. It is expected to make 11,000 additional acres suitable for cultivation. The study will analyze how the scheme might change settlement patterns, including the identification of potential new patterns with and without the scheme. Methodologies like hierarchy of functions analysis and nearest neighbor analysis will be used to assess impacts on settlements.
Chapter 2- Models of Settlement
This document is a chapter from a history textbook about English colonial societies from 1590-1710. It covers the founding and development of the earliest English colonies in North America, including the Chesapeake colonies of Jamestown and Maryland, as well as New England. It also discusses the Caribbean colonies and proprietary colonies established later in the 17th century. The chapter is divided into sections on the different colonial regions and time periods, and contains questions for students on key events, people, and concepts discussed in the text.
Indus valley civilisation
this is a civilisation known from past ie indus valley and harrapan civilisation
A background reading from: Ania Loomba's Colonialism & Post colonialism
This document provides background information on colonialism, imperialism, and post-colonialism from various academic sources and definitions. It discusses how colonialism originally referred to Roman settlements but later described the European conquest and control of other lands and goods from the 16th century onward. Imperialism differed in that it pertained to rule under an empire, often in a despotic manner. Post-colonialism refers to the aftermath of colonial rule and the complex ideological disengagement from colonial influences, though the precise beginning of the post-colonial era is debated.
Harappan civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished around the Indus River basin from 3300-1300 BCE. At its peak between 2600-1900 BCE, the civilization extended over 1 million square kilometers across parts of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, making it one of the largest ancient civilizations. The Indus cities had sophisticated urban planning and sanitation systems, and the people developed new techniques in crafts like seal carving and metallurgy. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BCE remains unclear, but it was contemporaneous with other early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
Indus valley civilisation
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization located in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It was one of three early civilizations in the Old World, along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The civilization was highly advanced and urbanized, with well-planned cities containing sophisticated water and drainage systems. Trade networks extended across Afghanistan, Persia, and parts of India and Mesopotamia. While the precise form of governance is unknown, archaeological evidence suggests the presence of a central authority. The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1300 BCE, possibly due to environmental changes.
Viewers also liked (20)
Adaptation of ancient architectural character from old civilisation
Adaptation of ancient architectural character from old civilisation
A background reading from: Ania Loomba's Colonialism & Post colonialism
A background reading from: Ania Loomba's Colonialism & Post colonialism
Similar to Rescaling the city—globalization and human settlement patterns
Joel Kotkin After The Bubble And Beyond
Presentation by Joel Kotkin
Presidential Fellow, Chapman University, Senior Consultant Praxis Strategy Group
National Conference on Corporate Community Investment
Business Civic Leadership Center,
US Chamber of Commerce.
Anaheim, CA
April 29, 2009
'Urban Governance & Its Discontents' Programme International Conference 2016 ...
'Urban Governance & Its Discontents' Programme International Conference 2016 ...Dr Igor Calzada, MBA, FeRSA
Dr Igor Calzada, MBA, presents the paper 'Comparing Smart City-Regional Governance Strategies in Bristol, Glasgow, Bilbao & Barcelona' at the University of Oxford on 18th Feb 2016. Part 3 - Urban planning history, theories, and concepts
Lecture (last of three parts) for the 2018 UP Plano Board Exam Review Sessions; content credited to The City Reader (2016) and my Plan 201 learnings.
540-4 Urban Geography
How does the study of Urban Geography contribute to our understanding of the nature of the city? of the possibilities of the ideal city? How does theology interface with urban geography?
IHP_2009_2010_Catalog
The International Honors Program (IHP) is celebrating its 50th anniversary of providing college students opportunities to examine global issues in a comparative way across multiple countries. The IHP offers semester-long and year-long programs where students take interdisciplinary courses and visit several countries to study topics like public health, the environment, urban planning and more. Students interact with local experts and communities. The IHP aims to give students a unique understanding of these issues from different cultural perspectives and to consider their role in the global community.
Working Paper 1.pdf
This document summarizes a paper on urban inequality. It discusses four key points:
1) Urbanization has historically concentrated wealth and driven inequalities through economic specialization, social stratification, environmental exploitation, and unrepresentative governance. Higher rates of urban growth and larger cities are associated with greater income inequality.
2) The paper proposes four principles for achieving urban equality: equitable distribution of resources, reciprocal recognition of identities, parity political participation, and solidarity/mutual care.
3) It examines inequality of outcomes across domains like income, housing, and services, corresponding to the principle of equitable distribution.
4) It analyzes structural drivers of inequality related to urban processes, organized around the principles of recognition
Analyzing the creative city governance Relational processes in Columbus, O...
This document summarizes a journal article about analyzing creative city governance in Columbus, Ohio. It discusses how the rhetoric of the "creative city" emerged in Columbus starting in 2001 through documents focusing on economic development. Key actors involved in developing creative city governance include the Columbus Partnership, a business organization focused on economic development, and the Columbus Cultural Leadership Consortium, a coalition of major arts organizations. These groups are working to assess Columbus' potential as a creative city and promote the arts and culture as drivers of economic development.
xiao final thesis
This document provides a summary of the author's undergraduate thesis analyzing the concept of "cities for people" through a case study of Hanoi, Vietnam. The author conducted observations over four weeks in three streets representing old, redeveloped, and new areas of Hanoi to understand how urban development has impacted public space usage. While initially thinking Hanoi exemplified a people-centered city, the author now believes it problematizes the concept by illustrating complexity not fully accounted for. The thesis draws on urban planning and design scholars like Gehl and Jacobs to critically analyze the implications of building cities for people and its relevance in 21st century urbanization globally and specifically in Hanoi.
Sustainable Urban Development: Bioregionalistic Vision for Small Towns
Cities and towns are the social constructs in regional settings. They physically manifest and exist as power centres through various layers of culture, economy, politics, and religion. There was a symbiotic relationship between the ‘setting’ and the ‘construct’ in the past. With time and advent of technology, haphazard developments led to degradation of ecological systems and have become a confronted affair. Global warming, its adverse effects and the constant references to the words ‘sustainability’ and ‘resilience’ pose questions on the existing planning models. Small towns experiencing a tremendous pressure of urbanisation and rich in natural resources, coherence and identity are fast changing. An indispensable change in the planning models is necessary to mitigate this existential crisis and condition the emerging urbanism in small towns sustainably. This paper unearths the role and possibilities of bioregional planning as a sustainable urban development paradigm and suggests few indicative parameters forenvisioning bioregionalism in small towns.
LGA Syllabus Spring2003
This course examines changing ideas about cities and their impact on American lifestyles, focusing on New York City. Students will analyze how public policy shapes cities by studying New York City government's role in service delivery, economic growth, and urban issues like development, education, welfare, and crime. The course will use theories from social sciences to understand cultural, political, and social forces influencing cities. Students must complete a paper analyzing a past or present NYC development project and a final paper on an assigned topic.
ENST490_finalpaper
This document discusses urban containment policies like urban growth boundaries as sustainability tools for U.S. cities. It defines key terms and outlines the need for sustainability in U.S. cities. The document presents Portland, Oregon and Knoxville, Tennessee as case studies to analyze how urban growth boundaries can foster more economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable city development patterns. GIS is used to analyze land uses within the cities' urban growth boundaries. The discussion will compare the results from the case studies to evaluate the sustainability of urban growth boundaries in U.S. cities.
1. Does US Have An Urban Sustainability Agenda For 21st Century
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a presentation titled "Does the United States Have an Urban Sustainability Agenda for the 21st Century? A Critical Assessment" to be given at the 40th Urban Affairs Association Conference in Honolulu, Hawaii from March 10-13, 2010. The presentation will assess the progress the US has made toward developing a long-term urban sustainability vision and agenda. It will examine sustainability principles and concepts like ecological cities, growth management, smart growth, and livable cities. It will also launch suggestions for achieving urban sustainability in the US.
Transforming Cities: A Special Edition of the Economist Magazine
Cities have long birthed advances in the sciences, arts, human rights, business and government. Millions of people have moved to cities for better lives or services unavailable elsewhere.
But as cities grow, so are problems stemming from stretched transportation, energy and water infrastructure.
An Interdisciplinary Solution to the Problem of Creation and Development
This document discusses the need for an interdisciplinary approach to sustainable community development. It notes that urban planning and design have become separated from other disciplines like architecture, leading to automobile-oriented and unsustainable development. The document outlines some of the problems with current approaches, including exclusionary zoning laws that promote sprawl and segregation. It argues that place and community design impact social and economic outcomes. An interdisciplinary model is proposed to address the complexity of urban problems by considering interactions between disciplines like architecture, planning, political science and sociology.
An interdisciplinary solution to the problem of creation and development
This document discusses the need for an interdisciplinary approach to sustainable community development. It notes that urban design, planning, and architecture have become separated from other disciplines like political science and sociology. This siloed approach has led to automobile-oriented sprawl and socioeconomic problems in many cities. The document argues that an integrated approach is required to address the complex challenges facing urban development, including issues of land use, zoning, economic growth, and inequality. A review of literature in different fields is needed to understand the dynamics at play and propose effective solutions for designing sustainable communities.
160222_trans_reviewpaper_khawaja
This document summarizes and compares several articles about urbanization and the growth of cities outward from their cores to their peripheries. It discusses Edward Soja's analysis of increasing regional urbanization and the contrast between urban and suburban areas. It also examines Steve Pile's discussion of Lewis Mumford's view that both physical and social connections are important in defining cities. Examples are provided of Chicago growing due to its natural resources but then depleting them, and of cities like Tehran and Lahore experiencing uncontrolled urban sprawl, migration to the edges, and exploitation of rural areas.
Equitable Regionalism in the Bay Area
The document discusses regionalism and expanding opportunities for all communities. It summarizes that opportunities are unevenly distributed based on racialized systems and policies. True regionalism requires comprehensive investment in people and neighborhoods to uplift the entire region. Equitable regionalism means giving every community a voice in development and ensuring fair access to opportunity structures.
2009 The culture and economics of urban public space design public and profes...
Urban public space is once again a ‘hot’ topic and figures strongly in place quality discourse. City spaces are being recycled, reinterpreted and reinvented in a drive for a competitive quality of place. This paper illustrates the changing face of contemporary UK public space through a qualitative analysis of the perceptions held by public and professional-bureaucratic actors. Drawing on empirical case study research of five recent enhancement schemes at prominent nodes throughout the North East of England, the research explores the culture and economics of urban public space design. Some tentative observations are expressed in terms of the links between cultural activity and economic vitality, and some reflections on policy and practice are put forward.
Key words: urban public space, cultural vitality, economic activity, place quality
Pugalis, L. (2009) 'The culture and economics of urban public space design: public and professional perceptions', Urban Design International, 14 (4), pp. 215-230.
핸드메이드 도시계획 (Handmade urbanism)
This document summarizes a publication about community-driven urban improvement initiatives in 5 cities. It describes 15 projects across Mumbai, São Paulo, Istanbul, Mexico City, and Cape Town that were realized by local residents to address challenges. The publication includes illustrations and interviews with stakeholders to understand how the projects were organized and their impact. It examines the potential of these grassroots efforts to shape urban development and discusses alternative approaches to planning from the bottom-up.
Mid City Book
This document summarizes the history of Baton Rouge and the development of the Mid City area. It traces Baton Rouge from its discovery by French explorers in 1699 through periods of French, English, and Spanish rule. It became the capital of Louisiana in 1849. Mid City developed in the early 20th century but declined after highways were built in the 1950/60s that severed it from downtown. The LSU Mid City studio focused on temporary interventions and construction projects in Mid City to engage students and address issues in the area.
Similar to Rescaling the city—globalization and human settlement patterns (20)
'Urban Governance & Its Discontents' Programme International Conference 2016 ...
'Urban Governance & Its Discontents' Programme International Conference 2016 ...
Part 3 - Urban planning history, theories, and concepts
Part 3 - Urban planning history, theories, and concepts
Analyzing the creative city governance Relational processes in Columbus, O...
Analyzing the creative city governance Relational processes in Columbus, O...
Sustainable Urban Development: Bioregionalistic Vision for Small Towns
Sustainable Urban Development: Bioregionalistic Vision for Small Towns
1. Does US Have An Urban Sustainability Agenda For 21st Century
1. Does US Have An Urban Sustainability Agenda For 21st Century
Transforming Cities: A Special Edition of the Economist Magazine
Transforming Cities: A Special Edition of the Economist Magazine
An Interdisciplinary Solution to the Problem of Creation and Development
An Interdisciplinary Solution to the Problem of Creation and Development
An interdisciplinary solution to the problem of creation and development
An interdisciplinary solution to the problem of creation and development
2009 The culture and economics of urban public space design public and profes...
2009 The culture and economics of urban public space design public and profes...
More from Penn Institute for Urban Research
Michael Meehan
The document discusses challenges with financing energy efficiency projects. It notes that two key challenges are a lack of quality data and low consumer engagement. It describes different models for direct financing to consumers and indirect financing of larger projects. Open energy data initiatives could help address data issues and allow better assessment of risks. Improving consumer engagement on energy use would also help promote direct financing options.
Matt Kwatinetz
The document summarizes a paper that proposes a new method for commercial mortgage lenders to explicitly factor energy risk and building energy efficiency into mortgage underwriting. It finds that standard underwriting does not account for risks from volatile energy prices, which can significantly impact building cash flows. The authors develop a model to simulate cash flows under different energy price scenarios and incorporate these risks into loan valuations. The results show loan valuations are 8.5% lower when accounting for energy, with larger reductions for larger buildings and loans. The paper concludes this method can help lenders more accurately price loans based on location-specific energy risks and efficiency levels.
James Finlay: Top 10 EE Concept Missteps
This document summarizes the top 10 conceptual hurdles to greater investment in energy efficiency. It discusses issues such as how construction lending differs from lending on stabilized properties, the different risk cultures across real estate asset classes, the fallacy that if there is no market data the value is zero, focusing on low hanging fruit improvements over deep retrofits, timing efficiency upgrades with capital expenditure cycles, and only considering cost savings without other potential benefits. It also addresses issues like the simple payback fallacy of not including reversion, incentives needed for renewable energy similar to subsidies for fossil fuels, greater emotional impact of potential losses over gains, and how complex credit issues have been solved before through mechanisms like credit enhancement.
Tim Weaver
This document discusses the shift from Keynesian economics to neoliberalism in urban politics and policy in the United States and Britain between 1976-2000. It argues that neoliberalism undermined cities' governing capacity and launched a new trajectory of political development that proceeded through two logics: neoliberalization by default through events like financial crises, and neoliberalization by design through targeted policy changes imposed by national elites. It provides examples of neoliberalization by design in London Docklands and neoliberalization by default through financial collapse and ideological shifts in Philadelphia.
Nancy Peter
9th Annual Penn Urban Doctoral Symposium
Peer Networking as Professional Development for Out-of-School Time Staff
Erika Kitzmiller
9th Annual Penn Urban Doctoral Symposium (2012)
The Roots of Educational Inequality: Germantown High School, 1907-2011
Anne Bradley Mitchell
9th Annual Penn Urban Doctoral Symposium (2012)
Perceptions of Neighborhood Built Environment and Health on Walking in Minority Urban Older Adults
Shahana Chattaraj
9th Annual Penn Urban Doctoral Symposium (2012)
Shanghai Dreams: Urban Restructuring in Globalizing Mumbai
Human Capital-Centered Regionalism in Economic Development: A Case of Analyti...
Human Capital-Centered Regionalism in Economic Development: A Case of Analyti...Penn Institute for Urban Research
This document discusses human capital-centered regional economic development and analyzes Philadelphia's biosciences sector as a case study. It outlines several analytical approaches used to understand regional occupational clusters and gaps, including occupational cluster analysis, industry/occupation cluster analysis, and gap analysis. These techniques help identify regional strengths and opportunities but require strong institutions to effectively translate analysis into coherent policy. The case of Philadelphia's early 2000s efforts shows how analytical results may be irrelevant without such institutions, due in part to challenges of regional governance and ambiguity around workforce development goals.The Bull & the Ballot Box: Art Museum Economic Strategies
Penn Roundtable on Anchor Institutions
Institute for Urban Research
University of Pennsylvania
Researched by:
Penn IUR Consultant
Matthew Kwatinetz, Managing Partner
QBL Partners
The Park of a Thousand Pieces
By Trey Popp
Penn Praxis has a plan for adding 500 acres of open green space to Philadelphia in the next four years. Their approach, informed by novel research by Penn scholars in areas ranging from real-estate economics to criminology, is a new way of imagining urban parkland.
The Park of a Thousand Pieces
The Park of a Thousand Pieces
by Trey Popp
Illustration by Caroline Hwang
©2011 The Pennsylvania Gazette
Susan Covino - Smart Grids and Microgrids
June 15, 2011
Susan Covino's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
The Benefits of Smart Grid Technology for Buildings, Cities, and Sustainability
The Benefits of Smart Grid Technology for Buildings, Cities, and SustainabilityPenn Institute for Urban Research
June 15, 2011
Audrey Zibelman's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.Michael Smith - Envision Charlotte
June 15, 2011
Michael Smith's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
Matthew Summy - Illinois Science and Technology Coalition
June 15, 2011
Matthew Summy's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
Doug Laub - Living City Block
June 15, 2011
Doug Laub's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
Brewster McCracken - Pecan Street Project
June 15, 2011
Brewster McCracken's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
Wayne Gardner - Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission
June 15, 2011
Wayne Gardner's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Jon Wellinghoff
Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Jon WellinghoffPenn Institute for Urban Research
June 15, 2011
Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Jon Wellinghoff's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.More from Penn Institute for Urban Research (20)
Human Capital-Centered Regionalism in Economic Development: A Case of Analyti...
Human Capital-Centered Regionalism in Economic Development: A Case of Analyti...
The Bull & the Ballot Box: Art Museum Economic Strategies
The Bull & the Ballot Box: Art Museum Economic Strategies
The Benefits of Smart Grid Technology for Buildings, Cities, and Sustainability
The Benefits of Smart Grid Technology for Buildings, Cities, and Sustainability
Matthew Summy - Illinois Science and Technology Coalition
Matthew Summy - Illinois Science and Technology Coalition
Wayne Gardner - Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission
Wayne Gardner - Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission
Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Jon Wellinghoff
Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Jon Wellinghoff
Recently uploaded
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneHow to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
"How to make and deliver dynamic presentations by making it more interactive to captivate your audience attention"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.Recently uploaded (20)
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Rescaling the city—globalization and human settlement patterns
- 1. Framing the Discussion: Rescaling the city—globalization and human settlement patterns Comparative Urban Politics Workshop: Rescaling The City August 30 th , 2006 The American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA Susan M. Wachter Co-Director Penn Institute for Urban Research Richard B. Worley Professor of Financial Management Professor of Real Estate and Finance The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
- 9. Housing prices track inflation in the US until mid-1990s, 10 unprecedented years