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Indus valley civilization
- 1. THIS PRESENTATIONIS FOR THE STUDY OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS PRESENTED BY :- UMANG MATHUR KSHITIJA KAPOOR VISHAL SAINI VISHAKHA YADAV AADITYA SHARMA
- 3. A civilization isany complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (typically, writing systems) a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment by a cultural elite WHAT IS A CIVILISATION
- 4. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION &TIME PERIOD GEOGRAPHY GEOLOGICAL CLIMATE RELIGIOUS SOCIAL & CULTURE HISTORICAL ADMINISTRATION 2. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES 3. CITY PLANNING 4. TOWN PLANNING 5. BUILDING TYPOLOGY 6. CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL & CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES 7. WATER SUPPLY & DRAINAGE
- 5. HOW WAS IVCFOUND? The discovery of Harappa, and soon afterwards, Mohenjo-Daro, was the culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj. Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999. . Until 1999, over 1,056 cities and settlements had been found, of which 96 have been excavated, mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers and their tributaries.
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- 7. INTRODUCTION & TIMEPERIOD INDUS VALLEY / SINDHU – SARASWATI / BRONZE AGE CIVILISATION Bronze age civilization flourished from 3300BCE-1300BCE. Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, and of the three the most widespread. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, one of the major rivers of Asia, and the Ghaggar-Hakra River, which once coursed through north- west India and eastern Pakistan. This civilization was developed in between THE RIVERS OF SINDHU & SARASWATI. First excavation made in 1920CE near HARAPPA revealed great urban settlements in Punjab region of present Pakistan. Harappa period centered on RAVI RIVER developed from 3300BCE – 2800BCE. Mohenjo-daro is a different site located in Sindh region of Pakistan situated on SINDH RIVER.
- 8. They are identifiedby tool manufacture and use. Also, these defined the mode of exchange . ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS STONE AGE: BRONZE AGE IRON AGE
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- 11. Spread overan area of some 1,250,000km2 Encompassed the areas of Baluchistan Pakistan South East Afghanistan Extended Indian present states of Rajasthan Gujrat and Punjab These sites were found mostly on river side & some lie on sea coast. Both Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were nearly a sq. mile area. GEOGRAPHY
- 12. RELIGION • The maingoddess was a mother goddess representing fertility. • They also worshiped animals. • On a seal their is a figure sitting in a yoga-like position and is thought to be an early representation of a Hindu god. • Some Indus valley seals show swastikas, swastikas were used in the Hindu Religion. Swastikas were sacred symbol for good luck. The Hindu religion was probably based off of the Indus Valley.
- 13. KEY FEATURES OFCITIES PLANNING – Grid Iron Pattern DRAINAGE SYSTEM – World’s First Sanitation System CITADEL – A Higher Ground ARCHITECTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURE THE GREAT BATH – A Bathing Establishment For Religious Purposes
- 14. The peopleof the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal, was approximately 1.704 mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age. Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
- 15. Indus valleycivilization contained more than 1052 cities & settlements. The main urban centers were Cities IN PAKISTAN IN INDIA DHOLAVIRA KALIVANGAN RAKHIGARHI RUPAR LOTHAL MOHENJO DARO HARAPPA GANERIWALA
- 16. BUILDING MATERIAL BATHING AREA &DRAINS Baked bricks ROOMS Paved with terracotta cakes FOUNDATION & WALLS Mud bricks Baked bricks ROOFS Wooden beams covered with clay & reeds FLOORS With rammed earth
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- 18. There isa remarkable uniformity in selection of construction materials and techniques. Most common materials were mud bricks, burnt bricks and reeds. Average size of brick was in ratio of 1:2:4 7x14x28 cm (for houses) 10x20x40 cm(for city walls) BUILDING MATERIALS
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- 20. Town weregeometrically designed. Included several residential quarters. Assembly halls Public bath & manufacturing unit Layout Grid iron pattern of streets Narrow streets of about 2.7m wide in north south & east wes directions Streets divided the city into 12 blocks. Each measuring 365m long 244m wide approximately. Residential unit had no entrance opening directly into the m streets. No windows towards the subsidiary walkways. TOWN PLANNING
- 21. WATER SUPPLY &DRAINAGE
- 22. High prioritywas given to hygiene & sanitation. This was the world’s first sanitation system. Sewerage through underground drains & efficient water management with numerous reservoirs & wells were managed. Mohenjo-daro had over 700 wells , they were 15m deep built with TRAPEZOID bricks. Each house had a common well for their water usage & had its own separate bath. WATER SUPPLY & DRAINAGE
- 23. The entirecity was served by extensive system of drainage 1. The waste water from the houses was connected to drains running under the walkways. 2. These drains were connected to large sewers laid under the main street. 3. These small drains were covered by brick slabs. 4.Corbelled brick arches spanned the large main sewers. 5. Man holes were located at regular intervals along the main sewers for cleaning purpose 6.This elaborate drainage system took care also of the abundant rainfall in the region. DHOLAVIRA town had separate drains to collect rainwater * 6 or 7 dams were built across over near by rivers
- 24. It isgrouped into three categories with some variations from rebuilding and modifying. PRIVATE HOUSES HOUSING COMPLEX PUBLIC BUILDINGS ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
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- 26. PRIVATE HOUSES Thehouses of Harappa & Mohenjo-daro were completely “utilitarian”. Many houses were at least two storey high. The houses were planned as a series of rooms around & open to sky central court. The central court ventilates all the room surrounding , it keeping privacy & security. It also provided a space for open air within the house. The surroundings rooms are open into this open courtyards No openings were provided on the outside walls except an entrance door opening into the side lanes. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
- 27. The upperstoreys were built largely in woods The roofs were flat & built of stout beams covered with planks, finished with the top dressing of beaten earth. Openings were spanned by wooden lintels.
- 28. This includeshouses surrounded by smaller units . Other units may have been houses of relatives or service groups. Entrances were provided to the premises from the lanes only. Windows were provided at a considerable height from road/floor level. Wooden stairs were incorporated to provide access to the upper floors. HOUSING COMPLEX
- 29. These includelarge public structures that have many access routs or provide a thorough fare from one area of the site to another. These include markets and places for religious functions. PUBLIC BUILDINGS
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- 31. The citywas divided into 2 parts -The lower ground & higher ground, the higher ground was known as citadel. The term means "little city" so called because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core. This area of the city built on top of a mound of bricks almost 12m high. The citadel consist of all the important buildings of the city. It was used for public gatherings religious activities or important administrative activities. CITADEL
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- 33. Biggest buildingat Mohenjo-daro was food store (GRANARY) DIMENSION : 47.5m long & 15.2m wide LOCATION : Western edge of mound at south west corner of Great Bath at Mohenjo Daro. Foundation was divided into 27 squares & rectangles blocks by narrow passage ways , two running east west & 8 running north west. Entire super structure was made of Timber , as some of these blocks had square sockets for holding wooden beams or pillars. GRANARY
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- 35. It isa complete bathing establishment, which is the most important public place and was used for religious purposes. Dimensions: LENGTH-11.88m WIDTH-7.01m DEPTH- 2.43m Stairs are provided at both ends up to the bottom of the bath from the north and the south. The floor of the bath is made of burned bricks. It is water tight due to finely fitted bricks laid edge with gypsum plaster and a thick layer of bitumen (natural tar) was laid along the sides of the tank and also beneath it. THE GREAT BATH
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- 37. Mohenjo-Daro -Mound of the Dead – It is an archeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE, It was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization & one of the world's earliest major urban settlements, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt. MOHENJO - DARO
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- 39. The sitetake its name from a modern village located near the former Ravi river. It had a major gateway on its south wall at the center of a large curve that extends into a large open space. At the gateway, the mud brick wall was 9m wide. The gate opening was 2.8m wide. The city had 23,500 residents. Area- 150 hectares. Harappa is an archaelogical site in Punjab , Pakistan HARAPPA
- 40. Food productionwas largely indigenous to the Indus Valley. Already the Mehrgarh people used domesticated wheat and barley and the major cultivated cereal crop was naked six-row barley, a crop derived from two-row barley. The farmers of Indus Valley grew peas ,sesame and dates. AGRICULTURE
- 41. The sealsused as an exchange medium and used for exporting and importing of goods. They were found in different civilizations bringing us proof that these were used for exchange. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
- 42. ARTS & GAMES The people of Indus were great lovers of fine arts, and especially dancing ,painting and sculpture. They made sculptures , seals ,pottery ,gold jewellery . The major script of the civilization was the INDUS SCRIPT
- 43. The reasonfor decline of such great civilization is not fully known. Probably, the Indus valley civilization declined because of profound ecological changes produced by its own expansion & activities Destructive flood & changes in course of the river let the condition of drought in the valley. Research also showed that there was extreme level of radiation exposure in the 44 skeleton found in Harappa. Research also proved there was sudden change in temperature to a very high scale causing sudden decline of the civilization. DECLINE Though there is no legal confirmation of the decline.