This document is a project report on magnetic lines of force submitted by 7 students to the Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education. It includes an acknowledgment, abstract, table of contents, and 6 chapters providing theoretical background on magnetic lines of force, including their direction, properties, and experiments. The report was guided by Prof. Prashant Mahale of the Computer Science Department at Sandip Polytechnic in Nashik to satisfy course outcomes related to electricity and magnetism.
Magnetism and Electricity - ppt useful for grade 6,7 and 8tanushseshadri
Magentismand Electricity - ppt useful for grade 6,7 and8
Content
Magnets
Electromagnets
Electric bell
bar magnet
permanent magnet
Electromagnetism
Materials used to make a magnet
lodestone etc
Hope u guys like it
Static and dynamic characteristics of signalsshary baig
Static and dynamic characteristics of signals
Static characteristics where the performance criteria for the measurement of quantities that remain constant. ... Dynamic characteristics on the other hand, shows the relationship between the system input and output when the measured quantity is varying rapidly.
Magnetism and Electricity - ppt useful for grade 6,7 and 8tanushseshadri
Magentismand Electricity - ppt useful for grade 6,7 and8
Content
Magnets
Electromagnets
Electric bell
bar magnet
permanent magnet
Electromagnetism
Materials used to make a magnet
lodestone etc
Hope u guys like it
Static and dynamic characteristics of signalsshary baig
Static and dynamic characteristics of signals
Static characteristics where the performance criteria for the measurement of quantities that remain constant. ... Dynamic characteristics on the other hand, shows the relationship between the system input and output when the measured quantity is varying rapidly.
A Project made for my School in the 10th Grade explaining the differences and working of AC and DC Generators.
Contents:
-Introduction
-Electromagnetic induction
-EMF- Electromotive Force
-Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
-Components of a Generator
*Rotor
*Armature
*Coil
*Stator
*Field electromagnets
*Brushes
-A.C. generators
-Commercial A.C generators
-DC generators
-Principle
-Working
-Differences between AC and DC
Magnetism. Introduction to Magnetism.
IGCSE comittee slide. I obtained this from Physics IGCSE comittee. Thank you for sharing. If the owner find this, kindly email me at fadhilahalias@gmail.com for aknowledgement.
A Project made for my School in the 10th Grade explaining the differences and working of AC and DC Generators.
Contents:
-Introduction
-Electromagnetic induction
-EMF- Electromotive Force
-Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
-Components of a Generator
*Rotor
*Armature
*Coil
*Stator
*Field electromagnets
*Brushes
-A.C. generators
-Commercial A.C generators
-DC generators
-Principle
-Working
-Differences between AC and DC
Magnetism. Introduction to Magnetism.
IGCSE comittee slide. I obtained this from Physics IGCSE comittee. Thank you for sharing. If the owner find this, kindly email me at fadhilahalias@gmail.com for aknowledgement.
use visuals, diagrams, and animations where necessary to enhance understanding. Keep your explanations concise and engaging to capture your audience's attention and make the presentation memorable
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. A
Project Report
On
Magnetic Lines Of Force
Submitted by:
Janhavi Sanap (47)
Siddesh Shelar (48)
Chaitanya Shimpi (49)
Arti Sonawane (50)
Shradha Sonawane (51)
Jay Thakur (52)
Pradip Vavare (53)
Department of Computer Science
Guided By:
Prof. Prashant Mahale
Department of Computer Science
Sandip Polyechnic, Nashik-422213
2017-18
2. Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Dist-Nasik
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that project report entitled “Magnetic Lines of
Force”, being submitted by Janhavi Sanap, Siddhesh Shelar,
Chaitanya Shimpi, Arti Sonawane, Shradha Sonawane,
Pradip Vavre & Jay Thakur to Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education, Mumbai during the Academic Year 2017-
18 and that we have been guided by Prof. Prashant Mahale for
the said work from time to time and found it to be satisfactory
success.
And that, in the case of Joint Project his contribution was
proportionate.
The said work has been assessed by us and we are satisfied
that the same is up to the standard envisagedfor the levelof the
course.
And that said work may be presented to the Internal
Examiner.
Date:
Place: Nasik
Sign of Lecturer Sign of Head of Principal
Department
3. Acknowledgement
We are pleased to acknowledge Prof. Prashant Mahale
for their valuable guidance during the course of this project
work.
We extend our sincere thanks to F.Y. H.O.D., Prof. Sachin
Jadhav and H.O.D. of Computer Department Prof. Ganesh
Gaikwad who had continuously thought about the student’s
improvement in their studies.
We are also grateful to other members of SANDIP
FOUNDAION team who have co-operated with us regarding
many issues.
We would also like to thank ‘askIItians’(www.askiitians.com)
for writing the very useful information on Magnetic Lines Of
Force under open source banner which greatly helped us in
writing the visualization part.
Last but not least, Prof. Santosh Kumarkaran supervisor of
Physics Lab also co-operated with us nicely for the smooth
development of this project.
Janhavi Sanap
Siddesh Shelar
Chaitanya Shimpi
Arti Sonawane
Shradha Sonawane
Jay Thakur
Pradip Vavare
[i]
4. Abstract
The magnetic field lines or lines of force are the imaginary
lines introduced by Michael Faraday to visualize magnetic
field. Lines of force are graphical representation of a field.
The lines of force are the path along which an isolated unit
North Pole would move along in the field. And in this area
of path only the magnet can attract or repel the metal.
[ii]
7. Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview
his report discusses the reason behind the force of
attraction and force of repulsion of metal with
magnet. It is based on the small part of magnetism.
This is a part of FYCO group, Sandip Polytechnic, Nasik, &
aims at the research of the reason behind the attraction or
repulsion between magnet and metal in the particular area
around magnet. Magnet has given the great platform to the
machine which runs with the help of concept of
magnetism.
1
T
8. 1.2 Project Practical Significance
Magnetism plays an important role in electrical and
electronic engineering because without it, component
such as relays, solenoids, inductors, chokes, coils,
loudspeaker, motors, generators, transformer & electricity
meters etc, would not work.
1.3 Relevant Course Outcomes
Apply the principles of electricity and magnetism to solve
engineering problems.
1.4 Practical Learning Outcome
Use thinner iron filings to get the proper magnetic lines of
force for magnet.
1.5 Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcome
We learn about magnetic lines of force in details. We asked
for help from teachers, friends, relatives and used the
Internet.
2
9. Chapter 2
Maximum Theoretical Background
Magnetic Line of Force is an important topic of the
basic physics which deals with the development in
electrical and electronic field. Here first we shall define
magnetic lines of force and then discuss various concepts
related to it.
2.1 What are magnetic lines of force?
To describe the phenomenon related to magnets, lines are
used to depict the force existing in the area surrounding
the magnet. These lines are called the magnetic lines of
force. These lines do not exist actually, but are imaginary
lines that are used to illustrate and describe the pattern of
the magnetic field. As Shown in the figure below, the
magnetic lines of force are assumed to originate from the
north pole of a magnet, then pass through the surrounding
space and then arrive at the South Pole. Then these lines
travel inside the magnet from the South Pole to the North
Pole and hence complete the loop.
The force that one magnet exerts on another can be
described as the interaction between one magnet and the
magnetic field of the other. A convenient method to
describe magnetic field around a magnet is to draw
magnetic field lines around it.
3
10. Lines of force are the line in any field the tangent of which
at any point gives the field direction at the point and its
density gives the magnitude of the field. Hence, magnetic
lines of force are basically the lines of force which
represent the direction of the magnetic field. The
imaginary path traced by an isolated (imaginary) unit
north pole may also be defined as a line of force.
They don’t have any origin or end and do not interact
because if they do so then it would mean two value of
magnetic field at a single point, which is not possible. At
the poles of the magnet the magnetic field is stronger
because the lines of force there are crowded together and
away from the poles the magnetic field is week i.e.
magnetic field intensity depends on the number of lines of
force. The number of magnetic lines of force passing
through unit normal area is defined as magnetic induction
4
N S
11. whereas the number of lines of force passing through any
area is known as magnetic flux.
The lines of force can emerge out of the north pole of
magnet at any angle and these can merge into the South
Pole at any angle.
2.2 Direction of magnetic lines of force—Physics
The direction of magnetic lines of force at any point gives
the direction of the magnetic force on a north pole placed
at that point.
2.3 Magnetic Lines of force emerge from North Pole.
Why?
The direction of magnetic line of force is the direction of
force on a North Pole,so the magnetic lines of force always
begin on the North Pole of a magnet and ends on the South
Pole of the magnet. When the iron fillings are sprinkled
around the magnet, then they set themselves in the
magnetic lines of force. Hence, the line drawn from the
south pole of the compass to its north pole shows the
direction of the magnetic field.
5
12. 2.4 Do magnetic lines of force never cross each other?
Does the magnetic lines of force change the direction
at any point?
It is not so that the magnetic field lines can’t cross but
whenever such a situation arises, the field strength has to
be zero. A magnetic Field Line is a path that points in the
directionof the magnetic field at ever point along it. If two
field lines cross, then it would mean that the magnetic
field points in two different directions at one place. But
since there is only of the magnetic field points at any place
at any moment, hence this does not happen.
6
13. Chapter 3
Line Of Force
A line of force in Faraday’s extended sense is synonymous
with Maxwell’s line of induction. According to J.J.
Thomson, Faraday usually discusses lines of force as
chains of polarized particles in a dielectric, yet sometimes
Faraday discusses them as having an existence all their
own as in stretching across a vacuum. In addition to lines
of force, J.J. Thomson-similar to Maxwell-also calls them
tubes of electrostatic induction, or simply Faraday tubes.
From the 20th century perspective, lines of force are
energy linkage embedded in a 19th century unified field
theory that led to more mathematically and
experimentally sophisticated concepts and theories,
including Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves,
and Einstein’s relativity.
7
14. Lines of force originated with Michael Faraday, whose
theory holds that all of reality is made up of force itself. His
theory predicts that electricity, light, and gravity have
finite propagation delays. The theories and experimental
data of later scientific figures such as Maxwell, Hertz,
Einstein, and others are in agreement with the
ramifications of Faraday's theory. Nevertheless, Faraday's
theory remains distinct. Unlike Faraday, Maxwell and
others (e.g., J.J. Thomson) thought that light and electricity
must propagate through ether. In Einstein's relativity,
there is no ether, yet the physical reality of force is much
weaker than in the theories of Faraday.
Historian Nancy J. Nersessian in her paper "Faraday's
Field Concept" distinguishes between the ideas of Maxwell
and Faraday:[5]
The specific features of Faraday's field concept, in its
'favorite' and most complete form, are that force is a
substance, that it is the only substance and that all forces
are interconvertible through various motions of the lines
of force. These features of Faraday's 'favorite notion' were
not carried on. Maxwell, in his approach to the problem of
finding a mathematical representation for the continuous
transmission of electric and magnetic forces, considered
these to be states of stress and strain in a mechanical a
ether. This was part of the quite different network of
beliefs and problems with which Maxwell was working.
8
15. 3.1 Views of Faraday
At first Faraday considered the physical reality of the lines
of force as a possibility, yet several scholars agree that for
Faraday their physical reality became a conviction. One
scholar dates this change in the year 1838. Another
scholar dates this final strengthening of his belief in
1852. Faraday experimentally studied lines of magnetic
force and lines of electrostatic force, showing them not to
fit action at a distance models. In 1852 Faraday wrote the
paper "On the Physical Character of the Lines of Magnetic
Force" which examined gravity, radiation, and electricity,
and their possible relationships with the transmission
medium, transmission propagation, and the receiving
entity.
3.2 Views of Maxwell
Initially, Maxwell took an agnostic approach in his
mathematization of Faraday's theories. This is seen in
Maxwell's 1855 and 1856 papers: "On Faraday's Lines of
Force" and "On Faraday's Electrotontic State". In the 1864
paper "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field"
Maxwell gives scientific priority of the electromagnetic
theory of light to Faraday and his 1846 paper "Thoughts
on Ray Vibrations". Maxwell wrote:
Faraday discovered that when a plane polarized ray
traverses a transparent diamagnetic medium in the
direction of the lines of magnetic force produced by
magnets or currents in the neighborhood, the plane of
polarization is caused to rotate.
9
16. The conception of the propagation of transverse magnetic
disturbances to the exclusion of normal ones is distinctly
set forth by Professor Faraday in his "Thoughts on Ray
Vibrations." The electromagnetic theory of light, as
proposed by him, is the same in substance as that which I
have begun to develop in this paper, except that in 1846
there was no data to calculate the velocity of propagation.
3.3 Tube of force
Maxwell changed Faraday's phrase lines of force to tubes of
force, when expressing his fluidic assumptions involved in
his mathematization of Faraday's theories.[6] A tube of
force, also called a tube of electrostatic
induction or field tube, are the lines of electric
force which moves so that its beginning traces a closed
curve on a positive surface, its end will trace a
corresponding closed curve on the negative surface, and
the line of force itself will generate an inductive tubular
10
17. surface. Such a tube is called a "Solenoid". There is a
pressure at right angles to a tube of force of one half the
products of the dielectric and magnetic density. If through
the growth of a field the tubes of force are spread
sideways or in width there is a magnetic reaction to that
growth in intensity of electric current. However, if a tube
of force is caused to move endwise there is little or no drag
to limit velocity. Tubes of force are absorbed by bodies
imparting momentum and gravitational mass. Tubes of
force are a group of electric lines of force.
3.4 Magnetic curves
Early on in his research (circa 1831), Faraday calls the
patterns of apparently continuous curves traced out in
metallic filings near a magnet magnetic curves. Later on he
refers to them as just an instance of magnetic lines of force
or simply lines of force. Eventually Faraday would also
begin to use the phrase "magnetic field".
11
18. Chapter 4
Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field
Lines
Similar to how an electric field surrounds a charge, we can
consider a magnetic field and magnetic field lines to
surround a magnet. We know that a magnet attracts small
pieces of iron even when they are a certain distance away
from it. Thus, the magnetic force, like electric force and
gravitational force, acts at a distance. The idea of force
acting at a `distance` can be easily understood by
introducing the concept of field. We imagine a magnet as
giving rise to a magnetic field, which exists, in the whole
space surrounding it.
The phenomenon of magnetism is mediated by “magnetic
field” – i-e, an electric current or magnetic dipole creates a
magnetic field, and that field, in turn, imparts magnetic
forces on other particles that are in the fields.
All materials are influenced by magnetic field to a greater
or lesser degree.
The force that one magnet exerts on another can be
described as the interaction between one magnet and the
magnetic field of the other. A convenient method to
describe magnetic field around a magnet is to draw
magnetic field lines around it.
12
19. 4.1 What are Magnetic Field Lines?
Magnetic field lines or lines of force are the imaginary
lines introduced by Michael Faraday (1791-1867) to
visualize magnetic field. Lines of force are graphical
representation of a field. The lines of force are the path
along which an isolated unit North Pole would move along
in the field.
A simple experiment can be used to visualize the lines of
force.
Place a magnet on a cardboard and gently sprinkle
some iron filings uniformly over it.
The iron fillings are found to arrange themselves in a
pattern as shown in the following figure.
The reason these iron filings form the pattern is
because each piece of iron filing becomes a small
magnet and experiences a force in a certain distance in
the magnetic field due to the magnet.
13
20. 4.2 Properties of magnetic field lines:
1. A magnetic field line is directed from north pole to
south pole outside the magnet and from south pole to
north pole inside the magnet.
2. A magnetic field line is a closed and continuous curve.
3. The magnetic field lines are crowded near the pole
where the field is strong and far from the magnet
where the field is weak.
4. The magnetic field lines never intersect each other,
otherwise if they do so there will be two direction of
magnetic field at that point, which is absurd.
5. In case the field lines are parallel and equidistant, they
represent a uniform magnetic field. The Earth’s’
magnetic field is a uniform limited space.
So to summarize, the space surrounding a magnet in
which magnetic force is exerted is called magnetic field. It
is a vector quantity that has both direction and magnitude.
The direction of magnetic field is taken by convention that
the field lines emerge from North pole and merge at the
South pole. The strength of a magnetic field can be
observed from the degree of closeness of the field lines.
14
21. Chapter 5
Experiment Intake
5.1 Aim:
To check the magnetic lines of force for the bar
magnet.
5.2 Resources Required:
1. Bar Magnet.
2. White sheet.
3. Iron Filings.
Bar Magnet
White Paper Sheet
Iron Filings
15
22. 5.3 Procedure:
1. Place the bar magnet vertically on the table.
2. Now place the white sheet of sufficient size on the
magnet such that magnet will be in center of white
sheet.
3. Now sprinkle the iron filing slowly and gently on the
center of the sheet such that it will fall on magnets are.
4. Now gently/slowly tap on the white sheet.
5. The iron filings will come in the magnetic lines as
shown below.
5.4 Precaution:
1. Keep away other magnetic material from the board.
2. The iron filings taken should be thin, such that it will
follow perfect path.
16
23. Chapter 6
Advantages, Disadvantages, Future
Scope, Conclusion
6.1 Advantages
We can use bar magnet instead of other, so it is
easier to perform the practical.
Easy to use
Low cost, small in size, light weight
We can see maximum lines of force around magnet
Fault finding is easy.
6.2 Disadvantages
If thickness of iron filings increases, then it is hard
to get proper lines of force.
If we put more than one magnet in parallel or
series, then we are unable to see the proper lines of
force.
17
24. 6.3 Future Scope
We can learn more about lines of force in the following
ways:
We can use different type of magnets to see the
different lines of force.
By this we will be able to understand the concept
behind lines of force in different types of magnet.
Different types of magnet can show different types
of lines of force.
Using different types of magnets can help us
showing its own properties.
18
25. 6.4 Conclusion
Thus the magnetic field lines or lines of force are the
imaginary lines introduced by Michael Faraday to
visualize magnetic field. Lines of force are graphical
representation of a field. The lines of force are the path
along which an isolated unit North Pole would move along
in the field.
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