The March 11, 2011 disaster created the need to review Japan’s energy architecture. We believe that it will take about 10 years for Japan to fully decide on a new energy and electricity architecture, and it will take about 3 years to reach decisions on the future of Japan’s nuclear power generation. Japan has taken a careful approach towards the development of renewable power, and renewable power - except for hydropower - is substantially lower than in most other advanced countries. Japan’s potential for renewable energy is very high, especially wind and geo-thermal power, and will required substantial changes in laws and regulations, and a decentralized and democratic approach to grid management. Necessary liberalization of Japan’s electricity markets is in preparation, and we will see a rapid development of renewable energy. This report reviews the current situation and the future potential of renewable electrical power in Japan.
Learn more about:
Renewable Choice and LEED
Electricity production in the U.S.
Green building
Green power
Emission Reductions
Why Renewable Choice?
Renewable Choice Energy is a leading provider of climate change solutions including green power, carbon offsets, and renewable energy advisory services. Recognized as a trusted partner to numerous major brands, Renewable Choice was the recipient of the prestigious Green Power Supplier of the Year award in 2012 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and has been featured in hundreds of media outlets. To learn more, visit www.renewablechoice.com.
Lithium Battery & E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling Industry. Battery Recycling as a Business. Electronic Waste Management, Disposal and Recycling
E-Waste
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a term for electronic products that have become unwanted, non-working or obsolete, and have essentially reached the end of their useful life. Because technology advances at such a high rate, many electronic devices become “trash” after a few short years of use. In fact, whole categories of old electronic items contribute to e-waste such as VCRs being replaced by DVD players, and DVD players being replaced by Blu-ray players. E-waste is created from anything electronic: computers, TVs, monitors, cell phones, PDAs, VCRs, CD players, fax machines, printers, etc.
Electronics (E-waste) Recycling
Electronics waste, commonly known as e-scrap and e-waste, is the trash we generate from surplus, broken and obsolete electronic devices. E-waste or electronics recycling is the process of recovering material from old devices to use in new products.
See more
https://goo.gl/eu3T1A
https://goo.gl/RqkYhF
https://goo.gl/FdTZ14
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
E Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling, E Waste Management, e Waste Recycling Plant in India, e-Waste Recycling Plant Cost, E-Waste Recycling Plant Project Report, Starting an E-Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling Business, Electronic Waste, Business Setup for E-Waste Recycling, Electronics (E-Waste) Recycling, E-Waste or E-Scrap Recycling, Electronic Waste Management, E Waste Recycling and Recovery, Environment Friendly Electronic Waste Management, Electronic Waste Recycling, E-Waste Management, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Disposal, Disposal of Electronic Waste (E-Waste), Electronic Waste Disposal, E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling and Management, Battery Recycling, Recycling of Automotive Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling, Battery Recycling Plant, E – Waste Management Project, e-Waste Management Project Report Pdf, Cost of Setting up E-Waste Recycling Plant in India, E-Waste Project Ideas, e-Waste Management Project in India, Lithium Battery Recycling Process, How to Recycle Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Industry, Recycling the Hazardous Waste of Lithium Ion Batteries, Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Battery Scrap Recycling, Project Report on Battery Recycling Industry, Detailed Project Report on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Project Report on Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling
Lithium Battery Fires for the general publicGlyn Chadwick
This slide stack is a version of an online course looking at Lithium Battery fires. It looks at where you can find Lithium Batteries, why they catch fire, how to fight fires and how to prevent them.
introduction,advantage and disadvantage of solar energy,Generation of solar cell: 1st 2nd 3rd generation solar cell , I-V characteristics, working,application, efficiency data and advantage solar cell.
Renewable energy Sources, Efficiency, Uses and latest Research Zohaib HUSSAIN
1. Introduction
In today's world of climbing fuel prices, approaching the peak oil supply limit, and discussions of global warming, renewable energy is gaining more public attention and receiving more financial and legislative support. We need to learn more about the different types of renewable energy so that you can help educate your family, friends, and policymakers about ways to help our country move towards energy independence and environmental sustainability. According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.
2. Definition
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. Types of Renewable Energy
Most Countries currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy are constantly replenished and will never run out.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In add
Status of the Power Module Packaging Industry 2019 - Yole DéveloppementYole Developpement
Major evolutions in substrate, interconnection, and die-attach technologies, driven by EV/HEV, are transforming the power module packaging supply chain.
More information on: https://www.i-micronews.com/products/status-of-the-power-module-packaging-industry-2019/
Solar PV Power Plant on Water Floating Structure,Ground Latest Information Presentation by JMV LPS MNRE/SECI/NSM/NHPC/NTPC/REC Power Distribution/CEA,Solar EPC Companes,Electrical Contractor ,Solar Consultant ,Solar Power Developers
Learn more about:
Renewable Choice and LEED
Electricity production in the U.S.
Green building
Green power
Emission Reductions
Why Renewable Choice?
Renewable Choice Energy is a leading provider of climate change solutions including green power, carbon offsets, and renewable energy advisory services. Recognized as a trusted partner to numerous major brands, Renewable Choice was the recipient of the prestigious Green Power Supplier of the Year award in 2012 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and has been featured in hundreds of media outlets. To learn more, visit www.renewablechoice.com.
Lithium Battery & E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling Industry. Battery Recycling as a Business. Electronic Waste Management, Disposal and Recycling
E-Waste
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a term for electronic products that have become unwanted, non-working or obsolete, and have essentially reached the end of their useful life. Because technology advances at such a high rate, many electronic devices become “trash” after a few short years of use. In fact, whole categories of old electronic items contribute to e-waste such as VCRs being replaced by DVD players, and DVD players being replaced by Blu-ray players. E-waste is created from anything electronic: computers, TVs, monitors, cell phones, PDAs, VCRs, CD players, fax machines, printers, etc.
Electronics (E-waste) Recycling
Electronics waste, commonly known as e-scrap and e-waste, is the trash we generate from surplus, broken and obsolete electronic devices. E-waste or electronics recycling is the process of recovering material from old devices to use in new products.
See more
https://goo.gl/eu3T1A
https://goo.gl/RqkYhF
https://goo.gl/FdTZ14
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
E Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling, E Waste Management, e Waste Recycling Plant in India, e-Waste Recycling Plant Cost, E-Waste Recycling Plant Project Report, Starting an E-Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling Business, Electronic Waste, Business Setup for E-Waste Recycling, Electronics (E-Waste) Recycling, E-Waste or E-Scrap Recycling, Electronic Waste Management, E Waste Recycling and Recovery, Environment Friendly Electronic Waste Management, Electronic Waste Recycling, E-Waste Management, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Disposal, Disposal of Electronic Waste (E-Waste), Electronic Waste Disposal, E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling and Management, Battery Recycling, Recycling of Automotive Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling, Battery Recycling Plant, E – Waste Management Project, e-Waste Management Project Report Pdf, Cost of Setting up E-Waste Recycling Plant in India, E-Waste Project Ideas, e-Waste Management Project in India, Lithium Battery Recycling Process, How to Recycle Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Industry, Recycling the Hazardous Waste of Lithium Ion Batteries, Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Battery Scrap Recycling, Project Report on Battery Recycling Industry, Detailed Project Report on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Project Report on Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling
Lithium Battery Fires for the general publicGlyn Chadwick
This slide stack is a version of an online course looking at Lithium Battery fires. It looks at where you can find Lithium Batteries, why they catch fire, how to fight fires and how to prevent them.
introduction,advantage and disadvantage of solar energy,Generation of solar cell: 1st 2nd 3rd generation solar cell , I-V characteristics, working,application, efficiency data and advantage solar cell.
Renewable energy Sources, Efficiency, Uses and latest Research Zohaib HUSSAIN
1. Introduction
In today's world of climbing fuel prices, approaching the peak oil supply limit, and discussions of global warming, renewable energy is gaining more public attention and receiving more financial and legislative support. We need to learn more about the different types of renewable energy so that you can help educate your family, friends, and policymakers about ways to help our country move towards energy independence and environmental sustainability. According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.
2. Definition
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. Types of Renewable Energy
Most Countries currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy are constantly replenished and will never run out.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In add
Status of the Power Module Packaging Industry 2019 - Yole DéveloppementYole Developpement
Major evolutions in substrate, interconnection, and die-attach technologies, driven by EV/HEV, are transforming the power module packaging supply chain.
More information on: https://www.i-micronews.com/products/status-of-the-power-module-packaging-industry-2019/
Solar PV Power Plant on Water Floating Structure,Ground Latest Information Presentation by JMV LPS MNRE/SECI/NSM/NHPC/NTPC/REC Power Distribution/CEA,Solar EPC Companes,Electrical Contractor ,Solar Consultant ,Solar Power Developers
Green hydrogen Basics - Overview_Jan 2022Gurudatt Rao
This brief presentation gives an overview of different aspects of 'Green Hydrogen' along with challenges linked to its adoption considering Climate Change and Energy Diversification.
Understanding what sustainability means, the term, with respect to construction materials.
This is primarily relevant for India but is also informative for international scenarios,
Beginning from understanding the need to shift from conventional energy sources to Renewable Energy Sources (RES), the presentation talks about various technical and economic challenges faced in the process of increasing its penetration into the grid. The later half of the presentation describes various solar policies both at National (JNNSM) and State levels in India with emphasis on Gujarat and Karnataka state solar policies.
Photovoltaic Training - Session 4 - Plant MaintenanceLeonardo ENERGY
Importance of good maintenance procedure in the plant operation.
•
Components to be maintained.
o
PV Panel.
o
Inverter.
o
Transformer.
o
Solar tracker.
o
Cabinet.
•
Types of maintenance
o
Corrective maintenance.
o
Preventive Maintenance.
•
Supplies.
o
Critical elements.
o
Guarantees.
•
Management of spare parts and stock.
•
Types of inspections and reach
o
Visual inspections.
o
Deep inspections.
o
Frequency of revisions.
A high performance green building is designed for economic and environmental performance over its entire life cycle, considering unique local climate and cultural needs and providing for the health, safety and productivity of its occupants. With continuous care over its life cycle, it minimises energy use, CO2 emissions, and total environmental impacts, and provides ongoing measurable value to building owners, occupants and society.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF RENEWABLE, NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY, RESOURCES OF ENERGY, SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, TIDAL ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, BIOMASS ENERGY, OCEAN ENERGY , FREE ENERGY, APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE
Presentation of Japan Energy Transition from mid 20th century to present time. This presentation shows fossil energy to nuclear and finally renewable energy usages in Japan.
Green hydrogen Basics - Overview_Jan 2022Gurudatt Rao
This brief presentation gives an overview of different aspects of 'Green Hydrogen' along with challenges linked to its adoption considering Climate Change and Energy Diversification.
Understanding what sustainability means, the term, with respect to construction materials.
This is primarily relevant for India but is also informative for international scenarios,
Beginning from understanding the need to shift from conventional energy sources to Renewable Energy Sources (RES), the presentation talks about various technical and economic challenges faced in the process of increasing its penetration into the grid. The later half of the presentation describes various solar policies both at National (JNNSM) and State levels in India with emphasis on Gujarat and Karnataka state solar policies.
Photovoltaic Training - Session 4 - Plant MaintenanceLeonardo ENERGY
Importance of good maintenance procedure in the plant operation.
•
Components to be maintained.
o
PV Panel.
o
Inverter.
o
Transformer.
o
Solar tracker.
o
Cabinet.
•
Types of maintenance
o
Corrective maintenance.
o
Preventive Maintenance.
•
Supplies.
o
Critical elements.
o
Guarantees.
•
Management of spare parts and stock.
•
Types of inspections and reach
o
Visual inspections.
o
Deep inspections.
o
Frequency of revisions.
A high performance green building is designed for economic and environmental performance over its entire life cycle, considering unique local climate and cultural needs and providing for the health, safety and productivity of its occupants. With continuous care over its life cycle, it minimises energy use, CO2 emissions, and total environmental impacts, and provides ongoing measurable value to building owners, occupants and society.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF RENEWABLE, NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY, RESOURCES OF ENERGY, SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, TIDAL ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, BIOMASS ENERGY, OCEAN ENERGY , FREE ENERGY, APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE
Presentation of Japan Energy Transition from mid 20th century to present time. This presentation shows fossil energy to nuclear and finally renewable energy usages in Japan.
Japan's electricity companies earn about US$ 200 billion annually in revenues, and until the Fukushima nuclear accident about 30% of energy was generated by nuclear power plants, which are currently almost all switched off. Japan's energy sector undergoes rapid change and presents large opportunities - subscribe to this report series, and you will periodically receive updates.
The report is a companion to our interview series on CNBC, NHK, BBC
Presentación del Diplomado en Seguros PROMOFISA preparado como práctica del curso Currículo Universitario de la Universidad Mariano Gálvez de Guatemala
시나리오플래닝 방법을 이용한 IT 미래 시나리오. 한국산업기술평가관리원의 IT 기술예측조사 2025를 위한 작업의 일부로 미래 시나리오의 시대적 배경을 예상해보았습니다. 그리고 이를 가능하게 하는 변화동인 및 IT 기술 트랜드로 5가지를 정리했습니다. 5개의 키워드는 Virtual Reality (가상현실), Artificial Intelligence (인공지능), Convergence (기술간 융합), ECO (환경 기술), Personality (개인화)로 집약될 수 있습니다. 미래 IT 기술이 2025년 한국을 어떻게 바꿀 수 있을 까요? 이 글을 보면서 상상해 보시기 바랍니다.
태양에너지를 사용한 친환경 에너지 제품
나무나 기름, 가스 등을 사용하지 않고도 조리 할 수 있어 환경오염과 경제적 손실 감소
온실 효과와 동일하게 축적된 열을 조리에 이용하는 원리
단열을 위해 2중 구조의 박스와 8mm 강화 유리 적용
열을 저장할 수 있도록 내부철판 박스제작
스테인리스 수퍼미러 반사판 사용
내부 최대 온도 150~200도 까지 가능(날씨와 계절변화에 따른 태양의 입사각에 의해 달걀, 감자, 고구마 등 물 없이 조리가능)
The energy efficient load is considered as an important tool for efficient management of available
electrical energy in Nigeria because it allows electricity utility to meet the power demand of many consumers
with little or no increase in power supply generation. This paper discusses the technical and economic benefit of
using energy efficient load for electrical services design considering a four-bedroom apartment in Nigeria as a
case study. Load analysis and evaluation were carried out using both conventional load and energy efficient load
for electrical services. The technical benefits were determined by calculating the total energy demand, apparent
power and current drawn by the four-bedroom apartment. Apparent power and current are important tools to
determine Transformer capacity, Cable capacity and Generator capacity for the apartment. The economic
benefits were determined by calculating the daily energy consumption by the four-bedroom apartment and this
is a great tool in computing the daily cost of electricity by the apartment. The result shows that 41.26% of total
energy demand is saved and 32.96% of daily energy consumption is saved if the energy efficient loads were
used as an alternative to conventional load for that four-bedroom apartment.
The PV market has developed significantly in the last years, thanks to a complex combination of price decline, technology improvements and financial support schemes.
This webinar intends to bring additional information about the main trends in the PV market, industry and policy support in key countries and globally. It will highlight the reasons why PV has developed so fast and what can be expected in the coming years. In particular, the current support schemes and market drivers will be analyzed, together with the question of industry development. The geographical rebalancing between western and asian countries will be commented and explained. Finally the growing role of PV in the electricity sector will be explained.
Two presenters will share the floor : Izumi Kaizuka from RTS Corporation in Japan and Gaëtan Masson, Operating Agent of IEA-PVPS Task 1.
A Markov model of generator performance at the Kainji hydro-power station in...IJECEIAES
The Kainji hydropower station is a seven turbo-alternator station that for many years served as the base load supply for the Nigerian power grid. Over 200,000 pieces of data about the performance of the machines were used to estimate values of the failure and repair rates for each machine and a Markov steady-state model of the plant was constructed to determine the probability output of the turbines. This result showed that Kaplan turbine (KT) 12 is prone to failure compared to any other KT unit in the hydropower plant. Also, the clusters of probability that define the system state due to the different output capacities of the units show that the hydropower plant has not performed to its maximum capacity, further evaluation shows that 60% of the KT machine units are operating which is consistent with the observed robustness of the output. The model not only conforms to observations but reasonably provide a means of studying the effects of different actions that may be taken to improve the performance of hydropower plant.
Solar Plate Indexing To Improve Efficiency of Present Solar Power Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Although solar plate are being used from very long ago in the world for generation of power in non-conventional form, but still there is hording of improving efficiency of the currently available stationery solar plates. Solar plate indexing system is also one of such efforts made to improve efficiency of solar power extraction. Survey data say that very few days are left when the all reserves will nearly deplete i.e. till 2050 all the reserves of petroleum products which are available under earth will vanish. Therefore, human being is very much worried about the future energy sources. Aiming the improvement of the efficiency of current energy generating equipment’s we have designed to index the solar plate according to the solar track so that perpendicular rays could fall on the plates. We have used 5 watt, 1550 rpm motor to rotate the shaft on which our solar plate is mounted. Electronic cyclic timers have been used to index the plate in the span of 1200 in the duration if 8 hours a day. On-off switch have been used to start the cycle of rotation of plate. Sunrise and sunset limiting switches have been used to decide the pan of the solar plate. After testing the indexed plate solar system on the real ground we have found the result that current stationery plate after charging for 8 hours in the full sunny-day can give uses of 4 hour whereas our indexed plate on charging for the same duration can deliver 6 hour of service. This result is really encouraging and improving the efficiency of current solar plates
Design and Construction of a 20 000 Mah Wind Power Bankijtsrd
The study aimed to design and construct a portable wind power bank, using quantitative research method to profoundly explain the concept and define the problems that will make an improvement for the ideas in developing the project. One type of wind powered battery charging will be explored in this paper. This can be used in times of power interruptions, in the absence of electrical sources, during outdoor activities away from home where charging is a necessity, and most specially to save money by minimizing electrical consumption. It is designed to be installed fixed on home rooftops when at home but can be detachable and can be carried whenever necessary. It is an energy saving device for the reason that it may not need any external source of electricity. It consists of a wind turbine driving a generator and operates at variable speed. It consists of three different modules which are power supply module, power storage module and phone charging module. All these modules consist of different components that perform different functions. The power supply module consists of the components' physics, the principles and the design. The power storage module includes the components parameters responsible for the restoration of energy to the battery after it has been used to charge mobile phones. There is connecting port between the power bank power storage and charging module and the phone charging module through which it can be connected in order to recharge phones as well as to recharge the power bank from an AC source. This paper analyzes the property of the system components. The effect of parameter variation and the system configuration on the system performance are investigated. Ramon L. Pitao, Jr. | Sunny E. Araneta | Clifford Jan C. Dionson | Jaypee G. Gagarino | Ronald M. Famor ""Design and Construction of a 20 000 Mah Wind Power Bank"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23426.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23426/design-and-construction-of-a-20-000-mah-wind-power-bank/ramon-l-pitao-jr
This application note provides an overview of the most relevant characteristics and considerations regarding commercial and tertiary sector photovoltaic (PV) power plants (100 kW to 2 MW). It is aimed at potential investors, including industrial and tertiary sector companies, communities and financial institutions, among other parties.
Over the past decade, the competitiveness of PV as opposed to other electricity sources has improved considerably, mainly driven by new technological improvements and cost reductions per unit of installed power. In many situations, PV systems represent a profitable and relatively low risk investment opportunity. Nevertheless, a case-by-case analysis should be performed to properly evaluate each project.
The principal technological choices to be made during a PV plant development project concern the actual PV panels, the mounting structures, the inverter, and the storage system. Relatively few major types of systems are currently available on the market for each of these components. This application note describes their main advantages and disadvantages. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the difficulties and risks that can be encountered during the PV plant development process.
The business model of the project will be determined by the local system of government incentives. This application note depicts key issues related to financing and the economics of a PV investment. It describes the choice between a corporate loan and a leasing formula and the calculation of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Finally, it executes a sensitivity analysis on the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of the PV plant. The cost of the EPC contractor and the local irradiation level turn out to be major parameters influencing the result. The discount rate and the lifetime of the PV plants influence the LCOE to a lesser extent. Note that the LCOE needs to be compared with retail electricity prices for residential PV projects, with commercial electricity rates before VAT for company PV projects, and with the cost of other electricity generation sources (e.g. a gas fired combined cycle plant) for electrical utility PV projects.
English language version of the presentation given by Jonathan Jutsen, Chairman of the Australian Alliance for Energy Productivity in San Luis Argentina in December 2016
Market transformation in the energy sector. The implications of battery storage and reducing renewable energy costs to the Australian environment. Presents projections from NREL, DoE, CSIRO, GDF Suez, IRENA and others
Lidetu Abu Bedadi (219014961)Thesis.pdfssuserc8d444
The application of a hybrid renewable energy system has become an important alternative solution for the rural electrification program. To satisfy the load demand, solar photovoltaic (4kW) and micro hydro
(15kW) energy were considered as the main source of energy to supply electricity to the load and to charge
the battery bank when there was excess energy generation.
Japan's electricity and new energy policyGerhard Fasol
handouts for a lecture for the Stockholm School of Economics at the Embassy of Sweden in Tokyo, describing today's status of Japan's energy and electricity markets, how we arrived at today's situation, and how Japan's electricity markets are likely to develop as a consequence of electricity market deregulation.
Wireless technology revolutionizes the delivery of medical services. Japan is an early and intense adopter of wireless technologies and internet medical services. This presentation describes the impact of wireless technology development on tele-medicine from the Japan viewpoint.
Presentation given at an investors event at the Zurich Stock Exchange.
Mobile and e-cash payment for vending machinesGerhard Fasol
This report describes current status and trends of mobile payment and e-cash (RFID-type) payment systems for vending machines in Japan.
Version 8 of June 9, 2009
approx. 70 pages, including approx. 14 Figures and 35 Photographs, pdf-format, 1.7 Mbyte
Almost all Tokyo people pay train trips with SUICA near-field payment cards, often embedded into mobile phones. This report explains technical details, market size and gives a comprehensive overview of the market dynamics of mobile payments end e-payments for transport.
Version 12 of July 9, 2009
approx. 169 pages, 3 Figures, 60 Photographs, 12 Tables, pdf-format, 7 Mbyte
The world’s first wallet phone was the P506iC, which was commercially introduced by NTT-Docomo on July 10th, 2004 with a suite of applications linked to the wallet.
In the 10 years since 2004, wallet phones have developed and expanded greatly. While traditional Japanese wallet phones are still widely in use in Japan, Apple iOS and Android based smartphones are rapidly growing in marketshare and are expanding the universe of wallet phone applications in Japan and globally.
Wallet phones are mobile phones equiped to include bank cards, credit cards, house keys, company access control IDs, electronic cash, train tickets and many more functions. Wallet phones in principle can take over all functions which our wallet has.<br> Wallet phones enable mobile operators to enter new industries, especially the payment and credit card industries. For this reason wallet phones represent innovation and disruption for established industries, such as credit cards.
This report describes the technology and the eco-systems of wallet phones, and describes several application case studies richly illustred with photographs and descriptions of how wallet phones present value to consumers, and how wallet phones impact established industries.
This report analyses Japan's US$ 350 billion media markets. Japan's newspapers have the largest circulation in the world, and Japan continuous to drive many media innovations. with the acquisition of Aegis, Japan's largest agency Dentsu acquired Aegis and is globalizing with a string of acquisitions. The world's largest business daily Nihon Keizai Shinbun (Nikkei) startled the global media world by acquiring The Financial Times. In order to market in Japan you need to understand Japan's media and advertising.
Digital terrestrial TV (One-Seg, or 1seg) to mobile phones (mobile TV) started in Japan on April 1, 2006, and Japan's 1seg standard is also used in South America including Brazil. This report gives a comprehensive overview of the different types of mobile TV in Japan, describes business models used successfully in Japan for monetizing mobile TV. The report includes quantitative estimates of market size, and details of the numbers of mobile TV phones shipped (includes 2010 data, estimations of how many hours/month people watch mobile TV) and an introduction to DoCoMo's new profitable mobile beeTV
Version 14 of January 22, 2011
approx. 126 pages, 11 Figures, 50 Photos, 12 Tables, pdf-format, 4.7 Mbyte
KDDI is one of the three leading Japanese mobile and fixed line (FTTH) telecommunications operators, competing with SoftBank and NTT-Docomo.
This report helps understand KDDI - KDDI's origins, strategy, networks, financial data, market shares and subscriber numbers, and of course also products and services, and KDDI's position and trajectory in Japan's telecom markets.
Docomo pioneered the mobile internet by introducing i-Mode to Japan's market on February 22, 1999, and was the first operator to bring 3G to market. While Docomo has been less successful to capture global value from these pioneering developments, Docomo is one of the most successful and admired mobile operators. This report presents many financial and market data together with analysis, and also gives a thorough overview of Docomo's pioneering i-Mode services.
SoftBank is an internet and telecommunications group led by the charismatic Masayoshi Son. As an investment company, SoftBank achieved a 9-times return on invested capital. SoftBank succeeded to turn around the Japan's third largest mobile operator, acquired in 2006 from Vodafone, and recently acquired SPRINT. SoftBank aims to be Number 1 on global telecommunications with a 30 year plan.
This market research analyses the SoftBank Group, corporate strategy, investments, acquisitions, financial results and market share data.
Japan's telecommunications industry size is on the order of US$ 200 billion for the operators alone, and annualy about US$ 20 billion are invested in networks. Japan's has one of the world's most advanced cellular networks. With Softbank's acquisition of SPRINT-Nextel, Softbank has attracted global attention, and Softbank's charismatic founder and leader, Masayoshi Son has declared that "as a man, he of course wants to be Number One" expressing his hope to grow Softbank into the global telecommunications leader.
This report gives a thorough overview of Japan's telecommunications markets, with a wealth of statistical and financial data in visualized graphical form with analysis and trends.
Japan's electronics manufacturers combined are about as large as the Netherlands economically and are facing a period of restructuring, while at the same time they acquire companies abroad in an effort to globalize. Japan's electronic component sector occupies about 30% - 40% of the global electronic devices market, and are generally better positioned than Japan's electrical conglomerates, although these also face their own challanges. The report reviews and analyses Japan's top 8 electrical companies, and Japan's top 7 electronic component makers, as well as several related companies, and an analysis of the industry sectors. Subscribe to receive regular updates.
The report is a companion to our interview series on CNBC and BBC
Communications a critical to save lives during disasters, and to enable victims, responders and officials to understand the situation (situational awareness) take the right actions. (Presentation given by the author at the Korean Communications Conference in Seoul, May 12, 2011).
Author: Gerhard Fasol, http://fasol.com
QR codes link objects in real life with information and action via mobile phones. QR codes make static posters interactive. QR codes enable action here and now.
This a is short version of our 220 page report.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
When stars align: studies in data quality, knowledge graphs, and machine lear...
Renewable energy in Japan
1. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
RENEWABLE ENERGY JAPAN
9th edition of July 8, 2014
by Gerhard Fasol, PhD, Eurotechnology Japan KK
http://www.eurotechnology.com/
fasol@eurotechnology.com
Preview version - download full report here:
http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/j_renewable/
1
2. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN JAPAN
2
Subscribe to this report, and we will regularly send you the latest versions.
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Version Date Content added, updates
first report, environmental techn. 1996-1997 environmental bus. strategy work
... 1997 - 2012 updates, and projects
pre-versions 2012-2013 energy strategy work, research
1 March 26, 2013 first version
2 March 28, 2013 updates and corrections
3 April 17, 2013 FIT updates (January 2013)
4 May 31, 2013 Fit updates (Jan+ Feb 2013)
5 August 24, 2013 Fit updates (March-May 2013)
6 August 27, 2013 online FIT capacity added
7 June 3, 2014 updates, reformat, new policy
8 July 7, 2014 FIT approvals to March 2014
9 July 8, 2014 updates and corrections
3. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
REPORTS ON JAPAN’S ENERGY SECTOR
3
•Japan’s energy landscape
•approx. 277 pages, 94 Figures, 55 tables, frequent updates
•information:
•http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/j_energy/
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•Renewable energy in Japan
•approx. 188 pages, 94 Figures, 32 tables, frequent updates
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•Solid state lighting, GaN LEDs and lasers
•approx. 122 pages, 25 Figures, 21 photographs, 9 tables, frequent updates
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4. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
LICENSE
Thank you for purchasing licenses to our reports, and for your cooperation with our licensing conditions.
Only through your purchases can we continue to produce high-quality market reports from Japan
INTHE CASE OF SINGLE LICENSE: If you have purchased a single copy license of this report, you are not permitted to copy this report except for a single back-up copy
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Eurotechnology is a trademark or registered trademark in Japan and other countries.
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5. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN JAPAN
5
Before the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, Japan had settled on a traditional top-down national
energy architecture including about 30% electricity from nuclear power, which was to be increased to
50%, where electricity is produced by large centralized power stations and then distributed down to
customers. Renewable energy - except for water power - was kept below 1%.The March 11, 2011
disaster caused a total review of this architecture, and opened opportunities for a new approach in
Japan to renewable energies, and a liberalization of Japan’s electricity markets.
Japan has substantial installed hydropower capacity, however only about 50% of possible capacity has
been developed. Geo-Thermal, wind power, and bio-mass are all at the early stage of development in
Japan. Especially geo-thermal and wind power have very excellent development potential in Japan,
however lead times are long, both because of the necessary technology development and planning,
and also because of the current legal and regulatory restrictions, and because of the necessity to
reach cooperation of stake holders such as onsen (hot spring) resort operators and fishermen in the
case of wind. Solar energy is quickest to deploy, and has been emphasized because of the perceived
advantage of Japan’s electronics industry, however capacity long-term is limited compared to wind and
other renewable energies.
The report gives detailed statistics of installed generation capacity, and produced power, and
development scenarios, as well as information on important market participants.
6. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
AGENDA - LIST OF CONTENTS
6
•Executive summary: Renewable energy in Japan
•Japan’s renewable energy situation, summary
•Japan’s national energy strategy plan:The “innovative energy and environmental strategy” of Sept 14, 2012
•Japan’s primary energy supply and self-sufficiency,
•Electricity generation: installed generation capacity, electricity generated, renewable energy contributions
•Japan’s present electrical architecture
•The 10 regional electrical operators and J-Power, renewable energy contributions
•The grid,The 50Hz/60Hz issue
•JEPX - Japan Electrical Power ExchangeTokyo
•Impact of the Fukushima disaster
•Renewable energy
•Feed-inTariffs (FIT) for renewable energy
•Water power
•Geo-thermal
•Solar energy
•Wind power, on-shore, off-shore, installed capacity, off-shore wind map
•Bio-mass power
•Ocean power
•Renewable energy investment funds
•Glossary
•Summary
7. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
JAPAN’S RENEWABLE ENERGY
SITUATION
7
8. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
JAPAN’S RENEWABLE ENERGY SITUATION
8
Renewable energy type
Installed generation
capacity
before July 2012
FIT as of March 31, 2014
Potential estimated
capacity
Comment
Water power
27.56 GigaWatt
+ 22.3 GigaWatt pump-
storage
approved=0.3GW
operating=0.006GW
47.35 GigaWatt
limited returns on smaller
installations
Geo-Thermal 0.533 GigaWatt
approved=0.014GW
operating=0.00014GW
23 GigaWatt
limited by nature park
laws, and onsen resort
cooperation
Wind 2.6 GigaWatt
approved=1.04GW
operating=0.11GW
scenarios:
52 to 3420 GigaWatt
today’s grid capacity limit:
10 GW
Solar 10 GigaWatt
approved=65.7GW
operating=8.7GW
limited by available space
Bio-Mass 2.1 GigaWatt
approved=1.56GW
operating=0.122GW
Ocean
salinity gradient, rivers:
0.5 GW
sub-total renewable 42.8 GigaWatt
approved=68.6GW
operating=8.9GW
Total energy
generation capacity
250 GigaWatt
9. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
CABINET DECISION
(“KAKUGIKETTEI”)
OF SEPT. 19, 2012
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10. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
CABINET DECISION (“KAKUGIKETTEI”) OF SEPT. 19, 2012
23
Sept. 19, the Cabinet released a "Kakugikettei" (Cabinet Decision) which is 4 and 1/2 lines long, which
says:
We will carry out our energy and environmental policy based on the "Innovative Energy and Environmental
Strategy" as decided by the Energy and Environment Council on Sept 14, however we will hold responsible
discussions with concerned self-governing regional bodies of Japan and with concerned international
organizations, and we will continuously and flexibly verify and adjust our policy.
(Kakugikettei, Cabinet decision of Sept 19, 2012, our unofficial translation from bureaucratic official
complex Japanese into simplified English, attempting to keep the same meaning).
Note, that this "step back" is not uniquely Japanese.... Sweden decided in the 1980s to go zero-nuclear
with a Parliament approved schedule, and Sweden's parliament reversed the earlier zero-nuclear
decision, and went back to continue nuclear power in 2010 and renewing or building new nuclear
power stations.
11. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY
24
12. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
PRIMARY ENERGY SELF-SUFFICIENCY RATIOS
TRADITIONALVIEW, DOES NOT INCLUDE RENEWABLES AND NEW
FORMS OF GAS DEPOSITS
25
Note that this figure shows the traditional view of energy self-sufficiency, and typically does not include the full renewable energy potential, nor new types of
recently found gas sources.
Viewed in this traditional way, Japan has one of the lowest primary energy self-sufficiency ratios globally:
•Japan has to import about 82% of primary energy, if nuclear energy is included.
•however, at present with two exceptions, all nuclear power stations out of service, so that 96% of Japan’s primary energy needs to be imported.
•however, with full development of renewable energy sources, especially off-shore wind energy, Japan could be self-sufficient in energy.
Countries with self-sufficiency ratios larger than 100% export primary energy including electricity, while countries with self-sufficiency ratios lower than 100% need
to import primary energy and electricity
Italy Japan S Korea Germany France US India UK China Canada Russia
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Energyselfsufficiencyratio
Energy self sufficiency
ratio IEA, OECD, 2006 2007
15
15
18
4
19
2
41
30
51
8
71
62
76
75
83
76
92
91
153
144
183
incl. nuclear
177
excl. nuclear
c2012EurotechnologyJapanKK
www.eurotechnology.com
13. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
26
Japan’s primary energy supply is approximately 25 x 1018 Joule/year. Japan’s electricity production corresponds to about 14% of primary
energy supply. Some of the primary energy is used for other purposes, e.g. raw materials for the chemical industry, fuel for heating or
transportation, but an appreciable amount is lost during the electricity generation process.The nuclear energy supply (in red above) has
been eliminated by the shut-down of all 50 nuclear power stations (except for the Oi plant which has been restarted again), and needs
to be replaced by savings, natural gas, oil or renewable energies.
Renewable energy supply corresponds to about 1.5 x 1018 Joule/year out of Japan’s total primary energy supply of 25 x 1018 Joule/
year.
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
energy1018
Jouleyear
Japan's domestic primary
energy supply 1018
Joule year
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Water
Renewable
c2013EurotechnologyJapanKK
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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
energy1018
Jouleyear
Japan's renewable
energy supply 1018
Joule year
Water power
Renewable except water power
c2013EurotechnologyJapanKK
www.eurotechnology.com
14. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
27
Over the last 45 years since 1965, water power energy supply has been constant in Japan, while non-water power renewable energy
sources (solar, wind, biomass, geo-thermal and others) have increased very slowly.
In financial years 2010 (April 1, 2010 - March 31, 2011) water power and other renewable energy sources together added up to about
7% of Japan’s primary energy supply, according to Japan’s economic ministry sources.
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
energy1018
Jouleyear
Japan's renewable
energy supply 1018
Joule year
Water power
Renewable except water power
c2013EurotechnologyJapanKK
www.eurotechnology.com
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
5
10
percentoftotal
primaryenergysupply
renewable energy as percentage
of total primary energy supply
Water power
Renewable except water power
c2013EurotechnologyJapanKK
www.eurotechnology.com
15. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
- INSTALLED CAPACITY
28
16. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
INSTALLED ELECTRIC GENERATION CAPACITY
(EXCLUDING FIT PROGRAM FOR RENEWABLES)
32
Japan’s Government energy plan describes a scenario where renewable energy contribution is to rise substantially towards 2030.
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
electricitygenerationcapacityGigaWatt
Japan's installed renewable electric
generation capacity GigaWatt
Water
Pump Storage
Renewable except water power
c2013EurotechnologyJapanKK
www.eurotechnology.com
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
0
50
100
150
200
electricitygenerationcapacityGigaWatt
Japan's installed renewable electric
generation capacity GigaWatt
Water
Pump Storage
Renewable except water power
c2013EurotechnologyJapanKK
www.eurotechnology.com
17. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
- GENERATED ELECTRICAL
POWER
35
18. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
GENERATED ELECTRIC POWER
37
This figure shows Japan’s generated electrical power measured inTeraWatt hours/year.This figure shows the same data as the figure on
the previous page, just presented in different physics units.
Global average electric power is 20,261TWh/year (2008), thus Japan generated electrical power corresponds approx. 5% of global
electrical power.
The figure on the right hand side shows power generated from renewable sources:
•traditional water power
•pump-storage power
•non-water renewable sources
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Japan'sgenerated
powerTeraWatthoursyear
Japan's generated
power TeraWatt hours year
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Water
Pump Storage
Renewable
1 x 10^18 Joule year
2 x 10^18 Joule year
3 x 10^18 Joule year
4 x 10^18 Joule year
y
c2012EurotechnologyJapanKK
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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Japan'sgenerated
powerTeraWatthoursyear
Japan's generated
power TeraWatt hours year
Water
Pump Storage
Renewable except water power
.1 x 10^18 Joule year
.2 x 10^18 Joule year
.3 x 10^18 Joule year
.4 x 10^18 Joule year
19. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
RENEWABLE ENERGY STATISTICS
51
Electricity production from non-water renewable sources contributes approximately 0.3% to total electricity production, and consists predominantly of geo-thermal energy.
Bio-mass generation is also shown on the right hand side - bio-mass is used in thermal power plants, and therefore not strictly renewable, since it causes CO2 emission.
Jan 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
percent
Operators' generated & purchased
renewable power as percentage of total
Jan 2007 Jan 2008 Jan 2009 Jan 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
percent
Japan's non water renewable electricity
as percentage of total source: METI
wind green
solar yellow
geothermal
biomass thermal
waste thermal
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JAPAN’S PRESENT ELECTRICAL
ARCHITECTURE
52
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STRUCTURE OF JAPAN’S ELECTRICITY LANDSCAPE
53
The Figure on the following page shows the structure of Japan’s electricity markets, which has been
liberalized to a very small degree, compared to the far more advanced liberalization in the US and
most European countries.
Japan’s electricity markets are dominated by 10 regional electricity operating monopoly companies,
which operate:
•generation,
•transmission/grid and
•distribution/retail.
There is no unbundling.
In addition there are different types of independent electricity producers, which are practically of two
types:
•internal electricity production, e.g. in large office buildings, or in factories, for immediate local use.As
an example the famous Mori-Roppongi-HillsTower has its own electricity plant in the basement of
the building.
•independent commercial production of electricity. Such independent electricity producers have
essentially no other choice than to sell to the single local and extremely powerful monopoly operator.
Electricity sales can be direct under contract to the local monopoly operator, or via the JEPX
exchange. However, the JEPX exchange only handles about 0.5% of all electrical power.
22. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
STRUCTURE OF JAPAN’S ELECTRICITY LANDSCAPE
54
Structure of Japan’s electricity landscape.
10 regional monopoly operators, each combine generation, transmission and grid, and distribution in their local monopoly region and
dominate Japan’s electricity industry.
Currently only about 0.5% of Japan’s electricity is traded via the JEPX electricity exchange.
10 regional monopoly electricity operators
generation
distribution/retail
transmission/grid
households
SMEs
regional monopoly
large size customers
factories
JEPX (0.5% of electricity volume)
specified
power
producers
(1.7%)
PPS
(1.8%)
in-house
generation
(10.6%)
renewable
energy
producers
FITFIT
23. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
THE 10 REGIONAL
ELECTRICITY COMPANIES
55
for an analysis of Japan’s non-renewable energy sector including
financial data for Japan’s regional electricity operators,
see: http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/j_energy/
24. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
NEW ENERGY CONTRIBUTIONTOTHE POWER MIX
58
Before March 11, 2011, Japan’s regional power monopolies had an unwritten rule to keep “new
energy” (ie. renewable energies such as wind, solar, geo-thermal, wave power, bio-mass, but excepting
water power) below 1% of the power mix.Water power was excepted, and Japan’s water power
contribution is on the order of 10% overall.
Hokkaido Tohoku Tepco Chubu Hokuriku Kansai Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Okinawa J Power
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.
1.2
1.4
newenergygenerationcapacity
new energy generation
capacity before March 11, 2011
0.7
1.3
0.05
0.1
0.9
0.03 0.02 0.03
1.1
0
0.09
c2012EurotechnologyJapanKK
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J-POWER
(ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION EDPC)
59
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J-POWER
60
J-Power (Electrical Power Development Company EDPC) was founded on September 16, 1952 with
66.69% capital from the Ministry of Finance, and the remaining capital from the then 9 regional
electricity operators.
Purpose of the company is mainly to develop new sources of electric power, and the operation of
transmission lines.
In April 1, 2004 J-Power was reorganized into the following divisions:
•JPHYTEC CO. Ltd: hydro-power and transmission system company
•JPec Co Ltd: thermal power company
•JP Business Service Corporation
•KEC Corporation
27. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
J-POWER -TRANSMISSION LINES,AND SUBSTATIONS
63
J-Power number
AC transmission lines 2140.5 km
DC transmission lines 267.2 km
substations 3 4,292,000 kVA
frequency converter
stations
1 300,000 kiloWatt
AC/DC converter stations 4 2,000,000 kiloWatt
wireless communications
circuit
5952 km
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THE GRID
64
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REGIONAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND
GRID CONNECTIONS BETWEEN OPERATORS
65
Japan’s electricity infrastructure consists of ten regional
monopolies
(installed electricity generation capacity is shown as the area of
circles, and written in GigaWatt (GW)).
The width of link lines between the power monopolies show
the capacity of lines connecting the regional monopolies. Japan
has no true national grid, but two essentially disconnected
regional grids, and relatively weak links between local power
monopolies.
Several proposals for national grids are under discussion,
potentially competing with each other.
(note that the generation capacities shown above are those of
the regional electrical monopolies.Actual regional generation
capacities are actually about 30%-40% higher, because of in-
house production of electricity of manufacturing companies and
building companies, and because of independent electricity
producers).
Hokkaido
generating capacity=
7 GigaWatt
Tohoku
17 GW
Hokuriku
8 GW
Chugoku
12 GW
Shikoku
7 GW
Kyushu
20 GW
Okinawa
2 GigaWatt
Tokyo 65 GW
Kansai
35 GW
Chubu
33 GW
Japan’s total electricy
generation capacity =
approx. 250 GW
600MW
DC line
6310MW
AC line
5570MW
5570MW
5570MW
AC line
2400
MW
16600MW
1000MW
DC line
1400MW
300MW
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GLOBALTREND:
REDESIGN ELECTRICITY GRIDS
66
特別高圧
(1) 500kV, 270kV, 140kV
(2) 60kV
(3) 20kV
高圧 6kV
低圧 200V, 100V
Power stations:
(1) generate power
(2) stabilize grid frequency
特別高圧
(1) 500kV, 270kV, 140kV
(2) 60kV
(3) 20kV
高圧 6kV
低圧 200V, 100V
Power stations:
(1) generate power
(2) stabilize grid frequency
The electricity grids have evolved over 100 years
or longer, and are currently mainly top-down,
distributing power from large central power
stations to consumers.
The figure above is a schematic ofTEPCO’s grid
architecture to supplyTokyo with electricity.
Electricity grids are evolving to a distributed
architecture, where electricity is also injected at
the periphery, including also energy storage in
addition to traditional pump-storage hydropower,
locally produced renewables, and “smart”
management becomes necessary.
31. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
GRID LIMITS RENEWABLE ENERGY
67
Japan’s electricity grids have been designed by the regional monopoly companies to transport
electricity from large central power plants, nuclear power stations to the networks supplying end
customers.
Renewable energy plants, such as mega solar plants, wind farms, geothermal plants, and water power
stations, and biomass based generators, tend to be smaller and distributed over larger areas, for which
the current grid has not been designed.
It will be necessary to invest and expand Japan’s electricity grid to accommodate new decentralized
renewable and smaller energy plants.
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THE 50HZ/60HZ ISSUE
68
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THE 50HZ/60HZ ISSUE
69
Electrification of Japan started on March 25, 1878 at the Institute ofTechnology inTokyo/Toranomon,
and in 1886 theTokyo Electric Light Company was founded.
Electrification started independently inTokyo and in Osaka:
•Tokyo Electric Light Company imported equipment from German AEG with the German 50Hz
frequency standard,
•Osaka Electric Lamp Company imported equipment from General Electric (USA) with the 60Hz
frequency standard.
Until today Western Japan uses 60Hz, while Eastern Japan used 50Hz. Only three frequency converter
facilities (FCF) connect the western 60Hz area with the easter 50Hz area:
•Shin-Shinano FCF (600MWatt)
•Sakuma Dam FCF (300MWatt)
•Higashi Shimizu FCF (135MWatt, from Autumn 2014: 300MWatt)
It is not practically possible to change one of the areas’ frequency standard, so this 50Hz/60Hz split of
Japan’s electricity system is likely to continue forever. However, in the future true national grids are
likely to be built.At the moment there is no true national grid in Japan, only relatively weak
connections between the regional monopoly operators, and other local links.
34. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
THE 50HZ/60HZ ISSUE
70
Only three frequency converter
facilities (FCF) connect the western
60Hz area with the easter 50Hz area:
•Shin-Shinano FCF (600MWatt)
•Sakuma Dam FCF (300MWatt)
•Higashi Shimizu FCF (135MWatt,
from Autumn 2014: 300MWatt)
50Hz
(historically German AEG
supplied Tokyo Electric Light Co)
60Hz
(historically US General Electric
supplied Osaka Electric Lamp Co.) Shin-Shinano FCF 600MW
Sakuma Dam FCF 300MW
Higashi-Shimizu FCF
(=Frequency Converter Facility)
135MW (from Autumn 2014: 300MW)
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JEPX
JAPAN ELECTRIC POWER
EXCHANGETOKYO
71
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JEPX JAPAN ELECTRIC POWER EXCHANGE
72
The Japan Electric Power ExchangeTokyo trades about 0.5% of Japan’s electricity.
Requires sellers to sell at leasts 1 MegaWatt
History:
•November 2003: constituted
•April 1, 2005: starts trading
•November 2008: starts Green Electricity trading
•as of April 2011: 56 member companies
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THE ROLE OF JAPAN’S
TRADING COMPANIES
INTHE ENERGY DOMAIN
80
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THE ROLE OF JAPAN’STRADING COMPANIES INTHE ENERGY
SECTOR
81
This section will be included and updated in future versions of this report.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY
82
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FEED INTARIFFS (FIT) FOR
RENEWABLE ENERGY
83
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LEGAL BASIS FOR JAPAN’S FEED-INTARIFFS
84
Feed-inTariffs (FIT) were introduced to Japan first for private residential customers who can sell
surplus renewable energy back to electricity operators.
On July 1, 2012 a law with a second set of regulations came into force which establishes feed-in tariffs
(FITs) for renewable energy from large scale, non-residential plants:
•“Special Measures Concerning Renewable Energy Electric Procurement by Operators of Electric
Utilities Law”
42. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
APPLICATIONS GRANTED UNDERTHE FIT PROGRAM
94
This figure shows new renewable energy projects approved under the FIT program up and until May 2014.
This figure above shows that capacity approx. equal 70,000 MWatt was approved by end March 2014.
The Government target was to achieve 2500 MWatt by March 31, 2013, the approvals achieved by March 31, 2013 were almost 10
times higher than this target.
Most approved projects are for solar energy.
43. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
JAPAN’S RENEWABLE ENERGY MIX
103
Before Feed-in-Tariffs:
Japan’s renewable energy mix up until 2012 has been
predominantly large scale (> 1 MegaWatt) water power
stations
Out[1195]=
Japan's Renewable energy mix before 2012
res. solar 9.5
non residential solar 84.3
wind 4.8
water 1MW 0.2
water 1M .004
Biomass 1.1
Geo .03
c 2013 Eurotechnology.com
Out[1184]=
Renewable energy projects approved up to February 28, 2013
res. solar 9.5
non residential solar 84.3
wind 4.8
water 1MW 0.2
water 1M .004
Biomass 1.1
Geo .03
c 2013 Eurotechnology.com
Approved under Feed-in-Tariffs up until February
2013:
applications approved under the feed-in-tariff program have
been 93.8% for solar power plants, of which 84.3% were non-
residential/industrial solar plants.
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WATER POWER
104
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GENERATED WATER POWER PROJECTIONS
111
Japan Governments energy plan of September 14, 2012 provides only a modest increase of water power generation over the period
2012-2030
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Japan'sgenerated
powerTeraWatthoursyear
Japan's generated
power TeraWatt hours year
Water
Pump Storage
Renewable except water power
.1 x 10^18 Joule year
.2 x 10^18 Joule year
.3 x 10^18 Joule year
.4 x 10^18 Joule year
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Japan'sgenerated
powerTeraWatthoursyear
Japan's generated
power TeraWatt hours year
Water
Pump Storage
Renewable except water power
0.5 x 10^18 Joule year
1 x 10^18 Joule year
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HYDRO POWER FIT APPROVALS
117
FIT approved hydro power capacity. Shown is accumulated total approved capacity (approved, and including already operating, as well as
capacity still in preparation). New capacity under the FIT program is about 1.4% of total water generation capacity.
Up to March 2014 approximately 300 MegaWatt projects have been approved under the FIT program.
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PUMP STORAGE POWER
STATIONS
118
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WORLD’S FIRST SEA WATER
PUMP STORAGE POWER
STATIONS
122
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WORLD FIRST SEAWATER PUMP STORAGE PLANT
123
J-Power operates the world first sea-water pump-storage plant in Okinawa, theYanbaru Seawater
pump storage plant.The major data are:
maximum water flow 26 m3/second
head 136 meter
maximum power generation 30 MegaWatt
water reservoir volume 590,000 m3
generated voltage 66 kiloVolt
start of construction: March 1990
completion and start of test operation: March 16, 1999
completion of test operation and start of full
commercial operation
2004
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GEO-THERMAL
124
51. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
GEO-THERMAL POWER FIT APPROVALS
132
FIT approved geo-thermal electric power capacity. Shown is accumulated total approved capacity (approved, and including already
operating, as well as capacity still in preparation). New capacity under the FIT program is about 2.4% of total geo-thermal generation
capacity.
FIT applications are possible in the categories below 15 MW and above 15 MW. Sofar all applications have been for geo-thermal power
stations less then 15 MW.
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GEO-THERMAL EQUIPMENT
133
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GEO-THERMAL EQUIPMENT
134
Japanese companies have approximately a 70% marketshare of geo-thermal equipment globally
Main equipment makers are:
• Fuji Electric
• Toshiba
• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
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SOLAR ENERGY
135
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SOLAR ENERGY
136
Until the introduction on July 1, 2012 of feed-in tariffs (FIT) and compulsory renewable electricity
purchases by the regional monopoly operators, Japan’s solar industry was almost exclusively focused
on the residential market, where the purchasing of excess electricity by operators was introduced
earlier.
Industrial scale,“mega solar plants” only started to develop with the announcement of feed-in tariffs in
2011, and the introduction of FIT on July 1, 2012. Therefore the solar industry development in Japan
changed dramatically from July 1, 2012
Currently, total installed generation capacity is on the order of 10 GigaWatt.
During 2012, solar power contributed up to 0.01% of total electricity generation.
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SOLAR IRRADIATION IN
JAPAN
137
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SOLAR ENERGY
140
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SOLAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
144
Solar electricity generation contributed approx. 10 GigaWatt hours during the month of August 2012, corresponding to approx. 0.01%
of total electricity generated.
Solar electricity generation started to become significant from autumn 2010 with the introduction of domestic feed-in-tariffs. Currently
until the introduction of FIT in July 2012, about 80% of solar energy were solar cells installed in private residences.
Jan 2007 Jan 2008 Jan 2009 Jan 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
powerpermonthTeraWatthmonth
Japan's Solar electricity
generation per month TeraWatt h
March 11
disaster
c2013EurotechnologyJapanKK
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Jan 2007 Jan 2008 Jan 2009 Jan 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
percent
Japan's wind and solar electricity
as percentage of total source: METI
wind green
solar yellow
March, 11
disaster
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SOLAR PANEL SHIPMENTS
150
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WIND POWER
152
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WIND GENERATION CAPACITY APPROVED UNDER FIT
157
During the period July 1, 2012 - March 31, 2014, applications for about 1 GigaWatt wind power generation capacity were approved.
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BIO-MASS POWER
165
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MARINE RENEWABLE POWER
RESOURCES
168
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MARINE RENEWABLE POWER SOURCES
169
Oceans can be electrical power sources. Power generation is being explored using a variety of
powerful forces:
•ocean currents
•ocean waves
•tides
•thermal gradient
•salinity gradient
•off-shore wind power
One of the most promising effects is power generation from salinity gradients.At least theoretically
the amount of electrical power which can be generated from salinity gradients is equivalent to the
total global electrical power consumption.
Generation of electrical power from oceans is in the early stages of development, and most methods
are being explored experimentally in Japan.
Except for off-shore wind, to our knowledge, power generation is currently not covered by feed-in
tariffs, however, Japan’s Government and local authorities support, or directly invest in research and
development.
For a review, see:“Ocean energy: Forms and Prospects” by John D Isaacs and Walter R Schmitt,
SCIENCE,Vol. 207, p 265 (1980)
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GLOBAL MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
170
Source:“Ocean energy: Forms and Prospects” by John D Isaacs and Walter R Schmitt, SCIENCE,Vol.
207, p 265 (1980), and other sources.Values are theoretical totals, which cannot be all harnessed.
global power
(Tera Watt)
equivalent number of nuclear
power stations
energy density
(meters of water head)
Ocean currents 0.05 50 0.05
Ocean waves 2.7 2700 1.5
Tides 0.03 30 10
Thermal gradient 2 2000 210
Salinity gradient (osmotic
power)
1.4 - 2.8 1400 - 2600 240 - 270
Salinity gradient:
global river-seawater
1 1000
Salinity gradient: Japan’s rivers 0.0005 5-6
Salinity gradient: global
wastewater
0.019 19
average global electric power
(2008)
2.3 2300
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OSMOTIC POWER
(SALINITY GRADIENT POWER)
171
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OSMOTIC POWER (SALINITY GRADIENT POWER)
172
Mixing river water and sea water releases large amounts of energy, a fact that has been known for a
long time. In fact, mixing of solutions with different concentration will release osmotic power.
Therefore in principle, the outflow of waste water cleaning plants, outflow from desalination plants
and many other liquids can in principle be used for generation of salinity gradient power.
There are several methods in which power stations could convert osmotic power into electric power.
Two methods being developed currently are:
Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) (S. Loeb: Osmotic power plants. Science, 1975; 189:654-655). PRO
is currently developed by the Norwegian Power company Statkraft, in cooperation with the Japanese
membrane and filter company Nitto-Denko/Hydranautics (for analysis of Nitto-Denko, see: http://
www.eurotechnology.com/store/j_electric/ ). In Japan a PRO osmotic power research system is
operated for research purpose as part of the Mega-Ton-Water System (Mega-ton WS) project in
Fukuoka, near a sewage treatment plant.
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) (R. E. Pattle RE. Electricity from fresh and salt water—without fuel.
Chem. Proc. Eng., 1955; 35:351–354.) RED is currently being developed in Holland
68. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
OSMOSIS
173
Upper figure: when the impenetrable wall
is removed, the river water (low salt
concentration) and the ocean water (high
salt concentration) mix, and quickly move
to a state of highest possible entropy.
Lower figure: if a semipermeable
membrane (water molecules can pass, salt
molecules cannot pass), is used, water
molecules are pulled through the
membrane to establish a new equilibrium,
where the pressure on the ocean water
side corresponds to the osmotic pressure.
For 0.5 molar seawater, the osmotic
pressure is about 22.4 atm, corresponding
to a water head of about 225 meters.
river water
low salt
concentration
impenetrablewall
impenetrablewall
sea water
high salt
concentration mixture
river water
low salt
concentration
sea water
high salt
concentration
semipermeable
membrane
osmosis
pressure
head
225 meters
22.4 atm
pressure
69. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
MIXING ENERGY
174
When a clearwater river mixes into seawater with high salt concentration, very large amounts of free energy are released.
This energy can be visualized by a corresponding 225 meter high waterfall: osmotic energy corresponds to each river
ending with a 225 meter waterfall at the point where the river mixes into the salty ocean.
This energy can in principle converted into electric power with suitable engines, which are currently under development.
This mixing energy is fundamentally solar energy: solar energy evaporates (low salt concentration) water from oceans,
which comes back down to earth as rain with low salt concentration, and then is collected in rivers.
Therefore osmotic energy won from rivers mixing into oceans is renewable energy, and produces no CO2.
river water
low salt
concentration
sea water
high salt
concentration
osmotic power
equivalent water head
225 meters
river
ocean
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SCHEMATIC OF AN OSMOTIC POWER STATION
175
Nature maximizes entropy: forces will equalize the concentration of salts on both sides of the membrane.The semi-permeable
membrane lets water molecules pass, but stops salt ions.Therefore nature’s aim to maximize entropy will drive water from the low-salt
concentration side into the the high-salt concentration side, driving up pressure on the saltwater side.
An osmotic power station uses the osmotic pressure difference between the low salt river water side and the high salt concentration
ocean water side of a semi-permeable membrane into electric power.
Norman proposed this type of osmotic power station first in 1974 (R.S. Norman,Water salination: a source of energy, Science 186
(1974) 350–352)
sea water
high salt
concentration
osmotic power
water head
river
ocean
high sssalt
concentration
g
river water
low salt
concentration
sea water controls and inlet
pressure difference drives a turbine
for power generation
turbine
river water
low salt
concentration
semi-permeable
membrane
river water inlet and controls
river water outlet
osmosis
71. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
PROSPECTS FOR OSMOTIC POWER
176
Osmotic power has very large promise, and can in principle cover a substantial part of electricity
consumption, however is in early stages of development at the moment.
Currently most advanced is the Norwegian Power company Statkraft, which is operating an osmotic
power station based on PRO for development purposes. On the engineering side all technology is
well understood, except for the development of suitable semi-permeable membranes.The semi-
permeable membranes have to withstand high osmotic pressures, stop penetration by salt ions, while
allowing water molecules to pass at low resistance. Statkraft decided not to develop membranes, but
to cooperate with external partners for the development of semi-permeable membranes, and
selected the Japanese company Nitto-Denko/Hydranautics as partner (for analysis of Nitto-Denko,
see: http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/j_electric/ ) (Nitto-Denko acquired Hydranautics, based in
Oceanside CA, USA, in 1987)
Open issues are:
•develop semi-permeable membranes to enable higher generation power density
•resistance against impurities in the water taken into the power station
•environmental impact on the natural habitat surrounding the osmotic power station
•optimization to achieve high electricity generation efficiency at low cost
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OSMOTIC POWER
177
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WAVE POWER
178
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SELECTED COMPANIES IN
JAPAN’S RENEWABLE ENERGY
FIELD
183
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PANASONIC (FORMERLY SANYO) SOLAR ARC
192
•Panasonic (formerly Sanyo) Solar Ark has 5046 single crystal solar cell battery panels, achieves up to
630kW of solar power output and delivers about 530 MegaWh of electricity per year.The Solar Ark
is about 315m long and weighs 3000 tons.
•Corresponds to a CO2 reduction of 95 tons-CO2/year
•You can see Panasonic (formerly Sanyo) Solar Ark from theTokaido-Shinkansen line, if you are
seated on the right hand side of the train between Kyoto and Nagoya station, when taking the
Tokaido Shinkansen fromTokyo to Osaka (or left hand side seat when traveling from Osaka toTokyo).
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FIRST SOLAR
193
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WEST HOLDINGS
194
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EURUS ENERGY HOLDINGS
CORPORATION
195
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Eurus Energy Holdings
Corporation
Euros, Eurus = greek goddess of east wind, thought to bring warmth
and rain
Founded November 1, 2001, founded asTomen Power Holdings.
Founder
Headquarters Tokyo
Stock Exchange -
Consolidated sales
Number of employees 191 (as of April 1, 2012)
Major share holders
ToyotaTsusho (60%)
TEPCO (40%)
Major business areas
clean energy, especially solar and wind power generation in Japan and
overseas
80. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
EURUS ENERGY HOLDINGS CORPORATION
197
Location Generation capacity
Japan 556.56 MegaWatt
USA 732.76 MegaWatt
Asia/Oceania 194.468 MegaWatt
Europe 833.84 MegaWatt
Total 2317.628 MegaWatt
81. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
EURUS ENERGY HOLDINGS CORPORATION
198
Type
Generation capacity
in operation
Generation capacity
under construction
wind 2268.66 MegaWatt 18 MegaWatt
solar 48.968 MegaWatt 40 MegaWatt
Total 2317.628 MegaWatt 58 MegaWatt
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JAPAN WIND DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION
199
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Japan Wind Development
Corporation
Founded July 26, 1999
Founder
Headquarters Tokyo
Stock Exchange
TSE 2766 (market capitalizationYEN 13.4 Billion = US$250 million, as
of December 26, 2013)
Consolidated sales YEN 5986 million (FY ending March 2012) (approx. US$ 70 million)
Number of employees 117
Major share holders
Torishima Pump Manufacturing, Idemitsu Kosan, Japan Steel Works,
Maeda Corporation, MasayukiTsukawaki, Mitsui Engineering and Shipb.
Major business areas wind power generation in Japan and overseas
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REGIONAL SUBSIDIARIES,WIND FARMS
201
In Japan:
1.EOS Engineering & Service Co., Ltd.
2.EOS Energy Management Co., Ltd.
3.The Energy Strategy Institute Co., Ltd.
4.Rokkasho-mura Wind Development Co., Ltd.
5.Futamata Wind Development Co., Ltd.
6.Suzu Wind Development Co., Ltd.
7.Choshi Byobugaura Wind Development Co., Ltd.
8.Minami Boso Wind Development Co., Ltd.
9.MJ Wind Power Ichihara Co., Ltd.
10.Miura Wind Park Co., Ltd.
11.Atsumi Wind Development Co., Ltd.
12.Daisen Wind Farm Co., Ltd.
13.Tainai Wind Development Co., Ltd.
14.Erimo Wind Development Co., Ltd.
15.Zenibako Wind Development Co., Ltd.
16.Matsumae Wind Development Co., Ltd.
17.Fukkoshidaichi Wind Development Co., Ltd.
18.Kakegawa Wind Development Co., Ltd.
Overseas:
19.EOS Energy Ltd. (England)
20.EOS Energy Singapore Pte. Ltd. (Singapore)
21.JWD Rees Windpark GmbH (Germany)
22.JWDTill-Moyland Windpark GmbH (Germany)
23.MITOS Windpark GmbH (Germany)
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SOJITZ
202
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JX NIPPON OIL AND ENERGY
CORPORATION (JX ENERGY)
207
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JX-ENERGY SOLAR PLANTS
208
Capacity start of operations comments
Akita 4MW August 2014
disused JX Energy oil and gas
refinery land, combined
investment US$ 52 million
Fukushima 1MW August 2014
disused JX Energy oil and gas
refinery land, combined
investment US$ 52 million
Okinawa 12MW March 2015
disused JX Energy oil and gas
refinery land, combined
investment US$ 52 million
Yamaguchi ...combined 5MW
Miyagi ...combined 5MW
Ibaraki ...combined 5MW
Total (August 2013) 22MW
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GLOSSARY
209
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GLOSSARY
210
Mega-solar
Solar plants larger than 1 MegaWatt capacity,
corresponding to the electricity needs of about
300 family homes
1 Joule
SI-Unit for Energy.
3,600,000 Joule = 1 kilo Watt hour (= 1 kWh)
1 Joule = 2.778 x 10-7 kWh
1 Watt
SI-Unit for Power.
Measures energy transfer or energy conversion.
1 Watt = 1 Joule / second
1 GW = 1 Giga-Watt
1 GW = 1 Billion Watt = 109 Watt
The power generation capacity of a nuclear
power station is typically on the order of 1 GW
90. (c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
SUMMARY
211
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SUMMARY:
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN JAPAN
212
The March 11, 2011 disaster created the need to review Japan’s energy architecture.We believe that
it will take about 10 years for Japan to fully decide on a new energy and electricity architecture, and it
will take about 3 years or longer to reach decisions on the future of Japan’s nuclear power generation.
Japan has taken a careful approach towards the development of renewable power, and renewable
power - except for hydropower - is substantially lower than in most other advanced countries.
Japan’s potential for renewable energy is very high, especially wind and geo-thermal power, and will
required substantial changes in laws and regulations, and a decentralized and democratic approach to
grid management. Necessary liberalization of Japan’s electricity markets is in preparation, and we will
see a rapid development of renewable energy.
This report reviews the current situation and the future potential of renewable electrical power in
Japan.
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EUROTECHNOLOGY JAPAN KK
213
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EUROTECHNOLOGY JAPAN KK
FOUNDED: FEBRUARY 1997 INTOKYO
214
Services and products - focus areas are high-technology, telecommunications, software, middle-ware,
environmental technology and medical equipment:
- Market entry to Japan for European and US high-tech companies, turn-round, reshaping, planning
and building of distribution networks
- European business development and strategy for Japanese companies
- M&A (European and US companies acquiring Japanese companies, Japanese companies acquiring or
investing in Europe)
- Turn-round preparations and management of foreign business in Japan
- Market research and strategy
- Due diligence of high-tech companies, environmental due-diligence
- Advisory services for investment fund managers and investors in technology fields
- we publish a series of market reports for about 10 years, which are purchased world-wide,
distributed direct and via distribution partners: http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/
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EUROTECHNOLOGY JAPAN KK
215
- Leading high-technology business development boutique inTokyo, working globally
- Founded in 1996/1997 - 14 years experience, relationships, cooperations and success record.
- CEO works with Japan’s high-tech / telecom sector since 1984 - 27 years experience, resources,
cooperations.
- Wide network of cooperations in Governments, Embassies, trading companies, distributors, finance,
VCs, traditional corporations, venture start-ups, industry associations
- Experience: market-entry, restructuring, M&A, acquisitions, due-diligence
Customers include:
- More than 100 investment fund managers
- Industrial customers:
- NTT-Communications, SIEMENS, DeutscheTelekom, Cubic, Unaxis (now: Oerlikon), CITI Group,
CLSA Asian Markets, Genscape, Google, IKEA, Isabellenhuette, Landis+Gyr, National
Instruments, Swisscom,TechnoCom,
- Government
- NewYork Police Department, European Union,TEKES (Technology Research funding
organization of the Government of Finland)
Deep Japanese technology market knowledge - we publish a series of market reports for about 10
years, which are purchased world-wide.You can purchase our reports on Bloomberg: https://
www.bmart.com/search?&nuts%5B%5D=WIRE%3AEUT, and via eSellerate: http://store.eSellerate.net/
s.aspx?s=STR0576176470 and from http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/
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GERHARD FASOL
PROFILE: HTTP://WWW.FASOL.COM/PROFILE/
216
- Worked successfully with Japan’s high-tech sector since 1984 - 27 years. Came first to Japan in
1984 to help build NTT’s first international R&D cooperation on semiconductor lasers
- Entrepreneur inTokyo since 1996, Eurotechnology Japan KK worked with many large corporate
groups (e.g. SIEMENS, NTT, DeutscheTelekom,Asahi Glass...), more than 100 investment fund
managers
- Assoc. Professor of Electrical Engineering atTokyo University. Record of Fasol-Laboratory atTokyo
University: http://www.fasol.com/tokyo_university/
- Elite “Sakigake” (Pioneer) R&D project on Spin-Electronics of Japanese Government Science and
Technology Agency.This work was evaluated by US National Science Foundation and US
Department ofTrade: http://www.wtec.org/loyola/erato/ch7_5.htm
- Co-initiator of spin-electronics device research in Japan, one of the first to start work on spin-
electronics in Japan in 1991
- Tenured Faculty member at Cavendish Laboratory/University of Cambridge.
- Assoc. Professor of Electrical Engineering atTokyo University
- PhD in Solid-State Physics (Cambridge University,Trinity College, UK)
- Diplom-Physiker, Ruhr-University Bochum (Diplom-Thesis on Superconductivity)
- Publication list (Books, patents and publications, several publications are specifially concerning
electron-spin and spin-electronics): http://www.fasol.com/profile/publications.shtml
- Languages: English, German (native), French, Japanese, and some Swedish
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GERHARD FASOL WITHTETSUZO MATSUMOTO, EXECVP OF
SOFTBANK MOBILE CORPORATION
217
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“POST GALAPAGOS STUDY GROUP”
25 JAPANESE LEADERS + 1 FOREIGNER (GERHARD FASOL) WORKING
FOR ONEYEAR ON CONCEPTSTO OVERCOME JAPAN’S
“GALAPAGOS EFFECT”
218
see: http://www.eurotechnology.com/2013/10/07/galapagos/
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“POST GALAPAGOS STUDY GROUP”
25 JAPANESE LEADERS + 1 FOREIGNER (GERHARD FASOL) WORKING FOR
ONEYEAR ON CONCEPTSTO OVERCOME JAPAN’S “GALAPAGOS EFFECT”
219
see: http://www.eurotechnology.com/2013/10/07/galapagos/
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CONTACT AND MORE INFORMATION
220
Contact
•Gerhard Fasol PhD
•Eurotechnology Japan KK,Tokyo, Japan
•http://www.eurotechnology.com/
•Mobile +81-90-8594-6291
•fasol@eurotechnology.com
•gfasol@gmail.com
More information:
•reports:http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/
•twitter: http://twitter.com/gfasol/
•website: http://www.eurotechnology.com/
•personal site: http://fasol.com