37. α
β
I
I' = I / Sin α
I'' = I' Sin (α+ β)
Solar Cooker Box
Booster Mirror
I''' = I'' Sin (α+2β–180o
)/Sin(180o
–α–β)
LB
L
α+2β–180o
180o
–α–β
38.
39.
40.
41. Tracking Circuit
Two 6-Volt Batteries
Lead wires
Electric Motor
Motion synchronizing strip
Circular end attachments of primary mirror strips
mounted on wooden frame
Threaded end
rod
42.
43.
44. α
β
I
I' = I / Sin α
I'' = I' Sin (α+ β) 180o
–α–β
Horizontal Surface
Freznel CollectorSolar Altitude
45. Performance Analysis
Solar Irradiance at Noon in Karachi – 22 Years Avg.
Mo
nth
Jan. Feb Mar April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Inoon
0.52 0.59 0.67 0.77 0.79 0.76 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.56 0.50
I = Inoon Sin [ 180 (t – tsunrise) / (tsunset – tsunrise) ] (W/m2
)
Iact(t) = I Sin (α+θ) / Sin(α) (W/m2
)
α = Sin-1[Sin δ Sin φ + Cos δ Cos ω Cos φ] (degrees)
ω = 15 (ts – 12) (degrees)
δ = Sin-1 [0.39795 Cos [0.98563 (N-173)]] (degrees)
Φ = Latitude
55. Monthly Averaged Global Solar Radiation on Five Major Cities
of Pakistan
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month of the Year
RadiationEnergy(MJ/m
2
/day)
56.
57.
58. Solar Resource
Pakistan (Around Quetta) 28-30o
N 2200 0.81 0.75
Estimate ~ 85 x 1012
kWh/y ~ 25 times the total installed capacity
(~ 40,000 km2
) of Pakistan at 5% conversion efficiency
60. 5 fields of 33 MW each
Operational and commercially viable
since 1985
15 additional years working life
expected
Mojave Desert at Kramer Junction, California
61.
62.
63.
64.
65. 750 MW Imperial Valley Project of 250 kW Solar Dish Striling
Engines
67. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power
• CSP capacity expected to double every 16 months over
the next five years
• Worldwide installed CSP capacity will reach 6,400
megawatts in 2012
• CSP Costs expected: 7–10¢ per kilowatt-hour by 2015
and to 5–7¢ per kilowatt-hour by 2020
• CSP and PV plants may produce 69 percent of U.S.
electricity and 35 percent of total U.S. energy, including
transportation, by 2050
