This document provides details on a proposed floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) system and electric rickshaw charging facility for a smart city in India. It includes sections on motivation, methodology, system details, cost estimation, and conclusion. The FSPV system would be 2 megawatts located on a southern water body and provide electricity to charge 20 electric rickshaws. The estimated cost is 33.5 crore rupees with an 18 year payback period. The proposal aims to make the city more sustainable and energy independent.

1. By:- Ankit Kumar Singh Guide:- Dr. R.Arun.Prasath
M.Tech 2nd year Assistant Professor
Centre for green energy technology. Centre for green energy technology.

2. 1. Motivation
2. Introduction
3. Methodology
4. Floating solar PV system details
5. E-rickshaw & the charging facility
6. Cost estimation and payback
7. Conclusion
8. FSPV experts around the world

3.  The 21st century is regarded as the century of cities.
 According to a report by UN department of Economics and Social affairs,
2014. The trend of urban population growth is as shown:
1950
2014
2050
30 54 66
GROWTH PERCENTAGE
GROWTH PERCENTAGE

4.  Unprecedented increase has caused issues such as:
1. Scenario of flood.
2. Exponential increase of pollution.
3. Huge stress on transportation system.
4. Huge stress on the grids.
5. Huge energy deficit.
6. Shrinking land resource.
 Government of India initiative
 Oulgaret municipality (Pondicherry) a contestant
(source: india smart city mission. (2015). Retrieved from
http://smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/winningcity/DavanagereSCP.pd
f)

5.  WHAT IS SMART CITY ?
 Self-developing
 People friendly
 Sustainable and energy independent city
 Guidelines of development:
Emphasis on solar:
“10% of the total consumption of the smart city should be produced
through solar”
Emphasis on transportation system:
“Encouragement of smart transport and intelligent traffic system”
(source: india smart city mission. (2015). Retrieved from
http://smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/winningcity/DavanagereSCP.pdf)

6.  Strategies of smart city development:
 Retrofitting
 Redevelopment
 Greenfield
(source: strategy. (2015). Retrieved January 30, 2015, from
http://www.smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/Strategy.pdf)

7.  Radiation, temperature & wind data for the
location.
 FSPV SYSTEM DETAILS
 Shadow analysis &Array spacing
 Layout, Electrical system & Mooring system
 Estimation of annual yield
 E-TRANSPORT FACILITY
 E-rickshaw specification
 Charging facility specification
 Energy calculation
 Cost estimation and payback period

8.  Manual survey done.
 No structure constructed as of now.
 Presence of grid within 2 Kms radius of the site.
(source: Town and planning commission, Oulgaret, Pondicherry)

9. 4.69
5.65
6.37 6.14
5.87
5.32
4.95 5.1 5.29
4.37
3.9 4.09
Days average daily solar radiation (KWh/m2/day)=PSH
Days average daily solar radiation (KWh/m2/day)=PSH
(source: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse)

10. 25.1
25.6
26.6
27.4
28.4 28.8 28.6 28.6
28.1
26.8
26.1
25.6
Day time average temperature (deg c)
Day time average temperature (deg c)
(source: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse)

11. 1.8
2
2.4
2.9
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.2
2.5
1.5
1.6
1.9
Average wind velocity(m/s)
Average wind velocity(m/s)
(source: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse)

12.  The floating solar PV system can be differentiated into
four subsystems, they are as follows:
 Floating system
 Photovoltaic system
 Electrical system
 Mooring system

13.  Prerequisites of a floating system:
 Light weight, able to withstand the load of the system
and can be manufactured at large scale.
 eco-friendly and recyclable material
 not affect the integrity of the water body or the eco-
system adversely.

14.  Structures like pontoons can be made which can float over
the surface of water.
 Fiber reinforced plastic is one of such material that can be used
for the purpose.
 Concept of very large concrete floating surfaces can also be
implemented.

15.  For our proposal, we have considered:
 72 cell module with multi-crystalline technology.
 The modules generate 300Wp DC output.
 High torsion & corrosion resistance.
 high resistance to moisture ingress.
MAX. POWER (Pmax) 300 Watt
MAX. VOLTAGE (Vmax) 36.5 V
MAX. CURRENT (Imax) 8.09 A
OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (Voc) 44.7 V
SHORT CIRCUIT CURREENT (Isc) 8.58 A
NO. OF CELLS 72
DIMENSIONS (L*B*H) (1.984*1.0*0.04) m
WEIGHT 24 Kg

16.  Proposed a micro-grid tied inverter system with following
specifications:
 Other electrical accessories are the combiner boxes,
marine grade wiring system, net metering device etc.
which are in accordance to the regional standard.
MICRO- GRID TIED INVERTER SPECIFICATIONS
Item 300 Wp
Max. recommended PV power(Wp)
310
Max. open circuit voltage(Voc)
60 V
Max. input current(Isc) 12 A
Rated output power configurable
MPPT efficiency 99%

17.  An important sub-system.
 The wind and other natural and man-made factors might cause a
drift or change in the position of our system.
 Decrease in system efficiency due to change in orientation
 Also result in physical damage to our system.
 Coastal region, Pondicherry is also vulnerable to the cyclonic
winds from the Bay of Bengal side like cyclone.
 Thane in 2011 and the recent depression formed causing high speed
wind and heavy downpour in 2015.
 A high tensile strength material is to be devised so that it can fix
the position of our system.
 Also be able to make adjustment during the variation in water
level in the water body.

18. Young's
modulus
(GPa)
Density
(kg/m3)
Strength
(MPa)
Cotton 7.9 1,540 225
Hemp 32 1,490 300
Bulk
Polyester
2.9 1,300 50
Bulk Nylon 2.5 1,090 63
Carbon Fibre 300 1,770 3,430
Aramid Fibre 124 1,450 3,930
Polyester
Fibre
13.2 1,390 784
Nylon Fibre 3.9 1,140 616
Alloy Steel 210 7,800 1,330

19.  Shadow analysis:
The proposed site for our floating solar PV power plant is the
southernmost water body in the proposed smart city map.
 According to the Town Planning department:
 The proposed map shows low rise settlements on the
south-western side of the site.
 It might merely cast a noon shadow on our system.

20.  (source: Presentation on Draft Smart City Proposal - Oulgaret.
(2015).)

21.  Array spacing done using the 3D modeling software
SketchUp Pro 2015 along with array-o-matic_v1.11
component plugin.
 The floating structure consists 3 hexagonal structure with
each side of 69m.
 Total area of the floating structure is 37410m².
 The total active area is 13416m².
 An area of 2065m² on each of the 3 structures
PLACEMENT SPACING
Rows 0.95m
Columns 2.83m

25.  A total of 6708 panels with 300Wp each makes
the system to be of 2MW.
 Parameters considered for calculation:
 NOCT
 Annual degradation
 Soiling loss
 Inverter loss
 Life expectancy is 25 years
 Formulae:
 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ∗
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ∗ 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
 A𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑.

26.  Annual yield for the plant.
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
year 1 year 5 year 10 year 15 year 20 year 25
Annual energy yield(MWh)
annual energy yield(MWh)

27.  The specification of e-rickshaw
 Can be used for commuting over a short distance of 5-10
km.
 Depth of discharge of the battery is 70%
 The battery requires about 8.82 kWh (units) for complete
charging.
Frame Material Steel
Motor Power 800W
Motor Type Brushless
Transmission mode Differential
Drive Type Rear Wheel Drive
Top Speed (km/h) 25 km/hr.
Wheelbase 2100 mm (from rear to front fork)
Climbing Capacity Up to 20°
Ground Clearance 300 mm
Dimension 2650 x 970 x 1800mm
Battery Type Lead-Acid (Dry / Water)
Battery capacity 48V/90Ah
Continued trip mileage Approx. 70 Km on full battery charge

28.  Charging facility specification:
 15A DC charging facility with 48V output.
 20 charging points for 20 e-rickshaws to be installed.
 Installation to be done at the parking lot.
 The parking lot should be able to accommodate 20 e-
rickshaws.
 An area of 4.8m² is required to accommodate each e-
rickshaw.
 The total area for the parking lot will be 96m².
 The layout of the parking lot and a photograph of e-rickshaw
in use is given in the next slide.

30.  Circuit diagram of the EV charging station
 The total energy requirement of the e-transport facility
will be 176.3 units/day.
 It amounts to 2.2% of energy produced by the FSPV plant
per day.
 The charging time varies from 6-7 hours to completely
charge the e-rickshaw at C/6 rate.

31.  As per the literature available, the cost of the FSPV system
is around 1.2 times greater than the conventional system.
 The cost of our floating solar PV system can be estimated
around ₹ 33.5 crore.
S.NO PARTICULARS UNIT QTY.(MWp)
TOTAL(Rs.
Crore)
1 SYSTEM HARDWARE 110/Wp 2 22
2
TRANSPORT AND
INSURANCE
2% 2 0.44
3
CIVIL AND ELEC.
WORK
8% 2 1.76
4
INSTALLATION AND
COMM.
8% 2 1.76
5
ANNUAL
MAINTAINANCE FOR 5
YEARS
8% 2 1.76
6 CONTINGENCIES 1% 2 0.22
TOTAL PROJECT
COST
2 27.94
COST OF THE FSPV
PROJECT
1.2*TOTAL
PROJECT
COST
33.528

32.  According to the current tariff of ₹ 7 per kWh, our FSPV
system will have a payback period of almost 18 years.
79%
2%
6%
6%
6% 1%
COST DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM HARDWARE
TRANSPORT AND INSURANCE
CIVIL AND ELEC. WORK
INSTALLATION AND COMM.
ANNUAL MAINTAINANCE FOR 5
YEARS
CONTINGENCIES

33.  As per the market research, per e-rickshaw will cost
around ₹ 90 K.
 So, a total of ₹ 20 lakhs will be required as the
investment(CAPEX) for 20 e-rickshaws and its charging
facility.
 Electricity consumption cost per e-rickshaw is ₹ 61.7
 Maintenance cost is approximated to ne ₹ 5k
 So, OPEX will be ₹ 78.3 per day
 Total earning per day per vehicle is ₹ 750
 Profit earned by the 20 e-rickshaw transport system per
day will be ₹ 13.4K

34.  The implementation can be done in different phases as the
capital cost is high.
 High average solar irradiation of 5.145kWh/m²/day makes it a
suitable location for the installation of solar photovoltaic
system.
 Its 7-10 percent more efficient than its land based
counterpart.
 A 3D modeling software SketchUp Pro 2015 along with array-
o-matic_v1.11 component plugin was used for designing the
layout and shadow analysis.
 The complete proposal will be able to reduce 7.4K tonnes of
CO₂ from the smart city.

35.  Total cost of the project is ₹ 33.7 crore with payback of 15
years.
 Presently, Pondicherry is on 75th rank in the race of smart
cities proposal.
 Coimbatore attained 13th position with its innovative
planning of implementing solar PV over the canals.
 So, our proposal of FSPV along with e-transport facility
might be very helpful for the city to achieve a higher
position through the special fast track initiative provided
by the Government of India, under the smart city
initiative.

36.  Ciel & Terre - http://www.ciel-et-terre.net/
 Kyocera communications systems Co., Ltd. -
http://global.kyocera.com/prdct/solar/
 Sunengy Pty Ltd - http://sunengy.com/
 Vikram solar Pvt. Ltd. -
http://www.vikramsolar.com/
 Polienergie s.r.l - www.polienergie.com

38. floating solar PV system
Author(s) Topic Journal Year
Young-Kwan Choi
A case study on suitable area and resource for
development of floating photovoltaic system
International journal of electrical, computer,
energetic, electronics and communication engineering
2014
Young-Kwan Choi
A study on generation analysis of floating PV
system considering environmental impact
International journal of software engineering
and its applications
2014
Young-Geun Lee,
Hyung-JoongJoo, Soon-
Jong Yoon
Design and installation of floating type
photovoltaic energy generation system using
FRP members
Solar energy, Elsevier 2014
Paritosh Sharma,
Bharaat Muni,
DebojyotiSen
Design parameters of 10KW floating solar power
plant
International advanced research journal in
science, engineering and technology
2015
Young-Kwan Choi, Nam-
Hyung Lee, Kern-Joong
Kim
Empirical research on the efficiency of floating
PV systems compared with overland PV system
ASTL 2013
Carlos Ferrer-Gisbert,
José J. Ferŕan-
Gozálvez, Miguel
Redón-Santafé, Pablo
Ferrer-Gisbert,
Francisco J. Sánchez-
Romero, Juan Bautista
Torregrosa-Soler
A new photovoltaic floating cover system for
water reservoirs
Renewable energy, Elsevier 2013

39. Polienergie s.r.l Floating photovoltaic systems www.polienergie.com
Kim Trapani, Dean L. Millar,
Helen C.M. Smith
Novel offshore application of photovoltaics in comparison to
conventional marine renewable energy technologies
Renewable energy, Elsevier 2013
Kim Trapani, Dean Millar
Proposing offshore photovoltaic (PV) technology to the
energy mix of the Maltese islands
Energy conversion and management, Elsevier 2013
D. Fiaschi, G. Manfrida, R.
Secchi, D. Tempesti
A versatile system for offshore energy conversion including
diversified storage
Energy, Elsevier 2012
C.J. Ho, Wei-Len Chou, Chi-
Ming Lai
Thermal and electrical performance of a water-surface
floating PV integrated with water-saturated MEPCM layer
Energy conversion and management, Elsevier 2015
Miguel Redón Santafé, Juan
Bautista Torregrosa Soler,
Fancisco Javier Sánchez
Romero, Pablo S. Ferrer
Gisbert, José Javier Ferrán
Gozálvez, Carlos M. Ferrer
Gisbert
Theoretical and experimental analysis of a floating
photovoltaic cover for water irrigation reservoirs
Energy, Elsevier 2014
Miguel Redón Santafé, Pablo
S. Ferrer Gisbert, Fancisco
Javier Sánchez Romero, Juan
Bautista Torregrosa Soler,
José Javier Ferrán Gozálvez,
Carlos M. Ferrer Gisbert
Implementation of a photovoltaic floating cover for
irrigation reservoirs
Journal of cleaner production, Elsevier 2014

40. e-transportation
Author(s) Topic Journal Year
Hsu-Che Wu & She-I
Chang
Exploration of a mobile service business model for
electric vehicle charging stations
Journal of industrial and production engineering 2013
David B. Richardson
Electric vehicles and electric grid: A review of
modeling approaches, Impacts, and renewable
energy integration
Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,
Elsevier
2013
Siang Fui Tie, Chee Wei
Tan
A review of energy sources and energy
management system in electric vehicles
Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,
Elsevier
2013
Whitney G. Colella
Market prospects, design features, and
performance of a fuel cell-powered scooter
Journal of power sources, Elsevier 2000
KMPG INDIA The Indian automotive industry 2010
W.K.Yap and V.Karri Modeling and simulation of a hybrid scooter
International journal of mechanical, aerospace,
industrial, mechatronics and manufacturing
engineering
2008
Jayakrishnan R. Pillai et
al.
Integration of solar photovoltaics and electric
vehicles in residential grids
IEEE 2013
Shashank Singh
A study of the battery operated e-rickshaws in
the state of Delhi
Researching reality summer internship, Centre for civil
society https://ccsinternship.wordpress.com
2014
Press Information
Bureau, Government of
India, Ministry of road
transport & highways
Proposed Deendayal E-Rickshaws scheme 17-Jun-14