This document summarizes the medical management of renal calculi (kidney stones). It discusses risk factors, diagnostic evaluation including imaging and urine tests, conservative and pharmacological approaches, and surgical management options. The conservative approach involves increased fluid intake while pharmacological agents include thiazide diuretics, citrate, and allopurinol depending on the identified metabolic abnormality. Surgical interventions for stones include shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

1. Medical Management of Renal Calculi

2. Oscar

7. RISK FACTORS

13. Conservative Approach

20. Approach Based Upon Risk Assessment

31. Urine Analysis

38. Preventive treatment in Calcium Stone Disease

44. Limit Sodium

54. Surgical Management

76. I-toilet