A relative clause is a subordinate clause that provides information about the antecedent, or the word it refers to. There are two types of relative clauses: defining relative clauses, which specify the antecedent and are not separated by commas, and non-defining relative clauses, which add extra information and are separated by commas. Relative pronouns like who, which, that, when, and where introduce the relative clauses and join them to the antecedents.

1. RELATIVE SENTENCES Carmen Torres

2. What’s a relative clause? A subordinate clause depending on a main clause THE ANTECEDENT is a word that belongs to the main clause. It is the person, object, place, etc. the relative clause refers to. THE RELATIVE CLAUSE always follows its antecedent. A RELATIVE PRONOUN joins the antecedent to the relative clause.

3. Types of Relative clauses Defining Relative Clauses Non-defining Relative clauses

4. Defining Relative Clauses They specify the person, object, time or place we are talking about. These sentences are introduced by relative pronouns: WHO or THAT, if the relative sentence refers to people WHICH or THAT, if the relative sentence refers to things WHOSE for possession WHEN for days, months, years... WHERE for places.

5. Defining Relative Clause COMMON FEATURES Who, which, that (and sometimes when and where) can be omitted (to make a contact clause) if they do not act as subjects of the relative sentence. They are necessary to understand the antecedent They are never placed between commas When the relative pronoun goes with a preposition we normally omit it and place the preposition at the end of the relative clause. If the relative is that , even it is not omitted, the preposition goes to the end.

6. Non-Defining Relative Clause They add information about the antecedent. These sentences are introduced by relative pronouns: WHO, if the relative sentence refers to people WHICH, if the relative sentence refers to things WHOSE for possession WHEN for days, months, years... WHERE for places.

7. Non-Defining Relative Clause COMMON FEATURES The relative pronoun can never be omitted . They are not necessary to understand the antecedent. They are always placed between commas.

8. Remember Defining Relative No commas Omit the relative pronoun except when SUBJECT Non-Defining Relative Between commas No omission Relative Pronouns WHO: refers to people WHICH: refers to things WHOSE: for possession WHEN: for time WHERE : for places. WHAT: (lo que)

9. Examples The lessons which she liked better were those ............... she learned from others That was the subject ............. I was talking about I could not understand ......... they wanted to know. This is exactly ............ I wanted to find out. My brother was the man ............ was here a moment ago. My brother, ……… was here a moment ago, has written you a letter.

10. More examples The Constitution ……… Spain voted in 1978 was not real until 1981, after the 23 rd February Arrau, the well-known pianist, ......... everybody admires, will play here soon. I personally know that author ......... books give us so much pleasure. This is the bed .......... Queen Elizabeth slept in. John is the boy ....... was rude to this lady. This is the lady ......... John was rude to.