Monitoring crop consumptive water use by applying recent remote sensing techniques has become a topic of research interest in water resources management and planning. In irrigated agriculture, conventional methods of estimating water use are costly. This study aims at estimate the relationship between tobacco crop evapotranspiration (ETcrop) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the crop development stage at Chedgelow irrigated farm in Zimbabwe. Tobacco ETcrop was estimated as a product of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc). The Penman-Monteith model was applied to estimate ETo using climate data from Kutsaga research station, some 2 km away from the farm. Kc values were extracted from FAO tables. Five cloud-free MODIS images for the month of October in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007 were processed extract the NDVI values using ILWIS GIS. The results show significant (p = 0.000) differences between tobacco NDVI values over the years studied. The results also show a strong and significant positive relationship (r2 = 0.8061, p = 0.047) between ETcrop estimated using Penman Monteith model and NDVI. Research findings show that satellite derived NDVI is a good and reliable predictor of tobacco crop water evapotranspiration. Therefore, remotely sensed NDVI can be used to monitor crop water use in irrigated tobacco fields in areas where resources do not permit field measurements.
Climate Change is the most sought after a topic discussed very prominently in the media during this millennium as the Earth and the Environment is the worst affected due to it. Factors like global warming is leading to rise in Global Temperature, resulting melting polar ice, rising sea levels, high level of air pollution are affecting the quality of living for both men and animals.
The Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
precise weed management is very useful under large land holdings which reduces cost of cultivation to a greater extent. remote sensing plays a major role in site specific weed management
Climate Change is the most sought after a topic discussed very prominently in the media during this millennium as the Earth and the Environment is the worst affected due to it. Factors like global warming is leading to rise in Global Temperature, resulting melting polar ice, rising sea levels, high level of air pollution are affecting the quality of living for both men and animals.
The Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
precise weed management is very useful under large land holdings which reduces cost of cultivation to a greater extent. remote sensing plays a major role in site specific weed management
Crops yield estimation through remote sensingCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
The present study focuses on the nature and pattern of urban expansion of Madurai city over its surrounding region during the period from 2003 to 2008. Based on its proximity to the Madurai city, Preparation of various thematic data such Land use and Land cover using Land sat data. Create a land use land cover map from satellite imagery using supervised classification. Find out the areas from the classified data. The study is based on secondary data, the satellite imagery has downloaded from GLCF (Global Land Cover Facility) web site, for the study area (path101 row 67), the downloaded imagery subset using Imagery software to clip the study area. The clipped satellite imagery has used to prepare the land use and land cover map using supervised classification.
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Remote sensing is the acquiring of information from a distance and also the art and science of making measurements of the earth using airborne- or satellite-based sensors, is used in GIS. GIS is a collection of computer-based tools for organizing information from a variety of data sources to map and examine changes on Earth. Global Positioning System or GPS is a space-based radio navigation system that helps pinpoint a three-dimensional position to about a meter of accuracy (for example latitude, longitude and altitude) and provide nano-second precise time anywhere on Earth.
Assessing the Monthly Variation of Reference Evapotranspiration of Nsukka, En...ijtsrd
The application of suitable water quantity to the crops in irrigation farming is very important for effective crop yields as less or more than the required quantity of water when applied will affect the crop output negatively. The objective of this work was to determine the monthly reference Evapotranspiration of Nsukka, Enugu state of Nigeria, as well as how its variation is affected by temperature change. This work made use of Hargreaves-Samani model of evapotranspiration prediction, using the data of minimum and maximum temperature obtained from NASAs earthdata database. It was shown from the results that highest evapotranspirationoccured in February, and lowest occurred in July. It was further observed that reference Evapotranspiration of the study area has a positive correlation coefficient of 0.9927 with the maximum temperature and a negative correlation coefficient of -0.1879 with the minimum temperature. Conclusively, it was stated that reference evapotranspiration was higher in the study area in dry season than in rainy season, and that it was directly proportional to the maximum temperature and inversely to the minimum temperature. Oyibo Muazu | Abdullahi Ayegba"Assessing the Monthly Variation of Reference Evapotranspiration of Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11409.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/11409/assessing-the-monthly-variation-of-reference-evapotranspiration-of-nsukka-enugu-state-nigeria/oyibo-muazu
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Agriculture plays a dominant role in economies of both developed and undeveloped countries. Agricultural remote sensing is not new, starts in back 1950s, but recent technological advances have made the benefits of remote sensing accessible to most agricultural producers. Pakistan is a country of different agro-climatic regions.
The soil is a major part of the natural environment and is vital to the existence of life on the planet.
Satellite imagery will provide the visible boundaries of soil types and a shallow penetration of soils.
GIS Applications for Smart Agriculture-Case Studies & Research Prospects.AdityaAllamraju1
My special webinar talk about 'GIS Applications for Smart Agriculture-Case Studies & Research Prospects’ is a part of the webinar series on October 31st, 2020 organized by the TGISlab, a GIS Consultancy that is an initiative to fill the gap in GIS/Remote Sensing field to aware people about space technology for Earth Science & its applications. TGISLab works on different GIS Applications work and offers training/webinars/workshops to a wider community. It is based at Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India.
Crops yield estimation through remote sensingCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
The present study focuses on the nature and pattern of urban expansion of Madurai city over its surrounding region during the period from 2003 to 2008. Based on its proximity to the Madurai city, Preparation of various thematic data such Land use and Land cover using Land sat data. Create a land use land cover map from satellite imagery using supervised classification. Find out the areas from the classified data. The study is based on secondary data, the satellite imagery has downloaded from GLCF (Global Land Cover Facility) web site, for the study area (path101 row 67), the downloaded imagery subset using Imagery software to clip the study area. The clipped satellite imagery has used to prepare the land use and land cover map using supervised classification.
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Remote sensing is the acquiring of information from a distance and also the art and science of making measurements of the earth using airborne- or satellite-based sensors, is used in GIS. GIS is a collection of computer-based tools for organizing information from a variety of data sources to map and examine changes on Earth. Global Positioning System or GPS is a space-based radio navigation system that helps pinpoint a three-dimensional position to about a meter of accuracy (for example latitude, longitude and altitude) and provide nano-second precise time anywhere on Earth.
Assessing the Monthly Variation of Reference Evapotranspiration of Nsukka, En...ijtsrd
The application of suitable water quantity to the crops in irrigation farming is very important for effective crop yields as less or more than the required quantity of water when applied will affect the crop output negatively. The objective of this work was to determine the monthly reference Evapotranspiration of Nsukka, Enugu state of Nigeria, as well as how its variation is affected by temperature change. This work made use of Hargreaves-Samani model of evapotranspiration prediction, using the data of minimum and maximum temperature obtained from NASAs earthdata database. It was shown from the results that highest evapotranspirationoccured in February, and lowest occurred in July. It was further observed that reference Evapotranspiration of the study area has a positive correlation coefficient of 0.9927 with the maximum temperature and a negative correlation coefficient of -0.1879 with the minimum temperature. Conclusively, it was stated that reference evapotranspiration was higher in the study area in dry season than in rainy season, and that it was directly proportional to the maximum temperature and inversely to the minimum temperature. Oyibo Muazu | Abdullahi Ayegba"Assessing the Monthly Variation of Reference Evapotranspiration of Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11409.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/11409/assessing-the-monthly-variation-of-reference-evapotranspiration-of-nsukka-enugu-state-nigeria/oyibo-muazu
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Agriculture plays a dominant role in economies of both developed and undeveloped countries. Agricultural remote sensing is not new, starts in back 1950s, but recent technological advances have made the benefits of remote sensing accessible to most agricultural producers. Pakistan is a country of different agro-climatic regions.
The soil is a major part of the natural environment and is vital to the existence of life on the planet.
Satellite imagery will provide the visible boundaries of soil types and a shallow penetration of soils.
GIS Applications for Smart Agriculture-Case Studies & Research Prospects.AdityaAllamraju1
My special webinar talk about 'GIS Applications for Smart Agriculture-Case Studies & Research Prospects’ is a part of the webinar series on October 31st, 2020 organized by the TGISlab, a GIS Consultancy that is an initiative to fill the gap in GIS/Remote Sensing field to aware people about space technology for Earth Science & its applications. TGISLab works on different GIS Applications work and offers training/webinars/workshops to a wider community. It is based at Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India.
A field experiments were conducted for two year (2011and 2012) at Areka Agricultural Research Center, in the South Region of Ethiopia to evaluate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to N and P fertilizers. Four levels of N (18, 27, 36 and 45 kg N/ ha) and three levels of P (46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5 /ha) with control were arranged in RCBD with three replications. Application of nitrogen increased significantly grain yield of common bean up to 116% than the control. And phosphorus application at a rate of 69 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain yield by 113% than control. The highest grain yield was obtained by the application of 45 kg N /ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha, though 45 kg N /ha rate had not cause statistically significant different grain yield than the preceding lower rates (36 and 27 kg N/ha). The economic analysis also supported that the highest net benefit of 23,110 Ethiopian Birr ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 1270% was obtained by the application of 27 kg N/ha. Net benefit of 21,070 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 80% were obtained by the application of 69 kgP2O5/ha. As a result, a combined application of 27 kg N/ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha are optimum and economical for better common bean production at Areka and similar areas.
Youmah, meaning mother in Arabic, harkens back to a time when moms used to feed their children straight from the farm and bath them with olive oil soap mixed with natural blended oils. It was the soft voice of “Youmah” that expressed unconditional love, care and warmth, creating a safe family environment. http://www.youmah.com/
Assessment of wheat crop coefficient using remote sensing techniquesPremier Publishers
Irrigation water consumption under physical and climatic conditions for large scale will be easier with remote sensing techniques. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) uses crop coefficient (Kc) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Kc plays an essential role in agricultural practices and it has been widely used to estimate ETc. In this paper Normalized Deference Vegetation Index (NDVI) used to estimate crop coefficient according to satellite data (KcSat) through simple model (KcSat = 2NDVI - 0.2). Landsat8; bands 4 and 5 provide Red (R) and Near Infra-Red (NIR) measurements and it used to calculate NDVI. Single KcFAO estimated under Egyptian conditions according to FAO 56 paper. The KcFAO used to validate KcSat. Linear relationship between KcFAO and KcSat was established and R2 was 0.96. The main objective of this paper is estimation of wheat crop coefficient using remote sensing techniques.
Geospatial Science and Technology Utilization in Agricultureijtsrd
Since the agrarian revolution during the 18th century, the use of technology to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of farming practices has increased tremendously. Discoveries in the field of science and technology have enabled farmers to effectively use their input to maximize their yield. These advancements have been greatly assisted by the use of sophisticated machineries, planting practices, use of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides and so on. At the present moment however, the success of large scale farming highly relies on geographic information technology through what is known as precision farming. Precision agriculture, or precision farming, is therefore a farming concept that utilizes geographical information to determine field variability to ensure optimal use of inputs and maximize the output from a farm Esri, 2008 . Precision agriculture gained popularity after the realization that diverse fields of land hold different properties. Large tracts of land usually have spatial variations of soils types, moisture content, nutrient availability and so on. Therefore, with the use of remote sensing, geographical information systems GIS and global positioning systems GPS , farmers can more precisely determine what inputs to put exactly where and with what quantities. This information helps farmers to effectively use expensive resources such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, and more efficiently use water resources. In the end, farmers who use this method not only maximize on their yields but also reduce their operating expenses, thus increasing their profits. On these grounds therefore, this article shall focus on the use of geospatial technologies in precision farming. To achieve this, the paper shall focus on how geospatial data is collected, analyzed and used in the decision making process to maximize on yields. Dr. Anil Kumar "Geospatial Science and Technology Utilization in Agriculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50330.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/50330/geospatial-science-and-technology-utilization-in-agriculture/dr-anil-kumar
The water balanced of a place, whether it be an agricultural field, watershed, or continent, can be determined by calculating the input, output, and storage changes of water at the Earth's surface. The major input of water is from precipitation and output is evapotranspiration. The water balance is intended for use as a screening tool to further evaluates water resources allocations within the watershed and to identify water balance components that may require further analysis during the next levels of watersheds planning. The study area chosen for the present study area is Doddavalabhi sub watershed which falls in Kolar taluk of Kolar district. The study areas geographically lies between 760 8’ 0” E and 760 23’ 0” E longitude and 120 20’ 0” N and 120 28’ 0” N latitudes with an area 15.20 sq.km. For the determination of crop water requirement for Kolar major crops considered are ragi and groundnut with the crop period of 120 days and 140 days respectively. The year and monthly wise potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration is calculated by using penman method, blaney-criddle method, pan evaporation and radiation methods. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Blaney-criddle is maximum 645.66 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 150.4mm. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Pan Evaporation is maximum 236.43 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 56.67mm. The Year wise actual evapotranspiration is also maximum during 2014 for both ragi and groundnut. Hence Blaney criddle method is best suitable since it provides the most satisfactory results compared to other methods because this method is suggested for areas where available climatic data cover air temperature data only.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Long-term observed Precipitation Trends in Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Baringo ...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to validate the pastoralists’ and agro-pastoralists’ claim that there has been an increasingly variable and changing climate in the study area. The station average and Theissen polygon methods were used to estimate the mean areal precipitation of the small (Mogotio and Baringo South Sub-counties) and the large area (Baringo County), respectively. The aim of the current study is to analyse rainfall time series over long term observed precipitation and a wide area, detecting potential trends and assessing their significance. Monthly precipitation data for the period 1974-2003 from six weather stations, located mainly in Mogotio and Baringo South sub-counties and covering 3906km2 were used in the analysis. The data were quality controlled to ensure no missing data and any inconsistencies. Linear regression analysis of the database highlighted that; the trends were predominantly negative, both where the average and Theissen polygon methods were used and over the whole reference period. The negative trends are not significant. This finding implies that the study area has been suffering a precipitation decrease especially in the period under review.
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Yield Forecasting to Sustain the Agricultural Transportation UnderStochastic ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Agricultural transportation is a major part of the United States’ transportation systems. This system follows a complex multimodal network consisting of highway, railway, and waterways which are mostly based on the yield of the agricultural commodities and their market values. The yield of agricultural commodities is dependent on stochastic environment such as weather conditions, rainfall, soil type and natural disasters. Different techniques such as leaf growth index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and regression analysis are used to forecast the yield for the end of harvest season. The yield forecasting techniques are used to predict the agricultural transportation needs and improve the cost minimization. This study provides a model for yield forecasting using NDVI data, Geographical Information System (GIS), and statistical analysis. A case study is presented to demonstrate this model with a novel tool for collecting NDVI data.
drought monitoring and management using remote sensingveerendra manduri
Monitoring drought and its management became easier with the help of remote sensing..several drought monitoring indices can be used to monitor drought condition. this ppt consists of information regarding droughts in relation to agriculture and their monitoring with the help of remotely sense based indices.
Comparative analysis of direct and four indirect methods for determination of...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study focused on comparative analysis of five widely used methods for determining evapotranspiration, namely, Weighing lysimeter, Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. Each of the five methods was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) in Umudike, Southeast Nigeria. The efficacy of these evapotranspiration methods is evaluated by comparing them with the Weighing lysimeter(direct method), which provides the most reasonable estimation of evapotranspiration and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) between the months of November/ December, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between November and December was 148.69 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 152.42 mm, 151.22 mm, 147.76 mm and 135.58 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the mean of the ET by lysimeter and that of each of the other four methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) as z-cal < z-critical at 5% level of significance for the crop growth period of 8th November to 12th December, 2013.
Keywords: Comparative analysis, Evapotranspiration methods, Crop evapotranspiration, Hydrologic cycle, Lysimeter
Geo-spatial analysis for effective technology targetingICRISAT
Mapping and monitoring of biophysical and socio economic characteristics of dryland cereals and grain legumes producing areas is key for developing effective targeting strategies, dissemination of new technologies and sustainable crop management and diversification options. This can help in the allocation of limited resources to achieve potential benefits and provide actionable information for decision makers.
Realtime monitoring for groundwater level and local climate based on universa...CSITiaesprime
The groundwater level and weather patterns and climate conditions are several of the very significant factors which influence the quality of livelihood and the other activity of the tropical peatland environment. The current method of groundwater level and meteorological information aggregate build the use of certain expensive weather station devices, prominent to a lack of vast monitoring suitable to cost barriers and disturbance in some countries. In this research, we have developed and implemented a hardware module based on an Arduino microcontroller and mobile communication, which measures the groundwater level and meteorological data, including air temperature, air humidity, and soil temperature, and humidity, rainfall in peatland area. The data groundwater level is received by a specially developed application interface running on an internet of things (IoT) connected through a global mobile system (GSM) communication. In this work, our proposed system is a model system that can able to generate alerts based on the real-time groundwater level and data weather as potential peat fire in Indonesia. It provides online and data real-time monitoring. In this works, we have resulted in a system to monitor the groundwater level and data weather alert, condition mapping, and warn the people from its disastrous effects.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Relationship between Tobacco Crop Evapotranspiration and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
1. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
ISSN: 2412-6381
Vol. 1, No. 1, pp: 9-14, 2015
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=14&info=aims
*Corresponding Author
9
Academic Research Publishing Group
Relationship between Tobacco Crop Evapotranspiration and the
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
Never Mujere* Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe
Rudo Kanji Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe
1. Introduction
Monitoring crop water use has been a topic of interest in the field of irrigation and water resources planning due
to increasing competition for fresh water among different users. Irrigated agriculture produces more than 40% of the
world’s cash and food crops. About two thirds of the world population depends directly or indirectly on it for
livelihood [1]. Although irrigated agriculture accounts for 69% of world’s freshwater withdrawal, the sector
increasingly compete for limited water supplies. Irrigation faces stiff water competition from environmental
demands, recreational, municipal, industrial and domestic activities. Thus, continued environmental and regulatory
constraints on water supplies are anticipated as the effects of population growth, climate change and declining water
conveyance infrastructure continue to evolve. To address these challenges, there is a need to provide new sources of
information on crop water use to growers, to enhance their ability to efficiently manage available irrigation water
supplies [2].
Crop water use, also known as evapotranspiration (ET), is the water used by a crop for growth and cooling
purposes. Evapotranspiration is weather dependent as well as soil, water and plant dependent. It is a process in which
the plant extracts water from the soil for tissue building and cooling purposes. Its variability at critical growth stages
is important for irrigation scheduling to avoid stressing crops [3, 4].
Nevertheless, ET is one of the most important but difficult water balance element to estimate. Quantifying ET
from irrigation projects is vital for water rights management, water resources planning and regulation. Crop
evapotranspiration (ETcrop) can be estimated using empirical methods [5-7], field measurements [8], and remote
sensing techniques [9]. However, the use of empirical methods and field measurements is often sophisticated,
expensive, time consuming, and most farmers lack knowledge and skills to apply the techniques [10]. Traditionally
ET from agricultural fields has been estimated by multiplying weather based reference ET by crop coefficients (Kc)
determined according to crop type and crop growth stage. However, there are some concerns with regards to whether
the crops grown compare with the conditions represented by the Kc values, especially in areas where water is
limiting. In addition, it is difficult to predict the correct crop growth stage dates for large populations of crops and
fields [3, 7].
Abstract: Monitoring crop consumptive water use by applying recent remote sensing techniques has become
a topic of research interest in water resources management and planning. In irrigated agriculture, conventional
methods of estimating water use are costly. This study aims at estimate the relationship between tobacco crop
evapotranspiration (ETcrop) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the crop development
stage at Chedgelow irrigated farm in Zimbabwe. Tobacco ETcrop was estimated as a product of reference
evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc). The Penman-Monteith model was applied to estimate ETo
using climate data from Kutsaga research station, some 2 km away from the farm. Kc values were extracted from
FAO tables. Five cloud-free MODIS images for the month of October in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007 were
processed extract the NDVI values using ILWIS GIS. The results show significant (p = 0.000) differences
between tobacco NDVI values over the years studied. The results also show a strong and significant positive
relationship (r2
= 0.8061, p = 0.047) between ETcrop estimated using Penman Monteith model and NDVI.
Research findings show that satellite derived NDVI is a good and reliable predictor of tobacco crop water
evapotranspiration. Therefore, remotely sensed NDVI can be used to monitor crop water use in irrigated tobacco
fields in areas where resources do not permit field measurements.
Keywords: Evapotranspiration; Irrigation; NDVI; Relationship; Tobacco; Chedgerow.
2. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2015, 1(1): 9-14
10
Recent developments in satellite remote sensing have enabled crop models to accurately estimate ET and Kc for
large fields [9]. Satellite remote sensing images provide alternative sources of good quality data. Recent remote
sensing approaches such as the Surface Balance Algorithms for Land (SEBAL) have been widely used to estimate
ET in irrigated farms [9, 11]. Thus, use of remote sensing offers a simple, cost effective and quick reliable way to
estimate crop ET or crop water use at farm level [12].
The objective of this study was to determine whether there is significant relationship between tobacco crop
evapotranspiration (ETcrop) estimated using the Penman-Monteith model and normalized difference vegetation index
(NDVI) at Chedgelow farm in Harare. It was hypothesized that a significant relationship would allow the use of
NDVI as a proxy for crop ET. Thus, farmers can rely on crop NDVI during irrigation scheduling.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
Chedgelow farm occupies an area of 592 ha of land. The farm is 16 km away from Harare city centre in Harare
rural district. Winter wheat, tobacco, horticulture and floriculture crops are grown under irrigation. Horticulture and
florticulture take place in green house conditions. Tobacco is grown in 18 fields occupying 70 ha under irrigation.
Maize is grown annually under rainfed conditions. Other activities are in the farms include game ranging, livestock
farming and forestry. Figure 1 shows the location of Chedgelow farm in Harare rural district.
Figure-1. Location of Chedgelow farm in Harare district
The farm receives an average of 800 mm of rainfall annually and experiences an average annual temperature of
26o
C. Soils are primarily derived from granite parent material. The farm has heavy textured clay soils and sandy clay
loams supporting wooded grassland. Natural grasses growing in the area include the Cynodon dactolon and
Hyperenia filipendula. It is dominated by Jubernadia globifora, Brachstegia speciformicis, Parinari curatifolia
Pinus piñata, Eucalyptus and Cypress tree species. The Pinus piñata, Eucalyptus and Cypress are exotic trees which
are used as wind breaks [13].
2.2. Data
The mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and duration of
sunshine data for October 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007 were obtained from Kutsaga tobacco research station
located 2 km from Chedgelow farm. Information on farm cropping pattern which includes crops grown, rotation
cycles, harvesting and planting dates, and irrigation information were obtained from the farm manager.
Fields were digitized from an aerial photograph acquired in August 1996. The aerial photograph was
georeferenced using UTM WGS84 Zone 36S and orthorectified to give real world coordinates using a digital
elevation model (DEM) of Chedgelow farm.
Five cloud free TERRA/MODIS images for 18 October 2000, 17 October 2001, 18 October 2002, 16 October
2003, and 17 October 2007 with a spatial resolution of 250 x 250 m were obtained from the lads web site
(www..nasa.gov): Extraction of binary files was performed for the red (band 1) and near infrared (band 2) of
3. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2015, 1(1): 9-14
11
MODIS. A subset image for the farm was created for better visualization, while georeferencing was done using
UTM WGS84 Zone 36S.
2.3. Estimation of NDVI
The NDVI is an algorithm which is used to estimate plant biomass or greenness [3]. It is affected by stages of
crop growth, moisture content and soil background or colour. In addition, NDVI is an important variable for
indirectly monitoring ET over large areas, thus, has great potential for agronomical applications. Thus, when ETcrop
is optimum, there is less water stress, hence, maximum evapotranspiration occurs and biomass production increases
[14, 15]. Therefore, when evaporative demand is met, there is an increase in carbon dioxide uptake and increase in
photosynthetic activity, which leads to high biomass production.
NDVI is calculated from band 1 (red, R) and band 2 (near infrared, NIR) of the MODIS images in ILWIS GIS
using the formula [3, 16]:
RNIR
RNIR
NDVI
………………………………. (1)
The values of NDVI range from –1 to 1 with high values corresponding to high vegetative biomass and primary
production. In this study, NDVI values for all images were extracted from tobacco fields by overlaying NDVI from
each image on Chedgelow field boundaries.
2.4. Estimation of Reference Evapotranspiration
Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is the loss of water from an extended surface of a short green crop,
completely shading the ground, with uniform height, and with adequate status in the soil profile [6, 15]. In this study,
the Penman-Monteith model was used to estimate ETo because it has been shown to give best results, as it utilizes
almost all meteorological parameters [14]. Meteorological data comprising mean maximum and minimum
temperature, relative humidity, total wind run, sunshine duration and wind speed were collected from Kutsaga
research station which is 2 km from Chedgelow farm. ETo (in mm) was computed using Penman-Monteith equation
[6, 17]:
))(*)(*)1(()*(0 dan eeUfWRWCET ………………………… (2)
Where: Rn = net radiation (mmday-1
)
Rn = difference between incoming short wave radiation and net long wave radiation (mmday-1
)
(ea-ed) = vapour pressure deficit
f (U) = wind function in km day-1
measured at 2 m height
W = temperature and altitude dependent weighing factor
C = adjustment factor for the ratio U day/U night
2.5. Estimation of Crop Coefficient
The crop coefficient (Kc) at the crop development stage was obtained from FAO tables [14]. This stage is from
the 21st
day after crop emergence and is reached when the crop reaches 10% to 80% ground cover after crop
emergence [8]. Table 1 illustrates the Kc values for tobacco used in this study.
Table-1. Kc for tobacco crop
Crop growth stage Development Mid-season Late-season Harvest Total
Kc value 0.7-0.8 1.0-1.2 0.9-1.0 0.75-0.85 0.85-0.95
Source: [14]FAO (1999)
Using Table 1, for each crop growth stage, the first figure (lowest) is considered if humidity high (RH mean >
70%) and wind speed low (U < 5m/sec) while the second figure (highest) is considered under low humidity (RH min
< 20%) and strong wind (> 5m/sec).
2.6. Estimation of ETcrop
Crop evapotranspiration, ETcrop refers to evapotranspiration (ET) of a disease free crop in a large field under
optimal soil conditions for water and nutrients aimed at full production potential under a given crop environment.
ETcrop was calculated as a product of Kc and ETo [6, 14]:
𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝐸𝑇0 × 𝐾𝑐 ………………………………………. (3)
4. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2015, 1(1): 9-14
12
3. Results
3.1. Variations of Tobacco NDVI Values over the 5 Seasons
Figure 2 shows tobacco NDVI values for October 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007.
Figure-2. NDVI values of tobacco at Chedgelow farm
In order to determine whether there were significant variations among tobacco NDVI values for the 2000, 2001,
2002, 2003 and 2007 crop development stages, box plots were constructed. Figure 3a shows box plots illustrating
significant (p = 0.000) tobacco NDVI differences among the seasons.
Figure-3a: Temporal variations of tobacco NDVI values over years
The results show significant (p < 0.05) differences among tobacco NDVI values over the 5 years. The
differences in NDVI could have been caused by different tobacco varieties grown in these fields. Thus, even if crop
growth stages are uniform, the NDVI may not necessarily be the same because different tobacco varieties differ in
5. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2015, 1(1): 9-14
13
their greenness. Thus, the results show that NDVI is a good index for measuring vegetation biomass as low values
correspond to low biomass and high values correspond to high biomass.
3.2. Relationship between ETcrop and NDVI
Figure 3b shows a strong and significant positive logarithmic relationship (r2
= 0.8061, p = 0.047) between
ETcrop and NDVI for the tobacco crop.
Figure-3b. Relationship between ETcrop and NDVI
The results shown in Fig. 3 indicate a significant positive relationship between ETc and NDVI meaning that an
increase in biomass production leads to an increase in crop consumptive water use. This means that NDVI can be
used to predict greener vegetation at each crop development stage during the entire cropping season. Therefore,
NDVI is a good indicator of the available biomass and evapotranspiration in tobacco fields at each crop development
stage.
4. Discussion
Responsible water resources management calls for accurate information that will allow farmers, landowners,
and government officials to make good decisions that can ultimately save money, increase agricultural production,
and protect water resources for the future. In irrigated agriculture, effective management of irrigated crop water use
or ET is the key principle to achieving sustainable agriculture. Knowledge about the amount of water used by crops
acts as a guide in exploring appropriate scientific practices for improving crop water use. However, due to increased
competition for fresh water among users, monitoring the consumptive use of water is becoming a challenge. While
obtaining field measurements of hydrologic parameters is very important to advance research in the field of
hydrology, obtaining extensive datasets of ground measurements is generally too costly and labour intensive.
The results of this study indicate that a significant positive relationship between ETcrop estimated using the
Penman Monteith model and NDVI values derived from MODIS data. This implies that NDVI data derived from
MODIS satellite imagery can be used to define crop health under conditions of unrestricted water availability to the
crops. The advantage of estimating relationship between NDVI and ET is that it eliminates the need for identifying
each crop and determining its acreage. It requires the general knowledge of the dominant crops are and of their
growth stages at the time of data acquisition. Also required are crop coefficients relating to the crops in the area.
Doorenbos and Kassam [5] devised guidelines for selecting coefficients that take into account crop characteristics,
time of planting, stage of crop development and general climatic conditions. However, extension of this
methodology to non-irrigated fields requires an understanding of the effect of decreasing water availability on NDVI
values derived from spectral crop data.
5. Conclusion
This study aimed at investigating the relationship between irrigated tobacco crop use or evapotranspiration
(ETcrop) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at Chedgelow farm in Harare rural district. Climate data
were collected from Kutsaga research station near the farm while crop data were collected from farm records. Five
cloud free MODIS images for the month of October 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007 were processed to extract the
NDVI values in ILWIS GIS.
ETcrop was estimated as a product of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc) during the crop
development stage in the month of October 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007. The Penman-Monteith model was
applied to estimate ETo while crop coefficient (Kc) values were extracted from standard FAO irrigation tables. The
results showed significant (p = 0.000) differences among tobacco NDVI values over the years studied. This study
developed a simple positive and significant logarithmic regression model (Y=28.58LnX+129; r2
= 0.8061, p = 0.047)
y = 28.583Ln(x) + 129.3
R
2
= 0.8061
p=0.047
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Normalized Vegetation Index(NDVI)
ETcrop(tobacco)
6. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2015, 1(1): 9-14
14
to establish a general relationship between NDVI from moderate resolution satellite data (MODIS) and the ETcrop
estimated using Penman-Monteith model.
Based on the research findings, it is clear that NDVI is a good and reliable predictor of tobacco crop water use
or evapotranspiration. Therefore, remotely sensed NDVI can be used to monitor crop water use on irrigated tobacco
fields in areas where resources do not permit field measurements. This implies that farmers can integrate NDVI data
in their day-to-day water schedules when irrigating crops.
References
[1] FAO, 2015. AQUASTAT website. Rome FAO. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use.
[2] Johnson, L. F. and Trout, T. J., 2012. "Satellite NDVI assisted monitoring of vegetable crop
evapotranspiration in California’s San Joaquin Valley." Remote Sens., vol. 4, pp. 439-455.
[3] Kamble, B., Irmak, A., and Hubbard, K., 2013. "Estimating crop coefficients using remote sensing-based
vegetation index." Remote Sens, vol. 5, pp. 1588-1602.
[4] Peng, J., Liu, Y., Zhao, X., and Loew, A., 2013. "Estimation of evapotranspiration from MODIS TOA
radiances in the Poyang Lake basin, China." Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 17, pp. 1431–1444.
[5] Doorenbos, J. and Kassam, K. A. H., 1979. Yield response to water. Rome: FAO.
[6] Panda, S. C., 2003. Principles and practice of water management. Jodhpur: Agro bios India.
[7] Tasumi, M., 2003. Progress in operational estimation of evapotranspiration using satellite imagery.
Moscow: University of Idaho.
[8] Allen, R. G., Clemmens, A. J., Burt, C. M., Solomon, K., and O’Halloran, T., 2005. "Prediction accuracy
for project wide evapotranspiration using crop coefficients and reference evapotranspiration." J. Irrig.
Drain. Eng, vol. 131, pp. 24-36.
[9] Trezza, R., 2002. Evapotranspiration using a satellite-based surface energy balance with standardized
ground control. PhD dissertation. Logan, Utah, USA: Uta State University.
[10] Trezza, R. and Allen, R. G., 2003. "Crop water requirements from a remote sensing model for the snake
plain area in Idaho." Geoenseñanza, , vol. 8, pp. 83-90.
[11] Bastiaanssen, W., Menenti, M., Feddes, R., and Holtslag, A., 1998. "A remote sensing surface energy
balance algorithm for land (SEBAL)." J. Hydrol, vol. 212, pp. 198-229.
[12] Tasumi, M., Allen, R. G., Trezza, R., and Wright, J., 2005. "Satellite-Based energy balance to assess
within-population variance of crop coefficient curves." J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., vol. 131, pp. 94–109.
[13] Chenje, M. and Paleczny, S. L., 1998. The state of Zimbabwe environment. Harare: Ministry of Mines and
Tourism.
[14] FAO, 1999. Modern water control and management practices in irrigation impact and performance. Rome:
FAO.
[15] Haynes, J. V. and Senay, G. B., 2012. Evaluation of the relation between evapotranspiration and
normalized difference vegetation index for downscaling the simplified surface energy balance model: U.S.
Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report.
[16] Allen, R. G., 1996. "Assessing integrity of weather data for use in reference evapotranspiration estimation."
J. of Irrigation and Drainage Enerrg, vol. 122, pp. 97-106.
[17] Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M., 1998. "Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for
computing water requirements." FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, No.56, FAO, Rome.