No animal can be bred in a sterile environment.
Invariably Antibiotics are to be used.
Since Resistance is rising and since residual antibiotics in food chain is becoming alarming several countries have banned use of Antibiotics in Animal rearing.
Hence it is high time to probe, find and use alternatives which are safe and does not cause immunity.
This article presents various alternatives that can be attempted right now.
This presentation was made in Sept 2010 at Manila during the Poultry show. Target audience were nutritionists , poultry consultants and feed manufacturers
Phytogenics as feed additives in poultry productionReza Vakili
1. Effects on egg production& egg quality
2.Growth promoting effect
3.Impact Influence on palatability and gut function
4. Antimicrobial action &Impact on pathogenic microorganisms
5. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action
6. Effect on immune system function
7. AntiCancer properties
Phytogenic feed additives: Keeping pace with trends and challenges in pig pro...Milling and Grain magazine
As the global population and its prosperity are steadily on the rise, the animal protein demand will further increase in the near future. Pig meat is the most consumed meat worldwide among the others, closely followed by poultry. Last year it comprised 38 percent (or 118 Mt) of the total meat consumption whereas poultry meat accounted for 35 percent (or 110 Mt). Though this growing demand is challenged – on the one hand by consumer’s awareness for safe food and on the other hand by sustainable and efficient swine production. At the same time, production costs should be kept as low as possible whilst controlling the high risk of developing drug resistant bacteria for humans due to the use of in-feed antibiotics, as antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) or as disease treatment. Over the last decades, many feed additives have been developed and evaluated, within which phytogenic (plant derived) substances have attracted much attention.
Phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry dietsDeepak Nelagonda
Use of antibiotics as growth promoters is an age old process but due to many factors thrust for the search of alternative to antibiotics is growing, 'phytogenic feed additives' are one of the possible domains which could address the issue if they could be properly explored.
This document discusses the role of phytobiotics (plant derivatives) as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. It summarizes research showing that liver tonics containing herbs like Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta alba, and Tinospora cordifolia can improve weight gain and feed conversion ratio in broilers. Studies found these phytobiotic liver tonics enhanced the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in broiler chickens. The document concludes that phytobiotic liver tonics are natural alternatives to antibiotics that can boost health and performance in poultry.
Probiotics and medicinal plants in poultry nutrition: a reviewSubmissionResearchpa
The use of medicinal plants and probiotics has recently gained interest since the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters by the European Union in 2006. They are new alternatives to bridge the gap between food safety and production. Medicinal plants are cheaper and loaded with several minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals such as: alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, phenols, tannins etc. which allows them to perform multiple biological activities. Probiotics on the other hand, repopulates the gastro intestinal tracts (GIT) with beneficial bacteria which controls the action of pathogens and control their population, thereby reducing mortality and improving general performance of an animal by Akintayo - Balogun Omolere. M and Alagbe, J.O 2020. Probiotics and medicinal plants in poultry nutrition: a review. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 214-221. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.730 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/730/703 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/730
This document discusses the use of herbal immunomodulators in poultry to improve immunity and combat antibiotic resistance. It provides background on immunomodulators and how certain herbs like ashwagandha, neem, tinospora cordifolia, and mint can modulate the immune system through effects on cytokines, immune cells, and phagocytosis. Several studies are summarized that show herbs like ashwagandha and tinospora cordifolia can improve performance parameters and immune responses in broiler chickens and quails. The document concludes that herbs have potential immunomodulatory properties through effects on macrophages, cytokines, and immune cells like NK cells.
When it comes to feed additives (e.g. plant extracts, enzymes, pro- and prebiotics, organic acids and many more), the livestock industry is inundated with numerous options, not only promoting performance of the animals and improving profitability, but also improving the quality of feed and of animal-derived products. In this context, phytogenic (=plant derived) feed additives are foreseen to have a promising future in animal nutrition due to their broad range of efficacies, and to their effects on sustainability and safety.
This presentation was made in Sept 2010 at Manila during the Poultry show. Target audience were nutritionists , poultry consultants and feed manufacturers
Phytogenics as feed additives in poultry productionReza Vakili
1. Effects on egg production& egg quality
2.Growth promoting effect
3.Impact Influence on palatability and gut function
4. Antimicrobial action &Impact on pathogenic microorganisms
5. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action
6. Effect on immune system function
7. AntiCancer properties
Phytogenic feed additives: Keeping pace with trends and challenges in pig pro...Milling and Grain magazine
As the global population and its prosperity are steadily on the rise, the animal protein demand will further increase in the near future. Pig meat is the most consumed meat worldwide among the others, closely followed by poultry. Last year it comprised 38 percent (or 118 Mt) of the total meat consumption whereas poultry meat accounted for 35 percent (or 110 Mt). Though this growing demand is challenged – on the one hand by consumer’s awareness for safe food and on the other hand by sustainable and efficient swine production. At the same time, production costs should be kept as low as possible whilst controlling the high risk of developing drug resistant bacteria for humans due to the use of in-feed antibiotics, as antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) or as disease treatment. Over the last decades, many feed additives have been developed and evaluated, within which phytogenic (plant derived) substances have attracted much attention.
Phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry dietsDeepak Nelagonda
Use of antibiotics as growth promoters is an age old process but due to many factors thrust for the search of alternative to antibiotics is growing, 'phytogenic feed additives' are one of the possible domains which could address the issue if they could be properly explored.
This document discusses the role of phytobiotics (plant derivatives) as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. It summarizes research showing that liver tonics containing herbs like Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta alba, and Tinospora cordifolia can improve weight gain and feed conversion ratio in broilers. Studies found these phytobiotic liver tonics enhanced the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in broiler chickens. The document concludes that phytobiotic liver tonics are natural alternatives to antibiotics that can boost health and performance in poultry.
Probiotics and medicinal plants in poultry nutrition: a reviewSubmissionResearchpa
The use of medicinal plants and probiotics has recently gained interest since the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters by the European Union in 2006. They are new alternatives to bridge the gap between food safety and production. Medicinal plants are cheaper and loaded with several minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals such as: alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, phenols, tannins etc. which allows them to perform multiple biological activities. Probiotics on the other hand, repopulates the gastro intestinal tracts (GIT) with beneficial bacteria which controls the action of pathogens and control their population, thereby reducing mortality and improving general performance of an animal by Akintayo - Balogun Omolere. M and Alagbe, J.O 2020. Probiotics and medicinal plants in poultry nutrition: a review. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 214-221. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.730 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/730/703 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/730
This document discusses the use of herbal immunomodulators in poultry to improve immunity and combat antibiotic resistance. It provides background on immunomodulators and how certain herbs like ashwagandha, neem, tinospora cordifolia, and mint can modulate the immune system through effects on cytokines, immune cells, and phagocytosis. Several studies are summarized that show herbs like ashwagandha and tinospora cordifolia can improve performance parameters and immune responses in broiler chickens and quails. The document concludes that herbs have potential immunomodulatory properties through effects on macrophages, cytokines, and immune cells like NK cells.
When it comes to feed additives (e.g. plant extracts, enzymes, pro- and prebiotics, organic acids and many more), the livestock industry is inundated with numerous options, not only promoting performance of the animals and improving profitability, but also improving the quality of feed and of animal-derived products. In this context, phytogenic (=plant derived) feed additives are foreseen to have a promising future in animal nutrition due to their broad range of efficacies, and to their effects on sustainability and safety.
Growth promoters are used in poultry farming to improve growth and development. There are two main types - antimicrobial growth promoters which are low doses of antibiotics, and natural growth promoters (NGPs) including enzymes, probiotics, and acidifiers. NGPs offer advantages like developing gut microflora, improving digestion and feed efficiency, and reducing disease. Common antimicrobial growth promoters for poultry are types of penicillin, tetracycline, and macrolides. NGPs support nutrient absorption and the immune system through mechanisms like degrading anti-nutrients, establishing beneficial bacteria, and maintaining low gut pH.
This document summarizes a presentation about probiotics in poultry nutrition. It discusses how single-strain probiotics often fail to reliably impact birds because they do not colonize the entire gastrointestinal tract or stay long after consumption stops. An effective probiotic should be multi-strain, species-specific, and well-positioned to colonize the whole GI tract, multiply faster, and be less eliminated. Trials demonstrate that the probiotic PoultryStar reduced issues like lameness, inflammation, and necrotic enteritis in poultry. The presentation provides information on selecting probiotic strains and applying probiotics in poultry to enhance immunity and gut health.
Effects of Probiotics Feeding Technology on Weight Gain of Indigenous Chicken...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Feed additives are non-nutritive products used in small amounts to improve feed quality, nutrient utilization, and growth performance in poultry. Common feed additives include growth promoters, toxin binders, antioxidants, electrolytes, emulsifiers, feed preservatives, pellet binders, and coccidiostates. Growth promoters can be antibiotic growth promoters, natural growth promoters like prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, yeasts, organic acids, herbal supplements, enzymes, and vitamins and minerals.
Probiotics are microorganisms and proteins that provide health benefits when consumed. This document discusses the application of probiotics for poultry, cattle, and sheep. Probiotics improve performance and productivity in poultry by maintaining digestive microflora and reducing pathogens. In cattle, probiotics prevent and combat digestive disorders, influence rumen metabolism, and stimulate rumen microorganisms. For sheep, probiotics help correct bacterial imbalances, provide energy, and reduce recovery time from stress or disease.
Aloe vera gel contains polysaccharides like acemannan that have various health benefits. When added to broiler feed, aloe vera gel can improve intestinal health by increasing beneficial bacteria and decreasing harmful bacteria. It can also enhance the immune system by stimulating macrophage activity and cytokine production. Studies found that aloe vera gel increases antibody responses and white blood cell counts in response to Newcastle disease virus. Additionally, aloe vera gel may improve growth performance and help control coccidiosis in broiler chickens.
Feed Additives and their use in Livestock and Poultry Feeding
What is feed additives?
• It is an ingredient or combination of ingredient mixed together to provide nutrient in the diet.
• Usually they are used in micro/small Quantities for purpose of improving rate of gain, feed efficiency, or preventing and controlling disease.
Why use feed additives?
• To increase feed quality and feed palatability.
• To improve animal performance by promoting animal growth & lowering feed consumption.
• Stimulate growth or other types of performance.
• Improve feed utilization.
• To economies the cost of animal protein.
Evaluating feed additives:
Higher milk yield.
Increase in milk components.
Greater dry matter intake.
Stimulates rumen microbial synthesis
Increase digestion in digestive tract.
Stabilize rumen environment and pH
Improve growth
Minimize weight loss
Reduce heat stress
Improve health
It is a educatonal slide with very simple word and basic concept of probiotics that are found in chicken's GIT.The slide also describes importnace of probictic in poultry industry.
A study evaluated the effects of direct-fed microbials on broiler chickens. It involved 1,000 broiler chickens split into two treatment groups - a control group and one supplemented with Bacillus subtilis. The study found that supplementing feed with Bacillus subtilis at a rate of 50 mg/kg improved feed conversion ratio and increased average daily weight gain compared to the unsupplemented control group.
Probiotics- unfolding their potential in boosting poultry industryX S
Definition:
“Living microorganisms when conferred in sufficient amount on the host, will render beneficial effects on health.”(FAO/WHO)
Lactobacillus, Candida, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Aspergillus, and Saccharomyces spp.
History
Élie Metchnikoff (20th century)
Werner Kolath(1953)
Probiotics for poultry
Need of Probiotics?
Selection criteria
Probiotics in poultry industry
First decisive incident
Commercial vs. wild chicken
Selection criteria
Probiotic requirement in poultry (concept)
How probiotics act?
Maintain normal intestinal microflora
competitive exclusion and resistance
Change metabolism
speeding digestive enzyme activity
Perk up feed intake and digestion
Diminish bacterial enzyme activity and ammonia production
Stimulate the immune system
Evaluation of probiotics on poultry
Growth performance
Intestinal microbiota and morphology
Immune response
Meat quality/chicken caracass
Side effects(toxicity of ingredients)
Growth performance
broilers fed with two probiotic species put on more weight(Lan et al.,2003 )
weight gain significantly higher in probiotic fed birds(Kabir et al.,2004) .
inactivated probiotics have constructive actions on the production achievement (Huang et al.,2004).
Cont’d
values of giblets and dressing percentage elevated for probiotic fed broilers (Mahanjan et al.,1999)
Intestinal microbiota and morphology
Probiotics inhibited pathogens by dwelling on intestinal wall space(Kabir et al.,2005 )
Birds fed dietary B. subtilis for 28 days displayed better growth and prominent intestinal histologies. (Samanya and Yamauchi.,2002)
Chicks given Lactobacillus strains had less amount of coliforms in cecal grindings(Watkins and Kratzer.,1983 ).
Cont’d
L. salivarius 3d strain decreased the number of Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella enteritidis (Kizerwetter-Swida and Binek., 2009).
Probiotic species have an implicit action on regulation of intestinal microflora and pathogen occlusion (Higgins et al., 2007)
Immune response
Higher amount of antibody production(Kabir et al.,2005 )
Improved serum and intestinal antibodies to a foreign antigens in chickens (Haghighi et al.,2005)
Probiotics protected broilers against Eimeria acervulina infection even with a moderate dose (Dalloul et al.,2003)
Cont’d
Better local immune defenses against coccidiosis.
Splenocytes and cecal tonsil cells, STAT2 and STAT4 genes were greatly stimulated and the expression of STAT2, STAT4, IL-18, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma genes in cecal tonsil cells were up-regulated after treating with L. acidophilus DNA.
Additive probiotic supplements were ineffective on systemic IgG (Midilli et al.,2008 ).
This document discusses various types of feed additives used in livestock and poultry rations, including antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, arsenicals, buffering compounds, antioxidants, enzymes, hormones, adsorbents, organic acids, flavoring agents, and pigments. Antibiotics are used at subtherapeutic levels to promote growth by reducing pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics and prebiotics help maintain gut health. Other additives like buffers help modify rumen fermentation or prevent oxidation. While many additives have benefits, some like hormones now face restrictions due to public health concerns.
Antibiotic growth promoter have played a critical role in contributing to the economic effectiveness of animal production as feed supplements at sub-therapeutic doses, to improve growth and feed conversion efficiency, and to prevent infections However, injudicious use of antibiotic growth promoter leads to development of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic residue posing a potential threat to human health.
Organic acids, probiotics, prebiiotic, enzymes, phytobiotics, bacteriophage etc. are effective antibiotic alternatives to promote animal growth performance in poultry, swine, and beef and dairy production.
Feed additives are compounds added to animal feed to improve nutrition, health, and performance. They are classified as nutritive (vitamins, minerals, amino acids) or non-nutritive (antibiotics, ionophores, chemobiotics). Important growth stimulants include enzymes, prebiotics, and probiotics. Antibiotics act on bacteria to improve health while ionophores transform rumen fermentation. Probiotics have positive effects by detoxifying metabolites and improving nutrient availability. Feed additives are used to increase milk and meat production, digestion, and stabilize the rumen environment.
Improvement in Poultry Performance through Application of PhytobioticsDr. MAYUR VISPUTE
An attempt to explore the possibilities of future use of Phytogenic feed additives as a green and clean alternative to the conventional feed additives like antibiotic growth promoters in modern poultry production
This document discusses feed additives that alter animal metabolism. It defines feed additives as materials used in animal nutrition to improve feed efficiency, promote faster gains, improve health, and increase production. Major categories of feed additives are discussed, including beta-agonists, hormones, organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, and botanicals. The document specifically focuses on additives that alter metabolism, explaining how beta-agonists, hormones, organic acids, probiotics, enzymes, and botanicals function to influence metabolism and support growth, health, and production. Consequences of stopping the use of these additives are also mentioned, such as lessening meat/livestock production and increasing costs.
Antibiotics are used in poultry for growth promotion, disease prevention, and treatment. They can be bacteriostatic, inhibiting bacterial growth, or bactericidal, killing bacteria. Common antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall, cell membrane, or essential enzymes. Penicillins and cephalosporins target the cell wall. Tetracyclines, macrolides, and aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis. Quinolones target DNA gyrase and sulfonamides inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis. Common antibiotics used in poultry include amoxicillin, ceftiofur, oxytetracycline, tylosin, florfenicol, and enrofloxacin.
This document discusses various types of feed additives, including:
1. Additives that influence feed stability like antifungals and antioxidants
2. Additives that modify animal intake, growth, feed efficiency and performance like feed flavors, buffers, methane inhibitors, ionophores, probiotics, and yeast
3. Other additives like organic acids and antibiotics
It provides examples of specific additives used and their purposes, effects, and recommended dosages. Student groups are assigned topics to research like adsorbants, feed supplements, ionophores, and growth promoters.
This document discusses various feed additives used in livestock and poultry production. It defines feed additives as non-nutrient substances that can accelerate growth, improve feed efficiency, or benefit health or metabolism. The document then provides a broad classification of common feed additives including growth promoters, disease preventing agents, supplements, and auxiliary substances. Specific examples within each category are listed and described in more detail.
This study assessed the growth of Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) fed Artemia nauplii enriched with different levels of Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) extracted from yeast cell walls. Over 8 weeks, 100 fish were fed one of four diets: a control with no MOS, or diets with Artemia enriched with 250, 500, or 750 mg/L of MOS. Later, diets included the fish food Biomar with 0%, 1%, 2%, or 3% yeast cell wall prebiotic. Growth was measured by weight gain, growth rate, biomass, and length. Fish fed 500 mg/L MOS and the 2-3% prebi
This document provides information about Candida albicans and outlines a Candida cleanse program. It discusses that C. albicans is normally present in the human gut but can cause infection when it overgrows. An optimal approach to managing C. albicans requires (A) depriving it of conditions to thrive by removing sugars and metals from the diet and environment and implementing a metal detoxification protocol, and (B) regenerating and enhancing the immune system using protocols like a parasite removal protocol followed by a kidney-liver regeneration protocol. The cleanse program aims to starve C. albicans, remove toxins from the body, and strengthen the immune system to keep C. albicans in balance.
Growth promoters are used in poultry farming to improve growth and development. There are two main types - antimicrobial growth promoters which are low doses of antibiotics, and natural growth promoters (NGPs) including enzymes, probiotics, and acidifiers. NGPs offer advantages like developing gut microflora, improving digestion and feed efficiency, and reducing disease. Common antimicrobial growth promoters for poultry are types of penicillin, tetracycline, and macrolides. NGPs support nutrient absorption and the immune system through mechanisms like degrading anti-nutrients, establishing beneficial bacteria, and maintaining low gut pH.
This document summarizes a presentation about probiotics in poultry nutrition. It discusses how single-strain probiotics often fail to reliably impact birds because they do not colonize the entire gastrointestinal tract or stay long after consumption stops. An effective probiotic should be multi-strain, species-specific, and well-positioned to colonize the whole GI tract, multiply faster, and be less eliminated. Trials demonstrate that the probiotic PoultryStar reduced issues like lameness, inflammation, and necrotic enteritis in poultry. The presentation provides information on selecting probiotic strains and applying probiotics in poultry to enhance immunity and gut health.
Effects of Probiotics Feeding Technology on Weight Gain of Indigenous Chicken...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Feed additives are non-nutritive products used in small amounts to improve feed quality, nutrient utilization, and growth performance in poultry. Common feed additives include growth promoters, toxin binders, antioxidants, electrolytes, emulsifiers, feed preservatives, pellet binders, and coccidiostates. Growth promoters can be antibiotic growth promoters, natural growth promoters like prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, yeasts, organic acids, herbal supplements, enzymes, and vitamins and minerals.
Probiotics are microorganisms and proteins that provide health benefits when consumed. This document discusses the application of probiotics for poultry, cattle, and sheep. Probiotics improve performance and productivity in poultry by maintaining digestive microflora and reducing pathogens. In cattle, probiotics prevent and combat digestive disorders, influence rumen metabolism, and stimulate rumen microorganisms. For sheep, probiotics help correct bacterial imbalances, provide energy, and reduce recovery time from stress or disease.
Aloe vera gel contains polysaccharides like acemannan that have various health benefits. When added to broiler feed, aloe vera gel can improve intestinal health by increasing beneficial bacteria and decreasing harmful bacteria. It can also enhance the immune system by stimulating macrophage activity and cytokine production. Studies found that aloe vera gel increases antibody responses and white blood cell counts in response to Newcastle disease virus. Additionally, aloe vera gel may improve growth performance and help control coccidiosis in broiler chickens.
Feed Additives and their use in Livestock and Poultry Feeding
What is feed additives?
• It is an ingredient or combination of ingredient mixed together to provide nutrient in the diet.
• Usually they are used in micro/small Quantities for purpose of improving rate of gain, feed efficiency, or preventing and controlling disease.
Why use feed additives?
• To increase feed quality and feed palatability.
• To improve animal performance by promoting animal growth & lowering feed consumption.
• Stimulate growth or other types of performance.
• Improve feed utilization.
• To economies the cost of animal protein.
Evaluating feed additives:
Higher milk yield.
Increase in milk components.
Greater dry matter intake.
Stimulates rumen microbial synthesis
Increase digestion in digestive tract.
Stabilize rumen environment and pH
Improve growth
Minimize weight loss
Reduce heat stress
Improve health
It is a educatonal slide with very simple word and basic concept of probiotics that are found in chicken's GIT.The slide also describes importnace of probictic in poultry industry.
A study evaluated the effects of direct-fed microbials on broiler chickens. It involved 1,000 broiler chickens split into two treatment groups - a control group and one supplemented with Bacillus subtilis. The study found that supplementing feed with Bacillus subtilis at a rate of 50 mg/kg improved feed conversion ratio and increased average daily weight gain compared to the unsupplemented control group.
Probiotics- unfolding their potential in boosting poultry industryX S
Definition:
“Living microorganisms when conferred in sufficient amount on the host, will render beneficial effects on health.”(FAO/WHO)
Lactobacillus, Candida, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Aspergillus, and Saccharomyces spp.
History
Élie Metchnikoff (20th century)
Werner Kolath(1953)
Probiotics for poultry
Need of Probiotics?
Selection criteria
Probiotics in poultry industry
First decisive incident
Commercial vs. wild chicken
Selection criteria
Probiotic requirement in poultry (concept)
How probiotics act?
Maintain normal intestinal microflora
competitive exclusion and resistance
Change metabolism
speeding digestive enzyme activity
Perk up feed intake and digestion
Diminish bacterial enzyme activity and ammonia production
Stimulate the immune system
Evaluation of probiotics on poultry
Growth performance
Intestinal microbiota and morphology
Immune response
Meat quality/chicken caracass
Side effects(toxicity of ingredients)
Growth performance
broilers fed with two probiotic species put on more weight(Lan et al.,2003 )
weight gain significantly higher in probiotic fed birds(Kabir et al.,2004) .
inactivated probiotics have constructive actions on the production achievement (Huang et al.,2004).
Cont’d
values of giblets and dressing percentage elevated for probiotic fed broilers (Mahanjan et al.,1999)
Intestinal microbiota and morphology
Probiotics inhibited pathogens by dwelling on intestinal wall space(Kabir et al.,2005 )
Birds fed dietary B. subtilis for 28 days displayed better growth and prominent intestinal histologies. (Samanya and Yamauchi.,2002)
Chicks given Lactobacillus strains had less amount of coliforms in cecal grindings(Watkins and Kratzer.,1983 ).
Cont’d
L. salivarius 3d strain decreased the number of Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella enteritidis (Kizerwetter-Swida and Binek., 2009).
Probiotic species have an implicit action on regulation of intestinal microflora and pathogen occlusion (Higgins et al., 2007)
Immune response
Higher amount of antibody production(Kabir et al.,2005 )
Improved serum and intestinal antibodies to a foreign antigens in chickens (Haghighi et al.,2005)
Probiotics protected broilers against Eimeria acervulina infection even with a moderate dose (Dalloul et al.,2003)
Cont’d
Better local immune defenses against coccidiosis.
Splenocytes and cecal tonsil cells, STAT2 and STAT4 genes were greatly stimulated and the expression of STAT2, STAT4, IL-18, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma genes in cecal tonsil cells were up-regulated after treating with L. acidophilus DNA.
Additive probiotic supplements were ineffective on systemic IgG (Midilli et al.,2008 ).
This document discusses various types of feed additives used in livestock and poultry rations, including antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, arsenicals, buffering compounds, antioxidants, enzymes, hormones, adsorbents, organic acids, flavoring agents, and pigments. Antibiotics are used at subtherapeutic levels to promote growth by reducing pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics and prebiotics help maintain gut health. Other additives like buffers help modify rumen fermentation or prevent oxidation. While many additives have benefits, some like hormones now face restrictions due to public health concerns.
Antibiotic growth promoter have played a critical role in contributing to the economic effectiveness of animal production as feed supplements at sub-therapeutic doses, to improve growth and feed conversion efficiency, and to prevent infections However, injudicious use of antibiotic growth promoter leads to development of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic residue posing a potential threat to human health.
Organic acids, probiotics, prebiiotic, enzymes, phytobiotics, bacteriophage etc. are effective antibiotic alternatives to promote animal growth performance in poultry, swine, and beef and dairy production.
Feed additives are compounds added to animal feed to improve nutrition, health, and performance. They are classified as nutritive (vitamins, minerals, amino acids) or non-nutritive (antibiotics, ionophores, chemobiotics). Important growth stimulants include enzymes, prebiotics, and probiotics. Antibiotics act on bacteria to improve health while ionophores transform rumen fermentation. Probiotics have positive effects by detoxifying metabolites and improving nutrient availability. Feed additives are used to increase milk and meat production, digestion, and stabilize the rumen environment.
Improvement in Poultry Performance through Application of PhytobioticsDr. MAYUR VISPUTE
An attempt to explore the possibilities of future use of Phytogenic feed additives as a green and clean alternative to the conventional feed additives like antibiotic growth promoters in modern poultry production
This document discusses feed additives that alter animal metabolism. It defines feed additives as materials used in animal nutrition to improve feed efficiency, promote faster gains, improve health, and increase production. Major categories of feed additives are discussed, including beta-agonists, hormones, organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, and botanicals. The document specifically focuses on additives that alter metabolism, explaining how beta-agonists, hormones, organic acids, probiotics, enzymes, and botanicals function to influence metabolism and support growth, health, and production. Consequences of stopping the use of these additives are also mentioned, such as lessening meat/livestock production and increasing costs.
Antibiotics are used in poultry for growth promotion, disease prevention, and treatment. They can be bacteriostatic, inhibiting bacterial growth, or bactericidal, killing bacteria. Common antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall, cell membrane, or essential enzymes. Penicillins and cephalosporins target the cell wall. Tetracyclines, macrolides, and aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis. Quinolones target DNA gyrase and sulfonamides inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis. Common antibiotics used in poultry include amoxicillin, ceftiofur, oxytetracycline, tylosin, florfenicol, and enrofloxacin.
This document discusses various types of feed additives, including:
1. Additives that influence feed stability like antifungals and antioxidants
2. Additives that modify animal intake, growth, feed efficiency and performance like feed flavors, buffers, methane inhibitors, ionophores, probiotics, and yeast
3. Other additives like organic acids and antibiotics
It provides examples of specific additives used and their purposes, effects, and recommended dosages. Student groups are assigned topics to research like adsorbants, feed supplements, ionophores, and growth promoters.
This document discusses various feed additives used in livestock and poultry production. It defines feed additives as non-nutrient substances that can accelerate growth, improve feed efficiency, or benefit health or metabolism. The document then provides a broad classification of common feed additives including growth promoters, disease preventing agents, supplements, and auxiliary substances. Specific examples within each category are listed and described in more detail.
This study assessed the growth of Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) fed Artemia nauplii enriched with different levels of Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) extracted from yeast cell walls. Over 8 weeks, 100 fish were fed one of four diets: a control with no MOS, or diets with Artemia enriched with 250, 500, or 750 mg/L of MOS. Later, diets included the fish food Biomar with 0%, 1%, 2%, or 3% yeast cell wall prebiotic. Growth was measured by weight gain, growth rate, biomass, and length. Fish fed 500 mg/L MOS and the 2-3% prebi
This document provides information about Candida albicans and outlines a Candida cleanse program. It discusses that C. albicans is normally present in the human gut but can cause infection when it overgrows. An optimal approach to managing C. albicans requires (A) depriving it of conditions to thrive by removing sugars and metals from the diet and environment and implementing a metal detoxification protocol, and (B) regenerating and enhancing the immune system using protocols like a parasite removal protocol followed by a kidney-liver regeneration protocol. The cleanse program aims to starve C. albicans, remove toxins from the body, and strengthen the immune system to keep C. albicans in balance.
The biofloc is a protein-rich aggregate of organic material and microorganisms that forms in aquaculture systems. Biofloc technology maintains water quality and provides nutrients by balancing carbon and nitrogen through the addition of carbon sources like molasses. It has been successfully used in tilapia and shrimp farming and allows for high stocking densities through natural water treatment. Key factors that must be controlled include carbon to nitrogen ratio, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels.
This document discusses prebiotics and probiotics. It begins by providing background on the physiology of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and development of GIT immunity. It defines probiotics as live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed, and lists common probiotic bacteria genres and species. Potential health benefits of probiotics are outlined. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible food ingredients that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. Established prebiotic foods are listed along with their effects. Potential health benefits of prebiotic supplementation in infant formulas are reviewed based on literature.
This document proposes creating an in vitro gut biofilm model capable of sustaining multiple bacterial species. The researchers will 3D print Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria onto a porous mucin membrane within a device consisting of two layers separated by the membrane. Nutrients, food, and waste can diffuse through the membrane, allowing the bacteria to communicate via quorum sensing while being physically separated. Experiments will manipulate environmental factors like pH, temperature, and nutrients to determine optimal conditions for the long-term coexistence of both bacterial species, overcoming the "winner takes all" phenomenon seen in previous single-species models. If successful, this model could be used to study probiotics and gut bacteria responses without human testing.
A prebioticis defined as “a nondigestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one
or a limited number of bacteria in the colon” Modification by prebiotics of the composition of the colonic microflora leads to the predominance of a
few of the potentially health-promoting bacteria. The scientific data showing that prebiotics may positively affect various physiologic functions in
ways that will permit them now or in the future to be classified as functional foods for which health claims (of enhanced function or of reduction in
disease risk) will be authorized. The present paper Reviews the Role of Maxfibe Sachets developed by R&D cell of Lactonova Nutripharm Pvt Ltd.
Hyderabad.
Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1014 improved "gut health" in the SHIME(R) reactorEnrique Moreno Gonzalez
How to maintain “gut health” is a goal for scientists throughout the world. Therefore, microbiota management models for testing probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have been developed.
This document summarizes research on using phytogenic feed additives to improve the health and growth of farmed Pacific white shrimp. Researchers from Kasetsart University in Thailand conducted tank trials supplementing shrimp feed with 400ppm and 800ppm of a phytogenic additive from Dr. Eckel. They found that the additive led to increased body weight gain, improved feed conversion, higher survival rates when the shrimp were challenged with Vibrio bacteria, and enhanced immune responses. The additive appeared to strengthen the shrimp's natural defenses by modulating immune cells and protecting cells in the hepatopancreas from necrosis during disease challenge. The researchers believe the additive's plant extracts and polyphenols contribute to its antioxidant,
This document provides information about Dr. T. Citarasu and his research interests in marine natural products and their health benefits. It discusses the importance of marine biotechnology and explores various sources of marine natural products including microbes, fungi, invertebrates, and their associated secondary metabolites. Some key compounds and their bioactivities are highlighted from each source. The document emphasizes the untapped potential of marine organisms as a reservoir for novel biologically active compounds that can be developed into functional foods and pharmaceuticals.
This document analyzes the bacterial and fungal microbiota in the feces of bats with different diets in South China using 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The results show that the gut microbiota is dominated by bacteria from the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes, and fungi from the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. There were significant differences in the diversity and composition of bacterial and fungal communities between phytophagous (frugivorous and nectarivorous) bats and insectivorous bats. Specific bacteria and fungi populations were more abundant in each dietary group. Notably, the number of fungi was
This document summarizes a presentation on biofloc technology given by Mr. Tarang Kumar Shah for his PhD in Aquaculture. It discusses how biofloc technology works by balancing carbon and nitrogen to form protein-rich flocs that maintain water quality. It also outlines the history and mechanisms of biofloc formation, factors influencing flocs, and applications of biofloc technology in aquaculture including shrimp and fish farming, nursery and grow-out phases, and its potential benefits for aquaponics and breeding.
The study tested aquaponic lettuce and water from Ithaca College's aquaponics system against conventionally grown lettuce to compare microbial safety. Samples were tested for generic E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella. Results showed all aquaponic samples had acceptable E. coli levels below standards, while one store-bought sample exceeded standards. All samples tested negative for E. coli O157:H7 except one tilapia that tested positive for Salmonella, likely from human contact. Overall, the aquaponic produce and water showed lower microbial risks than conventional soil-grown lettuce, though larger studies are needed to make definitive conclusions about food safety.
The document describes an experiment to test the hypothesis that bacteria in pond 22 are killing fish. Serial dilutions of pond water samples were completed to 10-4. Five plates were streaked with the dilute samples and given different treatments. Bacteria from the plates will be isolated, identified, and tested to determine if any produce toxins that could kill fish. This will indicate whether bacteria are the cause of fish deaths in the pond.
The document discusses the normal flora or microbiota that colonize the human body. It describes the major sites where microbes normally reside, including the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. The gut microbiota plays an important role in digestion and produces vitamins. Antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of microbes. The Human Microbiome Project aims to characterize the microbes associated with health and disease.
Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Studies of feed additives in experimental cond...Irta
This document summarizes research on studying feed additives in experimental conditions. It describes various experimental infection models used to study Salmonella, E. coli, and Clostridium perfringens. It also discusses analyzing the gut microbiota using cloning, sequencing, and ion torrent analysis. Key findings include that the gut microbiota plays an essential role in digestive physiology and animal health, and can be modified by feed composition and additives, which can help reduce variance in productive parameters and improve farm economics.
Which probiotic for acute diarrheea in childrengfalakha
The document discusses probiotics for treating acute diarrhea in children. It summarizes several studies that found probiotics like L. GG, L. reuteri and S. boulardii reduced the risk of diarrhea lasting 3 or more days in children aged 1-48 months with acute infectious diarrhea by 40-60% compared to placebo. A randomized clinical trial of 5 probiotic preparations found L. reuteri was effective in reducing diarrhea duration in children. A Cochrane review analyzed 63 studies and found probiotics were effective for treating acute infectious diarrhea in children.
Abiotics are non-viable bacteria and their fermentation products that can provide health benefits to hosts when consumed. Abiotics offer advantages over probiotics and prebiotics such as longer shelf life without refrigeration, stimulating the immune system through components like peptidoglycan in cell walls, and feeding beneficial gut bacteria through metabolites. Abiotics are also safer options as they cannot mutate, become pathogenic, or transfer antibiotic resistance, and provide benefits through binding toxins and pathogens without host specificity issues of probiotics.
The document discusses the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the stomach. It describes the three layers of the stomach wall - the submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It details the three types of gastric glands - mucous, parietal, and chief cells - and their secretions. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase. The stomach's defenses against acid are also summarized, including the mucus barrier and bicarbonate secretion.
ABSTRACT- Some Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. casei and L. plantarum) were isolated from locally fermented products (ogi, fura de Nunu and wara) and their effect on microbial infections caused by some pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus aureus) isolated from urine and high vaginal swab samples were studied using standard micriobiological methods.Fifiteen (15) healthy guinea pigs used for the study were divided into three (3) groups of five (5) guinea pigs each and placed in three (3) different cages. The pigs were initially fed for two (2) weeks (acclimatization period) with conventional feeds before administering the treatment. Lactobacillus species were introduced into the guinea pigs in cage 2 after the acclimatization period. Subsequently, the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were orally infected with all the clinical bacteria pathogens while the guinea pigs in cage 3 which served as control were left with no microbial treatment. Ten (10) days after treatment, the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level were determined. Striking differences were observed from guinea pigs in the different cages. The effectiveness of Lactobacilli (probiotics) was evident when the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were compared. The guinea pigs in cage 1 which were infected with pathogens but no probiotics had lower blood level (mean PCV= 24.8%) and inferior liver condition (mean ALT=58.18µl; mean AST=51.91µl). Higher blood level (Mean PCV=45%) and superior liver conditions (Mean ALT=9.51µl; mean AST=9.7µl) were obtained for guinea pigs in cage 2 which were infected with the same pathogens and fed with probiotics. The control (cage 3) had the highest PCV level and best liver conditions (mean PCV=46.6%, means ALT= 7.65µl; mean AST=11.83µl).Th .This might be attributed to the fact that they were not infected with pathogenic organisms. Lactobacillus species administered are promising probiotics against the tested bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species, Guinea pig, Bacteria pathogen, Enzymes assay, Haematological Parameters, Probiotics
Similar to Relacing antibiotics in animal healthcare (20)
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Relacing antibiotics in animal healthcare
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RRREEEPPPLLLAAACCCIIINNNGGG AAANNNTTTIIIBBBIIIOOOTTTIIICCCSSS
IIINNN AAANNNIIIMMMAAALLL HHHEEEAAALLLTTTHHHCCCAAARRREEE
Neither a commercial terrestrial animal housing nor an aqua pond environment is not, and
likely will never be, a sterile environment.
Hence need of Antibiotics is always there. However residual antibiotics in the food chain
forced the Agencies to ban Antibiotics in Animal Feeds.
(http://www.asiabiotech.com/articles/readmore/graphics/1602-02.jpg)
3. contained in it. These processes are directly correlated to the development of the
gastrointestinal tract, particularly of the small intestine.
Immediately after hatching, broiler chicks are submitted to drastic nutritional changes, from
a lipid-rich nutrition from the yolk sac to a carbohydrate-rich exogenous diet.
However, after hatching, broiler chicks remain in the hatchery until they are sexed, and
vaccinated. They are then transported to the farms to be housed. During this period, chicks
are deprived from feed and water, resulting in a significant growth reduction, with
consequences in the short and in the long term (Noy & Sklan, 1997).
From hatching until housing, chicks are nourished by the yolk sac, which is inside the
abdomen (Noy et al., 1996). There are indications that nutrient supply from the yolk sac is
not enough to support the rapid growth of the newly hatched chick of housing, and
therefore, feed supply, takes a long time (Gonzales et al., 2003).
The intestines are the parts of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM responsible for the absorption of
nutrients and water. Two anatomic regions exist, the small intestine and the large intestine.
Both of these are further subdivided into anatomically discernible subdivisions. The small
intestine has three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum; the large intestine is
subdivided into the colon, cecum, rectum, and is continuous with the anus, the last portion
of the alimentary canal.
In the small intestines food is passed in a liquid state to facilitate the nutrient absorption.
4. Small intestine is a critical digestive organ involved in nutrient absorption, the development
of this organ is essential to poultry health and performance
(Kawalilak et al. 2011).
The large intestine primarily absorbs water, and compacts and dries out the fecal bolus: villi
would be a hindrance to movement of the semi-solid fecal mass, and would likely be injured
by its PASSAGE . hence there are no villi in the large intestine, and in addition, there are
numerous goblet cells whose secretions act as lubrication for the moving material.
Bi and Chiou (1996) found that broiler chicks developed larger intestinal villi resulting in
faster growth rates. It is demonstrated that improvement of gut morphology is paralleled by
increased digestive and absorptive function of the intestine due to increased absorptive
surface area, expression of brush border enzymes and nutrient transport systems
(Awad et al. 2008).
Structure of the small intestine
(http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/Labs/Lab19/Lab19.htm)
The inner surface of the small intestine is not flat, but is thrown into circular mucosal folds
that increase its surface area and aid in mixing the ingesta.
In the avian gut, villi exist throughout the length of the small and large intestine, steadily
decreasing in height along the way. The mucosa form intestinal villi – tiny, finger-like
projections that increase the surface and absorptive area of the intestinal wall, providing
5. efficient absorption of nutrients from the lumen. The luminal surface of each villus is, in
turn, increased by many microvilli to facilitate absorption on the surface of the cells.
Each villus is lined with epithelial cells (enterocytes) that are differentiated according to
location on the villus to absorb fluids and nutrients (tip), secrete electrolytes and fluids (side
and crypt), and to regenerate and replace damaged cells or those lost to normal attrition
(crypt). Crypts are moat-like invaginations of the epithelium around the villi. Toward the
base of the crypts are stem cells, which continually divide and provide the source of all the
epithelial cells in the crypts and on the villi.
Paneth cells are found in the small intestine but not in the large intestine.
It's recently been shown that the granules of Paneth cells contain a form of bactericide, and
lysozyme-like agents. This suggests they're responsible for protecting the gut against
bacterial overgrowth, and this is the current explanation of what they do—subject, of
course, to revision as new data is gathered.
The efficient breeder hens had longer (P=0.01) and wider (P=0.04) villi, resulting in a greater
absorptive surface area/villi (3.32 mm2) than in non-efficient birds (2.04 mm2; P=0.03). Also,
the efficient birds had significantly higher villus length to crypt depth ratio.
(http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/1895/improving-the-effectiveness-of-laying-hens-for-use-
in-valueadded-egg-production)
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6. Without doubt, antibiotics offered a high level of security against most common pathogens.
Without in-feed antibiotics, however, the whole farm biosecurity protocol must be
reevaluated and most likely elevated to new standards. Assuming that under current
commercial conditions, the achieved level of health status of animals is always around
“average,” we must still rely on certain additives. However, having a strict biosecurity
protocol in place will reduce reliance on (expensive) antibiotic in-feed alternatives.
(http://www.wattagnet.com/How_to_prepare_for_an_antibiotic_ban_in_poultry_and_pig_
feed.html)
SOMGUARD
Somguard a colloidal silver based product in drinking water and for
fumigating the sheds and surroundings can act as bactericide and virucide
without any toxicity to animal or in the food chain and without causing
resistance.
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PPPRRROOOTTTEEEIIINNNSSS
Now research led by Doctor Udi Qimron of Tel Aviv University’s Department of Clinical
Microbiology and Immunology at the Sackler Faculty of Medicine has discovered a protein
that kills bacteria. The isolation of this protein, produced by a virus that attacks bacteria, is a
major step toward developing a substitute for conventional antibiotics.
(http://nocamels.com/2013/12/israeli-researcher-discovers-protein-that-could-replace-
conventional-antibiotics-and-kill-bacteria/)
7. AAAMMMIIINNNOOO AAACCCIIIDDDSSS
As most NaturalNews readers probably already know, there is a rapidly-growing resistance
to antibiotics that has given way to antibiotic-resistant "superbugs" like Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP),
and even the strongest antibiotic drugs available have all but lost their ability to treat even
the most common infections that afflict people today.
However, a research scientist from the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and
Immunology IZI in Leipzig, Germany, has discovered that simple, natural amino acids work
better than antibiotics at treating infections, and they do not cause harm to healthy cells in
the body.
"Antibiotic peptides (from amino acids) unlock their microbicidal effect within a few
minutes. They also work at a concentration of less than 1 microliter, compared with
conventional antibiotics which require a concentration of 10 microliters," said Schubert as
part of his test results. "The spectrum of efficacy of the tested peptides includes not only
bacteria and molds but also lipid-enveloped viruses. Another key factor is that the peptides
identified in our tests do not harm healthy body cells."
(http://www.naturalnews.com/032825_amino_acids_antibiotics.html#ixzz3Ae6MnI5m)
It is well known that broiler Arg dietary supplementation in the starter diet improved
production performance and small intestine morphometry, especially in the first week
Proteins and specific amino acids have been shown to alter mucin secretion and may
interact directly with goblet cells or with the enteric nervous system to elicit changes in
mucin secretion (Montagne et al., 2000; Claustre et al., 2002; Faure et al., 2005). Studies in
piglets showed between 80% and 90% to dietary Thr is used by the intestine (Schaart et al.,
2005). The portal-drained viscera (PDV) has a high obligatory visceral requirement for Thr
and the high rate of intestinal Thr utilization is due mainly to incorporation into mucosal
proteins (Schaart et al., 2005). Threonine is an integral constituent of intestinal mucin
proteins (Van Klinken et al., 1995; Lien et al., 1997).
Intestinal mucin synthesis is sensitive to dietary Thr supply, which suggests that the gut's
requirement for Thr may comprise a significant proportion of the whole body requirement
(Nichols and Bertolo, 2008). De novo synthesis of mucosal and mucin proteins is sensitive to
luminal Thr concentration, which demonstrates the importance of dietary amino acid supply
to gut protein metabolism (Nichols and Bertolo, 2008). The structure of Mucin gene (MUC2)
is composed by 11% Thr (Gum, 1992). The hydroxyl group of Thr and serine is necessary for
8. ester linkages on the mucin amino acid backbone to carbohydrate groups that make up the
majority (50% to 80%) of the molecular weight of mucin (Montagne et al., 2004). There is a
lack of information about the effects of Thr levels more than NRC (1994) on performance
and mucin dynamics in poultry, especially for starter period. However, Ross requirement
(0.94%) is 14% more than NRC (1994).
The essential amino acid Thr is typically the third limiting amino acid behind TSAA and Lys in
commercial broiler diets composed of corn or sorghum, soybean meal and meat meal (Kidd
and Kerr, 1996; Kidd, 2000). Thr is not only an essential amino acid for growth in young
chicks, but also its preferential utilization by the gut for mucus synthesis makes it
disproportionately essential for maintenance requirements. Up to 90% of dietary Thr is
extracted by the portal-drained viscera (versus only about a third for other essential amino
acids) (Stoll et al., 1998; Van Goudoever et al., 2000; Van Der Schooret al., 2002; Schaart et
al., 2005). Thr’s requirement for maintenance functions in the gut would be particularly
sensitive to Thr supply. The protective mucus layer in the gut predominantly consists of
mucins, glycoproteins that are particularly rich in Thr. More ever, mucins are continuously
synthesized and very resistant to small intestinal proteolysis and hence recycling; therefore,
mucin synthesis is largely an irreversible loss of Thr (Van Der Schoor et al., 2002). As a
result, a substantial and constant supply of Thr is necessary to maintain gut function and
structure (Law et al., 2007)
(http://www.aspajournal.it/index.php/ijas/article/view/ijas.2011.e14/2038)
EEESSSSSSEEENNNTTTIIIAAALLL OOOIIILLLSSS
NATURAL BOTANICAL MICROBICIDALS
BIOMED
is a broad spectrum bactericide, fungicide and is a powerful antiviral and versatile antiparasitic.
Vitis vinifera seed contains diphenyl hydroxy benzene
Trachyspermum ammi fruit essential oil contains thymol
Thymus vulgaris flower and leaves essential oil contains thymol, cymene & oleanolic acid
Papaver somniferum sap contains codeine, papaverine, vanilic acid
9. Origanum vulgare volatile oil contains thymol
Olea europea fruits contains oleuropein, elenolic acid, aglycone
Ocimum gratisimum essential oil contains thymol, eugenol, citral
Datura metel contains hyosyamine, atropine, scopolamine,allantoin, Vit C
Cinchona ledgeriana contains cinchonine,quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine
Atropa belladonna contains atropine, hyoscyamine.
Effects of essential oils on animal physiology (after Günther, 1990)
Effect Physiological action
Intensification of taste Impulses to central nervous system
Increased secretion of digestive juices Improved digestion
Increased activity of digestive enzymes Improved nutrient digestion and absorption
Inhibition of oxidative processes Reduced level of peroxides in the GIT
Inhibition of growth of bacteria Reduction of toxins
and fungi in feed and GIT
MODE OF ACTION:
OCIMUM BASILICUM exhibits in vitro antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, E. coli,
Pseudomonas auerginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Strong activity was also shown against
Candida albicans.
ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS contains some of the most powerful candida killing substances
available.
GARLIC EXTRACT (from 66 mg fresh garlic) were found to be effective antibiotic agents against
many bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, salmonella enteritidis, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, and mycobacteria.
Rosemary contains camphor, a powerful anti-microbial. Thyme contains thymol, which clinical
studies have shown to kill staphylococcus and salmonella. Lavender contains antibacterial
compounds that are more concentrated than many chemical components used cleansers, like
phenol, and sage contains natural phenol.
CITATIONS:
Phytogenic effects have been proven in poultry for feed palatability and quality
(sensory aspects), growth promotion (improved weight gain and feed conversion
ratio, reduced mortality), gut function and nutrient digestibility (improved growth),
gut microflora (less diseases of the GIT, improved growth, reduced mortality),
immune function (improved health), and carcass meat safety and quality (reduced
microbial load, improved sensory)(after Mountzouris et al., 2009).
Phytogenic substances show a clear antimicrobial activity in vivo (e.g., Okitoi
et al., 2007). In the same way anticoccidial effects of phytobiotics are described
(Giannenas and Kyriazakis, 2009). The observed effects are probably caused by
the potential of hydrophobic essential oils to intrude the bacterial cell membrane,
to disintegrate membrane structure and to cause ion leakage (Windisch et al.,
2009).
CONTENTS
BLEND OF NATURAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS LIKE
Vitis vinifera Trachyspermum ammi Thymus vulgaris Papaver somniferum Origanum vulgare Olea
europea Ocimum gratsisimum Datura metel Cinchona ledgeriana Atropa belladona.
10. INDICATIONS:
VAGINITIS, SHINGELLA, POLIO VIRUS, NEWCASTLE DISEASE, MENINGITIS,
LYME DISEASE, INFLUENZA, HERPES VIRUS, HEPATITIS –A& B & C, GIARDIA,
FIBROMYALGIA, EBOLA VIRUS, E.COLI, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE,
CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHOLERA, CHLAMYDIA, ANGINA PECTORIS ETC.
BIOMED
1. Halts the outbreak of colds and other viral diseases
2. Prevents invasions of mold, fungus, yeast and bacteria.
3. Protects from infestations of protozoan parasites.
4. Curbs need of increased dosages of antibiotics
5. Eliminates need of newer antibiotics
6. Improves immune system
7. Stops abuse of antibiotics
8. Inhibits growth, spread, survival of pathogenic microbes.
9. ELIMINATES USE OF ANTIBIOTICS, SYNTHETIC FUNGISTATS,BACTERIOSTATS
BIOMED
#Safe #New #Effective #Biodegradable #Non carcinogenic #GRAS
11. SSSYYYMMMBBBIIIOOOTTTIIICCCSSS
(http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horseit.com%2Fen%2Fimages%2Fhealth%2
Farticles%2FIMPACT%2520ON%2520DIGESTION%2520CHART.GIF&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horseit.
com%2Fen%2FHealth2001%2Farticles%2Fdigestivehealth121005.htm&docid=IrDVsA_IRim_4M&tbnid=Rg2p
Ph4mGj3qKM&w=460&h=295&ei=WFzwU7KhG4KiugTk9YGoDA&ved=0CAQQxiAwAg&iact=c)
Yeast products have been proven as promising candidates for supporting the animals'
immune system and preventing intestinal adhesion of foodborne pathogens. Mannan-
Oligosaccharides (MOS) and beta-glucans as components of the yeast cell wall exert specific
functions.
Pichia guilliermondii can be directed against O and H antigens of Salmonella
enterica serotype Enteritidis to prevent bacterial adhesion to and invasion of HEp-2 cells.
A feeding trial was conducted on broiler chickens to study the effects of the synbiotic
BIOMIN IMBO [a combination of Enterococcus faecium, a prebiotic (derived from chicory)
and immune modulating substances (derived from sea algae)], with a dose of 1 kg/ton of
the starter diets and 0.5 kg/ton of the grower diets on the intestinal morphometry and
nutrient absorption. The general performance was improved (P < 0.05) by the dietary
inclusion of synbiotic compared with the controls. Furthermore, the addition of synbiotic
increased (P < 0.001) the villus height/crypt depth ratio and villus height in ileum. However,
the ileal crypt depth was decreased by dietary supplementation of synbiotic compared with
control. The addition of glucose in Ussing chamber produced a significant increase (P ≤
0.001) in short-circuit current (Isc) in jejunum and colon relative to the basal values in both
synbiotic and control groups. However, in jejunum the percentage of Isc increase after
glucose addition was higher for synbiotic group (333 %) than control group (45 %). In
conclusion, dietary inclusion of synbiotic BIOMIN IMBO increased the growth performance
and improved intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption.
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635618/)
12. Higher villus height (VH) (p<0.01) were seen in the duodenum of birds fed diets without
prebiotics, whereas birds fed Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic and birds fed prebiotic based
on MOS and OA showed higher VH (p<0.01) in jejunum and ileum. Greater crypt depths (CD)
(p<0.01) were observed in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of birds receiving B. subtilis,
and in the duodenum and jejunum of birds fed diets without prebiotics. Significant
interaction (p<0.01) between the evaluated factors was seen for both, VH and CD, in the
three intestinal portions. Greater VH was obtained in duodenum, jejunum and ileum with
the use of probiotics and prebiotics and greater CD with the use of probiotics, in relation to
the control group.
Final body weight at 42 d of age was higher in birds fed a diet with probiotics compared to
those fed a diet without probiotic (p<0.05). Inclusion of Bacillus subtilis based probiotic in
the diets also significantly affected feed conversion rate (FCR) compared with control birds
(p<0.05). No differences in growth performance were observed in birds fed different types
of probiotic supplemented diets. Inclusion of lactic acid bacteria based probiotic in the diets
significantly increased goblet cell number and villus length (p<0.05). Furthermore, diets
with Bacillus subtilisbased probiotics significantly increased gene expression (p<0.05), with
higher intestinal MUC2 mRNA in birds fed diet with probiotics compared to those fed the
control diet. In BS and LAB probiotic fed chicks, higher growth performance may be related
to higher expression of the MUC2 gene in goblet cells and/or morphological change of small
intestinal tract. The higher synthesis of the mucin gene after probiotic administration may
positively affect bacterial interactions in the intestinal digestive tract, intestinal mucosal cell
proliferation and consequently efficient nutrient absorption.
(http://www.ajas.info/journal/view.php?number=22810)
EEENNNZZZYYYMMMEEESSS
Combinations of acidifiers and enzymes give very cost-effective broiler production in the
absence of antibiotic growth promoters.
It is possible that improved feed digestibility brought about by enzymes may reduce the
residence time of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract and so give less opportunity for
growth of pathogenic bacteria.
13. FFFUUUNNNCCCTTTIIIOOONNNAAALLL FFFIIIBBBEEERRRSSS
Bolduan (1988) showed that the addition of 5% straw to a piglet starter diet reduced the
transit time of digesta through the gut. This led to a reduction in the percentage of days
with diarrhoea from 6.0 to 3.5. Since then, work with other sources of digestible fibre, such
as sugar beet feed, have shown an improved overall NSP digestibility of the diet and
reduced incidence of post-weaning diarrhoea.
(HTTP://WWW.THEPIGSITE.COM/ARTICLES/291/ALTERNATIVES-TO-ANTIBIOTICS-AS-GROWTH-
PROMOTERS)
IIIMMMMMMUUUNNNOOOMMMOOODDDUUULLLAAATTTOOORRRSSS
Immunomodulators--feed additives, such as the beta-glucan fraction of the yeast cell wall,
that help stimulate and normalize immune system function--have been used in weanling pig
diets at different inclusion levels as an alternative to subtherapeutic dietary antibiotics,
according to research conducted at Oklahoma State University.
(http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-130213779.html)
HHHEEERRRBBBAAALLL EEEXXXTTTRRRAAACCCTTTSSS
Dietary Berberis vulgaris extract enhances intestinal mucosa morphology in the broiler
chicken
It is well known that Euphorbia hirta in the presence of orgainic acids excellent antimicrobial
properties and as well villi surface area improvement which results in better performance of
the birds.
14. Effect of Garlic on the performance of weaned piglets, 11-24 kg
Treatment 0% Garlic 0.05% Garlic 0.25% Garlic 50 ppm Mecadox
Feed Intake (g/d) 710 736 691 825
Growth rate (g/d) 382 414 376 465
Feed: Gain (g/d) 1.88 1.77 1.83 1.77
Losses (%) 15.6 - 3.1 9.4
Treatment for Diarrhoea (%) 6.3 6.2 9.4 21.9
(http://www.thepigsite.com/articles/291/alternatives-to-antibiotics-as-growth-promoters)
OOORRRGGGAAANNNIIICCC AAACCCIIIDDDSSS
An organic acid blend (benzoic, fumaric and 2-hydroxi-4-methylltio-butanoic - HMTBa)
in the dosage of 0.4% improves intestinal health and performance when nalidixic acid
resistant Salmonella Typhimurium is experimentally inoculated.
Effect on body weight gain Feed supplemented with 0.1% and 0.2% butyric acid had no
effect on body weight gain ( Leeson S. et al. ,2005). On the other hand , supplementation of
feed with 3% fumaric acid or 3% lactic shows highest birds body weight gain from 3 to 6
weeks of age
( Adil S. et al., 2010 &2011)
Effect on intestinal histomorphology Dietary supplementation of organic acids significantly
increase the villus height in the duodenoum , and jejunum, but there was non-significant
effect on the ileum.
( S.Adil et al., 2010 & 2011)
Organic acid reduce bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella in the gastro-intestinal gut .
Organic acids used as a salts (i.e. Sodium butyrate ) to prevent loss of acid in the upper
digestive system .
Mechanism of organic acids function on body weight gain: The increase of body weight gain
might be due to direct antimicrobial effect of organic acid on the microbial cell membrane
or energy metabolism in the microbial cell causing antibacterial effect.
Mechanism of organic acids function on FCR Improvement in FCR could be possible due to
better utilization of nutrient resulting by improving intestinal integrity by so improving feed
absorption and that reduce feed intake resulting in higher FCR.
(http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/abedalmalekhawam-1747237-effect-organic-
acid-supplementation-broiler-chicken-performance/)
15. It has been reported that organic acids stimulate the proliferation of normal crypt cells,
enhancing healthy tissue turnover and maintenance (Scheppach et al. 1995). This trophic
effect was demonstrated byFrankel et al. (1994), who found an increase in villus height and
surface area in the colon and jejunum of rats fed diets supplemented with butyric acid. Le
Blay et al. (2000) and Fukunaga et al. (2003) also reported that organic acids can accelerate
gut epithelial cell proliferation, thus increase intestinal tissue weight and changing mucosal
morphology. The short chain fatty acids are believed to increase plasma glucagon-like
peptide 2 (GLP-2) and ileal pro-glucagon mRNA, glucose transporter (GLUT2) expression and
protein expression, which are potential signals mediating gut epithelial cell proliferation
(Tappenden and McBurney, 1998). Paul et al. (2007) reported that the organic acid
supplementation increased duodenal villus height. Similar results were observed
by Garcia et al. (2007) who found improved villus height with formic acid and also greater
crypt depth but the villus surface area was not influenced. The increased villus height in the
small intestines could be associated with higher absorptive intestinal surface (Loddi et
al. 2004) which facilitates the nutrient absorption and hence, has a direct impact on growth
performance. Garcia et al. (2007) showed that diet supplementation with herbal plants and
plant derived products causes a higher villus in chickens. Herbal plants decrease the total
pathogen bacteria in the intestinal wall and cause a reduction in production of toxic
compounds and damage to intestinal epithelial cells, inhibit the destruction of villus and
decreases reconstruction of the lumen. This function could lead to a conversion in intestinal
morphology (Garcia et al. 2007; Hashemi, 2010).
It has been suggested that reduced microbial activity in digesta or microbial activity at the
level of the brush border would reduce both the damage to enterocytes and the need for
cell renewal in the gut (Hughes, 2003). Cook and Bird (1973) reported a shorter villus and a
deeper crypt when the counts of pathogenic bacteria increase in the GIT, which result in
fewer absorptive and more secretory cells (Schneeman, 1982).
MMMIIINNNEEERRRAAALLLSSS
Several studies indicated that dietary Zn supplementation appeared to alleviate the loss of
intestinal mucosal barrier function induced by S. Typhimurium challenge and the partial
mechanism might be related to the increased expression of occludin and claudin-1 in broiler
chickens.
The role of copper sulphate as a growth enhancing agent is well established.
It is just one of the tests that indicate that besides all classical ways to improve the piglet’s
gastro-intestinal health, it seems very interesting to focus on the use of organic trace
minerals.
(http://www.pigprogress.net/Special-Focus/Piglet-Feeding/Feeding-solution-to-reduce-use-
of-antibiotics/)
16. LLLIIIQQQUUUIIIDDD FFFEEEEEEDDD
Another option for the future may be liquid feeding. Improvements in post-weaning growth
rates have been reported in most of the investigations where piglets have been fed liquid
compared with dry feed (Jensen & Mikkelsen, 1998, Brooks, 1999). Similar benefits have
been established with fermented liquid feed, where the feed is soured to a pH of <4.0.
(http://www.thepigsite.com/articles/291/alternatives-to-antibiotics-as-growth-promoters)
FFFEEERRRMMMEEENNNTTTEEEDDD FFFEEEEEEDDD
Fermented feed may be a better option if wet mash is fermented with specific probiotics,
Enzymes and other additives for about 8 hours (To become a predigested feed) before
feeding to Animals.
An alternative to organic acids is fermented mash. This is characterised by a low pH (<4.5), a
high concentration of lactic acid (> 150 mmol/l), and high densities of lactic acid bacteria (>
109 organisms/g) and yeast cells (> 107 organisms/g). Research at the Danish Institute for
Agricultural Sciences has shown that fermented mash affects microbial metabolism in the
alimentary canal of both baby and bacon pigs. The investigations show that pigs which
received fermented mash had lower microbial activity in the stomach and small intestine. A
similar result was found earlier when pigs were fed growth promoter antibiotics. The results
also show that the number of coliform bacteria was markedly reduced in the alimentary
canals of pigs fed on fermented mash, suggesting a more healthy gut environment. On the
other hand no significantly better animal growth or feed utilisation was observed. The same
has been found in English studies. Selection for particularly effective lactic acid bacteria
and/or yeast cells appears to hold great potential to optimise this response.
(http://www.thepigsite.com/articles/291/alternatives-to-antibiotics-as-growth-promoters)
RRREEEFFFEEERRREEENNNCCCEEESSS
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