This document summarizes Pawan Kumar Jangid's practical training at Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Ltd on solar panel and electronic milk tester (EMT) production. It describes the company profile and manufacturing process for solar photovoltaic modules through steps like tabbing, stringing, lamination and curing. It also explains how EMT works by photometrically measuring light scattered by fat globules to determine milk fat percentage. The training provided practical experience of working in a professional engineering environment and applying theoretical knowledge to product development.

1. MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR
A
PRACTICAL TRAINING SEMINAR
ON
“SOLAR PANEL & EMT PRODUCTION”
TAKEN AT
RAJASTHAN ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTS LTD.
KANAKPURA, JAIPUR
Submitted to: Submitted by:
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PAWAN KUMAR JANGID
(MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2013UEE1166
JAIPUR 302017) 7TH semester, B.Tech.
SESSION (2016-17)
1

2. COMPANY PROFILE
 Industry Rajasthan Electronics &
Instrumentation Ltd, Jaipur
 situated at the Kanakpura Industrial area, Jaipur
 It is a Public Sector Undertaking.
 It is a joint venture between Gov. of India And
Gov. of Rajasthan.
 Shareholding Pattern
1) Gov. of India 51% Holding
2) Gov. of Rajasthan 49% Holding
 Started operations in Agro-Dairy division in 1982
2

3.  Entered the area of Renewable Energy through SPV technology in 1985
 conferred the status of a ‘MINI RATNA’ by the Ministry of Heavy Industries &
Public Enterprises, Government of India in 1997.
3

4. CONTENTS
RENEWABLE ENERGY
 Solar Photo Voltaic Module
1) Introduction
2) How PV cells work ?
3) Manufacturing process of SPV Modules
4) Features & applications of SPV cells
 ELECTRONIC MILK TESTER
1) Introduction
2) working principle
3) Features of EMT
Conclusion 4

5. Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV)
Modules
 Cells are made up of silicon.
 SPV connected assembly of solar cells.
 SPV module is used to convert sun light into electrical energy.
 Output of each cell is 0.5 - 0.6 volt DC.
 Output Current depends on Area of the cell and the amount of Light falling.
 Higher voltages and current are obtained by connecting these cells in series or
parallel according to the requirement.
5

6. SPV MODULE
6

7.  They are made up of Silicon which is a semi conducting material.
 These material absorb the sunlight , thereby knocking out loose electrons
from their atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to
produce electricity.
 This process of converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) is called
the Photovoltaic (PV) Effect
 This energy is stored in batteries and can be used in night hours.
How PV Cells Work?
7

8. The Solar Panel trap the energy from the sun during daytime whose output is fed to
a charge controller which is then fed to the battery . DC circuits are directly fed but
AC is produced with the help of an inverter which is then forwarded to an AC load .
Conversion of Solar energy into Electricity
8

9. Characteristics of SPV modules
9

10. Manufacturing Process of
SPV Modules
 Tabbing Of Cells
 Row Making
 Stringing
 Lay- Up
 Lamination
 Curing
 Trimming
 Channeling
10

11. Manufacturing Process
in Detail
1. Tabbing of Cells
 Process of making terminals of a bare cell by soldering copper strips to the bus bar.
Tabbing 11

12. 2. Row Making
 A row of cells is made by connecting positive surfaces of one cell to the negative
surface of another cell.
12

13. Row of cells
13

14. 3. Stringing
 The rows of SPV cells are connected in series to get desired power rating. This
process is called stringing.
14

15. 15
3.1 Stringing checking
This String is checked visually for any kind of faults.
 Reverse string
 Dry point
 Dry soldering
 Loose connection

16. 3.2 Lay-up
 In this process, solar
cells are put in
between various
layers for lamination
and curing process.
Laminating materials
are
 Top glass
 EVA sheet
16

17. 4. Lamination
 Solar cells are laminated between
back sheet (Polyester Taddler) and high
transitivity toughened glass.
 EVA is used to provide environmental
protection.
 The designed lay up is sand-witched
between these layers.
 This process takes place at1100C for 11
minutes.
17

18. 18
5. Curing
 This process comes after the lamination to attain the full strength of
laminating material.
 The module is placed into 120oC temperature for 20 minutes.
6. Electrical Inspection
 This process is done to check the output performance of the module

19. 19
7. Channeling
 Modules are channelled from all the four sides.
 Anodized aluminium frames are used for channelling.
 Channels prevent any damage to the module.
 A terminal box is also fitted for external connections.

20. Tabbing
Process of making
terminals on a bare cell by
soldering copper strips to
the bus bar.
Stringing & String checking
Four rows are connected
in series to give a total of
36 cells in series
connection.
Lay up
Process of placing
laminating material to the
either side of the string.
Lamination
laminating materials are
attached to the string on
both sides
Curing
Done to attain the full
strength of laminating
material
Trimming & Inspection
Extra laminating material
is cut and string is checked
Channeling
To provide structural
support to the module,
channels are fixed around
it
Terminal box fitting and
soldering
Final Inspection
STORAGE
If, not
okay
If, okay
PRODUCTION
OF AN SPV
MODULE20

21. Pros & Cons of PV Cells
 Can be designed for variety of applications and operational requirements.
 Have no moving parts.
 Expandable.
 Transportable.
 The fuel (sunlight) is free.
 No noise pollution or any other type of pollution.
 Requires minimum maintenance.
 Have long service lifetimes (upto 20 years).
FEATURES :-
21

22. Pros & Cons of PV Cells
(Contd..)
 High Cost.
 Large Surface Area.
 Doesn’t work at night.
 Not reliable unless kept in a very sunny climate.
 Disadvantages
22

23. Application of SPV
SPV Home Lightening System
SPV water Pumping System
SPV Dusk Dawn System
SPV Street Lightening System
23

24. Electronic Milk Tester
It is an instrument which is used for the measurement of fat percentage in milk.
Percentage of fat content is displayed quickly and accurately on a digital readout.
Operates on AC-mains as well as on battery.
It doesn't use any type of corrosive chemical.
Much better than old traditional methods.
Several thousand small and large dairies and Village Milk Collection Centers are
being benefited with its use.
24

25. Working Principle
It works on the photometric measurement of light scattered by the fat globules
present in the milk sample.
Proteins, SNF, lactose may also affect measurement. Dissolve them using
diluent.
To make fat globules same size a homogenizer section is used.
25
6.20Photocell
Photo lamp Digital ReadoutCuvette

26. PHOTOCELL
MILK SAMPLE
DISPENSER UNIT
DILUENT
HOMOGENIZER
PHOTO METER
DIGITAL
READOUT
Procedure
26

27. 1. MILK IN
(i) Gently shake milk sample.
(ii) Place sample under milk intake.
(iii) Push milk in button.
2.. MIX OUT
(i) Empty mix beaker.
(ii) Place mix beaker under milk
intake.
(iii) Push mix out button.
STEP 1
STEP 2
How to Measure
27

28. 3. PUMP
(i) Move mix beaker to mix
intake.
(ii) Raise and lower handle three
times.
4. READ
(i) Read the fat percentage in
display and record it.
STEP 3
STEP 4
28

29. Features of EMT
Operate on AC mains as well as battery.
Performs 110-130 samples per hour.
Instant measurement and display of milk fat.
Instant calculation of amount payable.
Printing facility.
29

30. Conclusion
This training made me learn the practical aspects of engineering.
It gave me experience of working in a professional environment with
professional people at a professional place.
I have learnt adjusting myself to the hectic schedule and workload which I
will have to face in the future.
Given me an idea regarding how the theoretical things are put into
application and the errors that are encountered during execution.
30

31. 31