Railway Substation Report

EE JECRC Jaipur Page 1
A
Seminar report
on
WEST CENTRAL RAILWAY
KOTA, RAJASTHAN
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Session(2014-2018)
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Rahul kumar malee Chirag Jain
Assistant Professor 14EJCEE030
Department of Electrical Engineering
Jaipur Engineering College & Research Centre

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This vocational training report bears the important contribution by many and it becomes
my pleasant duty to express my heartiest gratitude towards them.
I am deeply obliged by div. Electrical Engineering for his encouragement and kind sup-
port for this repartition and throughout the course
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the faculty member of DIV. Electrical
department for their kind teaching and support that was not able to bring this report in
front of you in this manner.
I would like to thank my training Supervisor Mr. Rahul Kumar Malee , Assistant Pro-
fessor , Department of Electrical , JECRC, Jaipur ,who guide me in completing my train-
ing work.
CHIRAG JAIN
B.Tech IV Year EE
14EJCEE030

ABSTRACT
Now a day’s everything is depending up on the power. So give the reliable supply to
consumers. In distribution systems one of the major parts is "SUBSTATIONS".An elec-
trical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity, Generation, Transmission and
distribution systems where the voltage is transformed from high to low or reverse using
the transformers .Electric power may flow through several substations between generat-
ing plant and consumer and may be changed in different voltage levels .the equipment
used in substation are Transformer, Lightening arresters, isolator, bus bar, protective de-
vices, Battery charger, earth switches, earth rods. So for of supply the regular mainte-
nance and checking is necessary from that we conclude weather it is suitable or not for
the desired operation.
.

LIST OF CONTENTS
Chapter Name Page No.
Candidate’s Declaration…………………………………………. i
Acknowledgement…………………………………………......... ii
Abstract………………………………………………………. iii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………….. 1
Chapter 2: SUB-STATION………………………………………...... 1-2
2.1 Elements of a substation……………………………………………………….. 1
2.2 Transmission substation ………………………………………………………. 2
2.3 Distribution substation…………………………………………………………. 2
2.5 Supply From Receiving Sub Station……………………………………………. 2
Chapter 3:EQUIPMENT FOR PROTECTION OF SUB-STATION... 3-23
3.1 Lighting Arrester…………………………………………………………… 3
3.2 Circuit Breaker …………………………………………………………….. 4
3.2.1 Maintenance Of Power Circuit Breakers ……………………………...…. 5
3.2.2 Maintenance Of Low -Voltage Circuit Breakers ………………………... 6
3.2.4 Maintenance of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers ……………………….…. 6
3.2.5 Air Circuit Breakers ………………………………………………………. 8
3.2.6 Oil Circuit Breakers………………………………………………………. 9
3.2.7 Maintenance Of SF6 Gas SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker………………………. 11
3.3 Current Transformer ………………………………………………………… 13
3.3.1 Current transformer (CT's) ………………………………………………... 13
3.3.2 Ring Core CTs …………………………………………………………….. 14
3.3.3 Split Core CTs ……………………………………………………………... 14
3.4 Potential Transformer ……………………………………………………...… 14
3.5 Relay ………………………………………………………………………..... 15
3.5.1 Buchholz Relay……………………………………..………………………. 17
3.5.2 Over Current Relay………………………………………..…………………. 19

3.6 Insulator ……………………………………………………….………………. 20
3.6.1 Different Type Of Insulator…………………………………………………. 20
3.7 Earthing ……………………………………………………………….………. 20
3.8 Reactor ……………………………………………………………………….. 21
2.9 DO FUSE ……………………………………………………………………. 22
2.10 POWER HOUSE SUPPLY ………………………………………………... 22
Chapter 4: GENERATOR ………………………………………………… 24-27
4.1GENERATOR……………………………………………………………….... 24
4.2 DRM OFFICE SUB STATUS SUPPLY ………………………………..…… 25
4.3 RAILWAY PLATFORM LIGHT SYSTEM ……………………………….. 26
4.4 WORKSHOP SUBSTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUE… 26
CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………….. 28
REFRENCES ………………………………………………………………………. 29
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO.
2.1 25kv Single Phase Air Circuit Breaker……………... 10
2.2 Internal Inspection Guide Line …………………….... 12
2.3 Current Transformer………………………………..... 13
2.4 Potential Transformer ……………………………..… 15
2.5 Relay………………………………………………..... 16
2.6 Buchholz Relay………………………………………. 17
2.7 Construction Buchholz Relay…………...………….... 18
2.8 Over Current Relay……………………………….….. 19
2.9 Insulator……………………………………...........…. 20
2.10 Do Fuse………………………………………………... 22
3.1 Cooling By Water Through Engine………………….... 25

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Kota railway division of the West Central Railway was formed on 1 April 1952 as part of
then the Western Railway. It is one of the most important divisions on the western route
of Indian Railways. It has total 93 stations of different categories. The important stations
of this division are Kota Jn of A-1 category, Bharatpur Jn, Sawai Madhopur of A catego-
ry and Bundi, Bhawani Mandi, Gangapur City, Hindaun City, Ramganj Mandi of B cate-
gory stations.
Total route and track kilometerage of Kota division are 896and 1971, respectively.
This track is also supported by total 2190 bridges of all dimensions. The geographical
extension of Kota division spreads mainly in the state of Rajasthan with some parts lying
in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and on the map of Indian Railways is Nagda (ex-
cluding) - Mathura (excluding) double line electrified BG Sec; Kota - Ruthiyai (exclud-
ing) single line electrified BG Sec.; Kota - Chanderiya single line non-electrified BG
Sec.
The important ongoing works falling in Kota division are doubling of Bina-Ruthiyai-
Kota Sec. (282 Km.) and electrification of Kota – Chanderiya sec (164 km). The division
have an Electric Loco Shed, having the holding capacity of 231 locomotives for the
maintenance of electric locomotives at Tughlakabad. There are one Carriage and Wagon
depot and one ROH depot, both at Kota for routine overhauling of carriages and wagons.
7 Mail/Express and 2 Passenger trains originate from Kota division. In financial
year 2015-16, total passenger and freight earnings of Kota division stood at Rs. 329
cr and Rs. 771 cr, respectively. The main freight earning of Kota division is from fertiliz-
er and cement clinker which is loaded at Modak, Bhora, Lakheri and Dadh Devi sidings.
The work force of Kota Division is 14143 (as on March 2017). The administration
of division also runs two primary railway schools at Gangapur City and Kota workshop

and one middle railway school at Kota and one higher secondary school at Gangapur
City.
Sawai Madhopur of this division has been awarded with the Best Tourist Friendly
Station Trophy of Indian Railways in 2016. The walls, pillars and ceilings of Sawai Ma-
hopur and Bharatpur stations are decorated with beautiful, picturesque paintings of wide
variety of flora and fauna of the regions.
Kota division has many famous tourist and pilgrim spots such as in Kota (Chambal
Park, Ranapratap Sagar Dam, Rawatbhata Nuclear Power Plant, Gandhi Sagar Dam, Sev-
en Wonder Park), Bundi fort at Bundi, Ranthambore National Park and fort at Sawai
Madhopur, Bharatpur (known for world famous Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary Lohagarh fort,
Laxman and Ganga Maharani ji Mandir), Jain temple at Shri Mahavirji and Birla Mandir
at Nagda.
Feeders:
1)Incoming feeders
2)Outgoing feeders
1) Incoming feeders:-
1) 33kv JAIPUR VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD. GOPAL MILL SUBSTION
2) 11kv RECEIVING SUBSTATION AND OTHER FROM BAJARIA SUBSTA-
TION
2)Outgoing feeders:-
A) 11KV
1) BUSTER CHAMBER & GUDLA
2) DRM OFFICE
3) WAGON REPAIR SHOP (WRS)

B) 440V
1) DRM OFFICE
2) STATION
3) REMOTE CONTROL
4) RESERVATION OFFICE
C) 230V
1) DRM OFFICE
2) WRS COLONY-1
3) WRS COLONY-2
4) STATION
SINDLE LINE DIAGRAM OF KOTA RAILWAY STATION :-
Fig1.1:- Single line diagram

CHAPTER-2
SUBSTATION
A bank of step down transformer near and the distribution sub-station convert voltage of
the required level.
A substation is a part of an electricity generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform some of the
other important functions. Electric power may flow through several substations between
generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in several steps.
A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the
current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the current
for domestic and commercial distribution The word substation comes from the days be-
fore the distribution system becomes a grid. The first substations were connected to only
one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiary of that power
station.
1.1 Elements of a substation
A. Primary power lines 'side
B. Secondary power lines' side
1. Primary power lines
2. Ground wire
3. Overhead lines
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
5. Disconnect switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Current transformer
8. Lightning arrester
9. Main transformer
10. Control building

11. Security fence
1.2 Transmission substation
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is
where all transmission lines have the same voltage. Such cases, substation contains high-
voltage switches that a lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or mainte-
nance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmis-
sion voltages, voltage control power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors
or static Vary compensators and equipment such as phase transfer transformers to control
power flow between two adjacent power systems.
1.3 Distribution substation
A distribution substation transfer from the distribution system to the distribution system
of an area. It is uneconomical to direct connect electricity consumers to the main trans-
mission network, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a value suitable for local
distribution.
1.6 Supply From Receiving Sub Station
A receiving sub-station first of all 33 kv supply from gopal mill substation rcceived here
GO switch with four pole structure generator provided after MOCB attached in supply

CHAPTER 3
EQUIPMENT FOR PROTECTION OF SUB-STATION
• Lighting Arrester
• Circuit Breaker
• Current Transformer
• Potential Transformer
• Relay Insulator
• Earthing Reactor
• Do Fuse
2.1 Lighting Arrester
Arrester is a lightning arrester used for protecting transmitters and receivers from ab-
normal voltages induced in the transmission of lightning surges due to lines , field-mount
type (Type FXC), and panel-mount type (Type PXC ) are also available.
Since the arrester uses Fuji Z-trap (the sintered zinc oxide) as the lightning arrester ele-
ments, the conventional gap over the following advantages Discharge type arresters using
discharge tubes
(1) Potential rise in the transmission line is controlled by a minimum relative to ground
because of the discharge starts at low voltage level, and the speed is very fast (up to 50V
without potential rise due grounding resistor):
(2) Arrester is designed very compactly since it is free from time delay in discharging and
does not require any inductance elements
(3) Abnormal voltage can not be induced between transmission lines Although Arrester is
connected in series to a transmission line, it never affects normal operations of related
instruments
2.2 Circuit Breakers
Circuit breakers are critical to the safe operation of an electrical grid. They are needed in
electricity

generators, where the full power of an entire power plant (gig watts of electricity) must
be switched on and off, and on transmission lines in substitutes to the power flow at volt-
ages in excess of 1500 kV
circuit breakers are also critical components in distribution grids, where very high cur-
rents need to be managed at moderate voltage levels. A circuit breaker, irrespective of its
position in a grid has two tasks: it is responsible for the daily switching of lines during
normal operation, and for the disconnection of the power supply in case of overload or
short circuit. Several GVAs of power can be tamed by a circuit breaker with in the frac-
tion of a second.
such is the importance of this single device that tens of billions of dollars have been spent
on its development over the last 100 years. 1) The challenge of a circuit breaker Electrical
current is transported from power plants to customers through electrically conducting
metal lines, most visible as overhead power lines. The current can be interrupted, simply
by cutting the conducting power line: easy to do when there is no current flowing, but
extremely difficult when the wire is live. As a live cable is being cut, the current is forced
to flow through a progressive smaller cross-section of the wire. This concentration of the
current leads to heating and eventual evaporation of the remaining wire. But even when
the wire has been completely severed, current can continue to flow through an electric arc
that forms from ionized gases (plasma) between the opened contacts. The current can
then be interrupted only by a circuit breaker capable of extinguishing this arc.
While the speed with which circuit breakers should disconnect. Heavy metal contacts to
effect their purpose has many ingenious solutions provoked, this article focus on advanc-
es made significantly Challenge of managing electric arcs
Electrical arcs have enormous energy: their temperature can exceed 50,000 aC and pres-
sures up to 100 MPa can be within a volume of less than a liter.
Over the years, circuit breakers have incorporated a variety of different media to dissi-
pate this energy, including water, oil, inert gases, and compressed air. The intense heat of
the are can be dispersed either by the application of a gas at high pressure, or by gas now

caused by the vaporization of the internal medium, which occurs as a result of arc for-
mation.
Major types of power circuit breakers
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1 1990 2000
• Water
• Oil
• Minimum oil
• Compressed air
• SF 6
• self blast SF 6
• vacuum
• Several GVA of power can be tamed by a circuit breaker in fractional fraction of a
second.
The body of the circuit breaker also plays a critical role in the effectiveness of the device.
It can be used to direct the flow of hot gases, and a range of different approaches to heat
dissipation, including the use of semi-destructible materials. 1 gives an overview of the
different types of circuit breakers used over the last I00 years by ASEA and Brown Bova-
ry, and, more recently, ABBI). Water- and oil breakers appeared early on in circuit
breaker developmental work at very low levels of current and voltage. 2 shows an exam-
ple of an oil-filled circuit breaker.
The contacts in these breakers were embedded in a large tank, filled with the selected
medium. Under the conditions, arc formation led to ionization of the medium and the
formation of hydrogen gas. When the current approached zero (eg, every 10ms in a 50-
Hz alternating system) the high pressure of the vaporized medium compressed the gas-
filled arc channel. This caused the middle between the opening contacts to lose its con-
ductivity,
There by quenching the arc. Unfortunately, because of the large volumes of medium they
needed, these device were rather unwieldy and, if an oil breaker failed, allowing pressure
to build, there was a significant risk of explosion and fire 2, Despite these risks, oil re-
mained a popular medium and minimum oil breakers, based on these cumbersome early
devices, were used until the 1980ies.

Maintenance of Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Frequency of Maintenance,-Low-voltage circuit breakers operating at 600 volts
alternating current and below should be inspected and maintained very 1 to 3 years, de-
pending on their service and operating conditions. Conditions that make frequency
maintenance and inspection are: High turgidity and high ambient temperature.
Dusty or dirty atmosphere
Corrosive atmosphere
Frequent switching operations
Old equipment
A breaker should be inspected and maintained if necessary whenever it has interrupted
current at near its rated capacity.
Maintenance Procedures- Manufacturers. The following are common procedures that
should be maintained in the maintenance of low-voltage air circuit breakers:
An initial check of the breaker should be made in the TEST position before it to enclo-
sure. Insulating parts, including bushings, should be wiped clean of dust and smoke. The
alignment and condition of the movable and stationary contacts should be checked and
adjusted according to the manufacturers instruction book. Check arc chutes and replaces
any damaged parts.
2.2.4 Maintenance of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Frequency of Inspections - Most manufacturers recommend complate inspections,
external and internal, at intervals of from 6 to 12 months. Experience has shown that a
significant expense is involved, some of which may be unnecessary, in the adhering to
the manufacturer's recommendations of internal inspections at 6- to 12-month intervals.
With proper checks, part of the expense, delay and labor of internal inspections can be
avoided without sacrificing dependability
Inspection schedule for new breakers :-A temporary schedule of frequent in-
spections is required T1CI the old equipment of modification or modernization, or other
The temporary schedule is required to correct internal defects which usually appear in the

first year of service and to correlate external check procedures with internal conditions as
the basis for more conservative maintenance program. Assuming that an circuit breaker
shows no serious defects at the early complete inspections and no heavy interrupting duty
is imposed, the following inspection schedule is recommended:
6 months after erection Complete inspection and adjustment
12 months after Complete inspection previous inspection and adjustment
12 months after Complete inspection before inspection and adjustment 12 months after
External checks and previous inspection inspection, if checks are satisfactory. no internal
inspection
12 months after Complete inspection previous inspection and adjustment
Inspection Schedule For Existing breakers:- The inspection schedule should
be based on the interrupting duty imposed on the breaker. It is advisable to make a com-
plete internal inspection after the first serious fault interruption. If internal conditions are
satisfactory, progressively more fault interruptions may be allowed before an internal
inspection is made.
External Inspection Guide-Lines:-The following items should be included in a
high voltage breaker
Visually inspect PCB externals and operating mechanism. The tripping latches should be
examined with special errors in adjustments and clearances and roughness of the latching
surfaces may cause the breaker to fail to latch properly or the force required to trip the
breaker to the extent that electric tripping will not always be successful, especially if the
tripping voltage is low. Excessive "opening" spring pressure can cause excessive friction
at the tripping latch and should be avoided. Also, some extra pressure against the tripping
latch may be caused by the electromagnetic forces due to the flow of heavy short-circuit
currents through the breaker. Lubrication of the bearing surfaces of the operating mecha-
nism should be made as recommended in the manufacturer's instruction book, but exces-
sive lubrication should be avoided as oil surfaces collect dust and unit and get stiff in
cold weather, resulting in excessive friction

check oil dielectric strength and color for oil breakers The dielectric strength should be
maintained to pre-vent internal breakdown under voltage surges and to enable the intake
of the function properly on its arc path from the internal arc path to a fine conductor from
the short interval in the short interval while the current is passing through zero Manufac-
turer's instructions state the lowest allowable dielectric strength for the various circuit
breakers. It is advisable to maintain the dielectric strength above 20 kV even though
some manufacturer's instructions allow 16 kv. Detailed instructions for oil testing are
found in FIST Volume 3-5
if the oil is carbonized, filtering may remove the suspended particles but the interrupters
bushings, etc., must be wiped clean. If the dielectric strength is lowered by moisture, an
inspection of the fiber and wood parts is advisable and the source of the moisture should
be corrected. For these reasons, it is rarely worthwhile to filter the oil in a circuit breaker
while it is in service.
Operating breaker manually and electrically and observe for malfunction. The presence
of excessive friction in the tripping mechanism and the margin of safety in the tripping
function should be determined by making a test of the minimum voltage requirement.
This can be accomplished by connecting to a switch and in series in the trip coil circuit
at the breaker across the terminals to the remote control switch) and a voltmeter across
the trip coil Staring with not over 50 percent of rated trip-coil voltage radically increase
The voltage till the trip-coil plunger picks up and successfully trips the breaker and rec-
ord the minimum tripping voltage,
Mos breakers should travel around 56 percent of rated trip coil voltage. The trip coil re-
sistance should be measured and compared with the factor test for the shortened turns.
Most modem breakers have travel coils which overheat or burn out if left short for the
energized period. An auxiliary switch used in the series with the coil to open the circuit
as soon as the breaker is closed. The auxiliary switch should be properly adjusted and
successfully break the arc without damage to the contacts.
Test should be bc made to determine the minimum voltage which breaker and closing
coil resistance

Table 1- Maximum Contact Resistance
2.2.5 Air circuit breakers
Table 1:-Equipment of air circuit breakers
KV Ampere Microhm
5-10 600 100
1200 50
2000 50
Fig 2.1

2.2.6 Oil Circuit Breaker:
Table 2:- Equipment of oil circuit breaker
KV Amperes microhms
7.2-15 600 300
1200 150
2000 75
4000 40
23-24 All 500
46 All 700
69 600 500
1200 500
2000 100
115-230 All 800
Internal Inspection Guide-Lines: - An internal inspection should include all items
listed for an external inspection, plus the breaker tanks or contact hoads should be opened
and the contact and interrupting parts should be inspected. These guidelines are not in-
tended to be a complete list of breaker maintenance but are intended to provide an idea of
the scope of each inspection A specific checklist should be developed in the field for each
type of inspection for each circuit breaker maintained.
Fig2.2:- Internal Inspection Guide-Line

2.2.7 Maintenance Of SF6 Gas Circuit Breakers
Properties of SF6 (sulfur Hexafluoride) Gas:- Toxicity SF6 is odorless, color-
less, tasteless, and nontoxic in its pure state. It can, however, exclude oxygen and cause
suffocation. If the normal oxygen content of air is reduced from 21 percent to less than 13
percent, suffocation becomes possible without warning.Therefore, circuit breaker tanks
should be purged out after opening. Toxicity of arc products – Toxic decomposition
products are formed when SF6 gas is subjected to an electric arc. The decomposition
products are metal fluorides and form a white or tan powder. Toxic gases are also
formed. Do not breathe the vapors remaining in a circuit breaker where arcing or corona
discharges have occurred in the gas Evacuate the faulted SF6 gas from the circuit breaker
and flush with fresh air before work on the circuit breaker.
2.3 Current Transformer
2.3.1 Current transformer (CT’s)
provide a simple, inexpensive and yet accurate means of sensing current flow in power
conductors. They are available in 3 basic configurations: 1
Fig 2.3:-Current Transformer

2.3.2 Ring Core CT's :-are available for measuring currents from 100 to 5000amps,
with windows in varying sizes from 1 "by 2" to 13 by 30 ". Split core CT’s have one end
removable so that load conductor or bus bar does not have to be disconnected to install
the CT.3
2.3.3 Wound Primary CT’s
are designed to measure the currents from 1 amp to 100 current passes through amps.
Since the load primary windings in the CT screw terminals Wound primary CT's are
available in ratios from 2.5: 5 to 100 (Models189 and 190 are examples of wound prima-
ry CT's)
CT’S used with watt transducers enable the owner to control demand as well as monitor
building and / or tenant power consumption When CTs used with Current Transducers,
the result is a great method of diagnosing the performance of fans, pumps, chillers, etc.
The Model 40MA and 4CTV Current Transducers are available for each motor so the
owner is warned immediately of any abnormal operating condition. Low pump flows will
be alarmed if the strainer is dirty or the coupling is broken. Low fan flows will be
alarmed if filters are dirty, bells are slipping, or dampers (fire, smoke, etc.) are closed.
High motor loads if alarms are dry or worn or belts are out of alignment, so no extra pre-
cautions are needed tomonitor motors.
2.4 Potential transformer
Potential Transformer is design for monitoring single-phase and three-phase power line
voltages in power metering applications
The primary terminal can be connected either line-to-line or in line-to-neutral configura-
tion. Fused transformer models are designated by "F" for one fuse or "FF" for two fuses.
Potential Transformer is design for monitoring single-phase and three-phase power line
voltages in power metering application The primary terminal can be connected either
line-to-line or in line-to-neutral configuration. Fused transformer models are designated
by "F" for one fuse or "FF" for two fuses.

A Potential Transformer is a special type of transformer that allows meter to take refer-
ences from electric service connections with higher voltage (potential) than the meter is
usually capable of handling without potential transformer
Fig. 2.4 Potential Transformer
2.5 Relay
A relay is the device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker
to isolates the defective element from the rest of the system.

relay operation –
Fig 2.5:- Relay
Protective Relay for Transformer
I.Relay Buchholz Relay
ll.Relay over current relay
lll.Relay Earth Fault Relay
2.5.1 Buchholz relay
Buchholz relay is a gas-activated relay installed in oil-immersed transformers for protec-
tion against all types of faults. It is used to give an alarm in case of slow developing
faults or incipient fault in the transformer and to disconnect the transformer from the sup-
ply in the event of severe internal faults.
It is installed in the pipe between the conservator and main tank as shown in fig ll below.
This relay is used in oil-immersed transformers of rating above 750 kVA Fig.2.6 Buch-
holz Relay

Fig 2.6 Buchholz Relay
Construction:- Fig 2.6 shows the construction details of buchholz relay. It consists of
a domed vessel placed in the pipe between the
conservator and the main lank of the transformer. The device has two elements The upper
element contains a mercury type switch attached to a float. The lower element contains a
mercury switch mounted on a hinged type flap located on the direct path of the oil from
the transformer to the conservator. The upper element closes in an alarm circuit during
slow developing faults while the lower element is arranged to trip the circuit breaker in
case of severe internal faults.
Fig, 2.7 Constriction Of Buchholz Relay

Operation:-The operation of buchholz is as follows:
<!- -[if !SupportLists]- -> i. <!- - [endif]- -> In case of slow developing faults within the
transformer, the heat due to the fault causes the main tank to decomposition some trans-
former oil in the main tank. The products of decomposition are mainly included 70 of hy-
drogen gas. The hydrogen gas is light tries to go in the conservator and in process is
trapped in the upper part of the relay chamber. When a predetermined amount of gas gets
accumulated, it exerts enough pressure on the float to cause it to tilt and close the con-
tacts. This completes the alarm circuit to sound an alarm.
2.5.2 Over Current Relay:-
Fig 2.8 Over Current Relay
2.6 Insulator
The insulators play one of the key roles in provision of safe transmission of electricity
energy and minimization of energy loss.
Scientific and production firm <Alfa-Energo> is a leading Russia developer and manu-
facturer of the polymer post rod insulators The insulators may be the following types By
application: 1. Rod post insulator.

Fig 2.9 Insulator
2.7 Earthing
In electricity supply systems, an earthing system defines the 'electrical potential of the
conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system can
affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply,and regulation
can vary considerably among countries
As described below, most electrical systems connect to a supply conductor to earth (or
ground) if fault with in an electrical device connect a "hot "(unearthed) supply conduc-
tor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching while electrically connected to the
earth (eg, by standing on it, or touching an earthed sink) will be a circuit back to the
earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock.
A protective earthed, known as an equipment grounding conductor in the US National
Electrical Code, avoids this hazard by keeping the exposed conductive surface of a device
at earth potential. To avoid possible voltage drop no current is allowed in conductor un-
der normal circumstances , but fault currents will usually trip or blow the fuse or circuit
breaker protecting the circuit. A high impedance line-lo-gro und fault indefinitely for the
trip over current protection may still travel a residual-current device (ground fault circuit
interrupter or GFCI in North America) if one is present.

In contrast, a functional earth connection shock protection, other than a purpose. . Exam-
ples of devices that use functional earth connections include surge suppressors and elec-
tromagnetic interference filters, certain antennas and measurement instruments. But the
most important example of a functional earth is the neutral in an electrical supply system.
It is a current conduction conductor to earth, often but not always at only one point to
avoid earth currents The NEC call it a grounded supply conductor to distinguish it from
the equipment grounding conductor.
2.8 Reactor
An inductor (or reactor or coil) is the most common protection. a conductor of induct-
ance, a passive electric component used lo store energy in a magnetic field. An inductor's
ability to store magnetic energy is measured by its inductance, in units of henries. Any
conductor of inductance (see "Straight wire conductor" below equation) Although the
conductor is generally wound in loops to reinforce the magnetic field. Due to the time-
varying magnetic field inside the coil, a voltage is induced, according to the law of elf
electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's Law opposes the change in current that creat-
ed it.
Inductors are one of the basic components, used in electronics where current and voltage
change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay and reshape alternating currents.
Inductors called chokes are used as filters in power supplies or can be used to block AC
signals from passing through a circuit
2.9 Do Fuse
The dropout (swing out) fuse is a expulsion type and its main function is to protect
against transformers on rural distribution network. It is also very useful for inaccessible
Sub-stations where indication of fusing is of advantage.

Fig 2.10 DO fuse
2.10 POWER HOUSE SUPPLY
For divisional supply the two supplies of 11Kv taken from receiving sub-station and oth-
er from bajaria substation. We used four OCB (oil circuit breaker)but now OCB is re-
placed by VCB (vaccum circuit breaker) and two feeder used VCB l. VCB2 & VCB 3
used for outgoing and VCB 4 for bajaria incoming supply. change over l and 2 are used
for changing supply.
OCB1-buster Chambal & Gudla
OCB 2- DRM office
OCB is connected to 400 KVA that change Kv. ROM that transformer 11 KV to 440
transformer two cable One is essential and non-essential other for sub-station feeder Es-
sential panel
l. DRM office
2. station
3. remote control
4- reservation office
Non essential panel

1. DRM office
2. station.
3. spare
Control pannel
l.ERS, LUHAR,KHANA,A-cabin
2 microwave, s & c office
3.filter pump yard supply
4. hospital
5.RAC

CHAPTER 4
GENERATOR
In case of power failure generator is used that supply to railway platform, hospital, DRM
office is essential and non essential load there are two generator first generator set on 5
feb 1967 and second generator at 3 dec 1984 both generator has diesel engine.
At the present time only one generator are working that is self starting generator.
The specification of this DC battery self starting generator ---
1. Capacity 320 KVA
2. Voltage 415 V
3. Ampere-44.5A
4. P.H. - - -0.8
5. RPM - - 500
It has the radiator for engine cooling
The second generator is started on It is the vaccume generator of diesel type and also by
air comressov.
Specification
1. Capacity - - 125KVA
2. Voltage - - 440V
3. Current - - 164A
4. P.F - - 0.8
5. Freq - - 50hz

Fig. 3.1 Cooling By Water Through Engine
DRM OFFICE SUBSTATION SUPPLY
There is the separate sub station to power suppling for DRM office. At the this sub sta-
tion 11 kv supply from power house sub station.
That is divided into two parts both lines passing through Do/Go switches and then goes to
two transformer, both transformer is a transformer of delta star connected rating is 250
KVA. Outgoing supply of both transformers are connected to two different bus bar. there
is voltmeter and ammeter is also connected for measurement voltage and current respec-
tively.
In both panels moulded case circuit breaker (MCCD) were used for protection. The out-
going supply from 400 kv transformer after passing through MCCB is directly going to
duty room and the output is of another MCCB is divided into two parts
One part is a DRM office a second part goes to AC plats.

RAILWAY PLATFORM LIGHT SYSTEM
All the railway platform large amount of power needed for different types of sensors are
used in two types of sensor uscd
I. light sensor
2. Train scheduler sensor
The light sensor working Is the light on the light of the day? These two sensors are con-
nected to the two contactor boxes contactor cl and contactor c2. When the train is not
present on the platform only 30% light is in on condition when the train entered the plat-
form train sensor is done and the rest 70% of light part is also on when the train gone
again 70% part of light is off At The platform was used for tube ht fans and stalls by the
use of both the sensors. These devices work etc automatically
ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUE
For saving the electrical power there is mordent conservation technique used in railway
1. At the railway station 40, 60, & 100 watt bulbs replaced by 20.11 watt CFL tlus also
used for domestic purpose.
2. Solar panel lighting system
3. Solar geager were used at the running room
4. For street lighting 70,50 watt sodium light 36 watt LEDs are used
5. old fors are consumed more power Now that is replaced by star rated fans & other
equipment also rated star rated
6 Ac ceiling fan of 90,60 watt are changed by 45 watt 5 star fans.
7. In officers chamber sensors were used

CONCLUSIONS
A student gets theoretical knowledge from classroom and gets practical knowledge from
industrial training. When these two aspects of theoretical knowledge and practical experi-
ence together then a student is ready to secure his best.
In conducting the project study in an industry, students get exposed and have knowledge
of real work in the work field and gain experience from them. The object of the summer
training project is to provide a chance to experience the practical aspect of Technology in
any organization. It provides a chance to get the organization and its function. The fact
that POWER HOUSE KOTA is the major source of power distribution to the entire rail-
way domestic and commercial field itself shows the importance of the distribution elec-
trical equipments and electrical energy and many fact related railways.

REFERENCE
1. Edited by; Dr.B.R. Gupta, S Chand Press, “Power system Analysis & Design”, ISBN :
9788121922388 page no 236-450, 320-421
2. Edited by; Fraidoon Daye, Focol Press, “Engineer's book of Electrical”, ISBN:
9780750608091 page no. 114-220, 424-521.
3. Edited by: Weedy, B.M., Wilry Press “Electric Power Systems”, ISBN:
9780470682685 page no. 58-110

Railway Substation Report

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