Regulating Cells
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Cells tightly regulate the cell cycle through tumor suppressor genes that apply the brakes to cell division and growth promoting proteins that stimulate division. Cancer occurs when mutations inactivate tumor suppressor genes, removing the brakes and allowing cells to divide uncontrollably even when they are not supposed to. Many cancer cells have mutations in their tumor suppressor genes, disrupting the normal cell cycle controls and leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.
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Cancer : A Genetic Mishap - Dr HK Garg
This document discusses cancer as a genetic mishap caused by the loss of regulatory mechanisms that control cell division, differentiation, and survival. Cancer results when cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner due to additional mutations that alter the genome. Oncogenes can be introduced through viral infection or DNA introduction and promote uncontrolled growth by encoding proteins that promote loss of growth control. Tumor suppressor genes normally restrain cell growth but require mutations in both alleles to be inactivated, allowing unchecked cell proliferation. DNA damage and mutations in key cell cycle genes like p53 and Rb disrupt normal cell cycle checkpoints and genetic stability, enabling malignant growth.
Cell cycle and cancer
The document summarizes key aspects of the cell cycle. It describes the main phases (G1, S, G2, M), as well as checkpoints that regulate progression. Mitosis and cytokinesis are explained. The roles of cyclins, CDKs and CKIs are mentioned. Checkpoints for DNA damage, replication errors and spindle assembly are summarized. The document then briefly discusses how cell cycle dysregulation can lead to cancer, noting examples of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that are commonly mutated in cancer.
Check points and cell regulation
Regulation of cell division is critical for normal growth and development. A multicellular organism must coordinate cell division across tissues and organs. The cell cycle, which includes interphase and mitosis, is tightly regulated by checkpoints. Growth factors stimulate cell division through protein signaling pathways. Cancer occurs when cell division control is lost, such as damage to tumor suppressor genes like p53, which normally halt division of damaged cells. New targeted cancer drugs work by inhibiting specific proteins necessary for cancer cell growth and survival.
Basics of cellular aging and
1. Cellular aging results from a progressive decline in the proliferative capacity and lifespan of cells due to accumulation of damage from genetic and environmental factors over time.
2. Key mechanisms of cellular aging include shortening of telomeres, accumulation of aging pigments, free radicals, and changes in gene expression through epigenetic alterations.
3. Apoptosis is a tightly regulated form of programmed cell death where cells activate enzymes to degrade their own nuclear DNA and proteins, then break into fragments that are cleared by phagocytes before potential inflammation from secondary necrosis.
9.2 Cell Cycle Disrupted
1. The cell cycle, which includes interphase and mitosis, is tightly regulated by checkpoints to ensure errors don't occur.
2. Mutations in genes that control the cell cycle, such as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, can disrupt the checkpoints and allow cells to divide uncontrollably, potentially leading to cancer.
3. Viruses, carcinogens, and errors during DNA replication and mitosis can also introduce mutations that disrupt the cell cycle and contribute to cancer development if cells ignore checkpoints and divide excessively.
Chpt9.3 cell cycle regulation
The document summarizes key aspects of cell cycle regulation and cancer. It discusses that cells have regulatory checkpoints to monitor the cell cycle. Cancer occurs when there is a failure of regulation, resulting in uncontrolled growth and division that can crowd out normal cells. Cancer cells also demonstrate a lack of contact inhibition and continue dividing even when touching other cells. Cancer is caused by mutations in DNA that control the cell cycle and proteins regulating division.
tumor suppressor gene, prb, p53 gene
Introduction
History
Tumor suppressor gene- pRB
- RB gene
- Role of RB in regulation of cell cycle
- Tumor associated with RB gene mutation
Tumor suppressor gene- p53
- What is p53 gene?
- Function of p53 gene
- How it regulates cell cycle
- What happen if p53 gene inactivated
- Cancer associated with p53 mutation
- Conclusion
- References
Factors controlling growth, Oncogenesis
Oncogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. It can occur through changes to cell cycle checkpoints, oncogenes, proto-oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes become activated through mutations, gene amplification, or chromosomal rearrangements and cause uncontrolled cell growth. Various factors can damage DNA and cause mutations, such as genome instability, environmental exposures, and viruses. Proper regulation of growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, transcription factors, and programmed cell death is required to control cell growth and prevent oncogenesis.
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This document discusses cancer as a genetic mishap caused by the loss of regulatory mechanisms that control cell division, differentiation, and survival. Cancer results when cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner due to additional mutations that alter the genome. Oncogenes can be introduced through viral infection or DNA introduction and promote uncontrolled growth by encoding proteins that promote loss of growth control. Tumor suppressor genes normally restrain cell growth but require mutations in both alleles to be inactivated, allowing unchecked cell proliferation. DNA damage and mutations in key cell cycle genes like p53 and Rb disrupt normal cell cycle checkpoints and genetic stability, enabling malignant growth.
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Check points and cell regulation
Regulation of cell division is critical for normal growth and development. A multicellular organism must coordinate cell division across tissues and organs. The cell cycle, which includes interphase and mitosis, is tightly regulated by checkpoints. Growth factors stimulate cell division through protein signaling pathways. Cancer occurs when cell division control is lost, such as damage to tumor suppressor genes like p53, which normally halt division of damaged cells. New targeted cancer drugs work by inhibiting specific proteins necessary for cancer cell growth and survival.
Basics of cellular aging and
1. Cellular aging results from a progressive decline in the proliferative capacity and lifespan of cells due to accumulation of damage from genetic and environmental factors over time.
2. Key mechanisms of cellular aging include shortening of telomeres, accumulation of aging pigments, free radicals, and changes in gene expression through epigenetic alterations.
3. Apoptosis is a tightly regulated form of programmed cell death where cells activate enzymes to degrade their own nuclear DNA and proteins, then break into fragments that are cleared by phagocytes before potential inflammation from secondary necrosis.
9.2 Cell Cycle Disrupted
1. The cell cycle, which includes interphase and mitosis, is tightly regulated by checkpoints to ensure errors don't occur.
2. Mutations in genes that control the cell cycle, such as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, can disrupt the checkpoints and allow cells to divide uncontrollably, potentially leading to cancer.
3. Viruses, carcinogens, and errors during DNA replication and mitosis can also introduce mutations that disrupt the cell cycle and contribute to cancer development if cells ignore checkpoints and divide excessively.
Chpt9.3 cell cycle regulation
The document summarizes key aspects of cell cycle regulation and cancer. It discusses that cells have regulatory checkpoints to monitor the cell cycle. Cancer occurs when there is a failure of regulation, resulting in uncontrolled growth and division that can crowd out normal cells. Cancer cells also demonstrate a lack of contact inhibition and continue dividing even when touching other cells. Cancer is caused by mutations in DNA that control the cell cycle and proteins regulating division.
tumor suppressor gene, prb, p53 gene
Introduction
History
Tumor suppressor gene- pRB
- RB gene
- Role of RB in regulation of cell cycle
- Tumor associated with RB gene mutation
Tumor suppressor gene- p53
- What is p53 gene?
- Function of p53 gene
- How it regulates cell cycle
- What happen if p53 gene inactivated
- Cancer associated with p53 mutation
- Conclusion
- References
Factors controlling growth, Oncogenesis
Oncogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. It can occur through changes to cell cycle checkpoints, oncogenes, proto-oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes become activated through mutations, gene amplification, or chromosomal rearrangements and cause uncontrolled cell growth. Various factors can damage DNA and cause mutations, such as genome instability, environmental exposures, and viruses. Proper regulation of growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, transcription factors, and programmed cell death is required to control cell growth and prevent oncogenesis.
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1) Tumor suppressor genes normally apply brakes to cell proliferation through proteins that form checkpoints to prevent uncontrolled growth. Loss of function of these genes allows tumor development.
2) The proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes regulate cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell survival/growth through mechanisms like transcription factors, cell cycle inhibitors, and DNA damage response.
3) Famous tumor suppressor genes include RB, p53, APC, and WT1. Mutation of both copies is required for loss of function, leading to cancers like retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, colon cancer, and Wilms tumor.
P53
p53 has been described as “GUARDIAN ANGEL OF THE GENOME”
because it performs following mechanism:
DNA Repair
Cell growth arrest
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
P53 is also known as cellular tumour antigen Ag, phosphoprotein
P53 or tumour suppressor p53.
P53 protein is encoded by TP53.
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1. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which help cells advance through different stages. External growth factors and internal factors like cyclins and kinases control progression.
2. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process caused by accumulating genetic mutations that alter genes regulating cell growth, apoptosis, and DNA repair. These mutations activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes.
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The orderly sequence of events by which the cell duplicates its contents and divides into two is termed as the cell cycle. The event is genetically controlled. It consists of two periods-(a) interphase (b)mitosis.
• MITOSIS
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• MEIOSIS
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Cell division is the process by which a cell replicates itself to produce two daughter cells. It involves a long interphase period where the cell grows and its DNA is copied, followed by mitosis where the nucleus and its chromosomes are divided into two identical copies through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then partitions the cytoplasm and organelles to complete the formation of the two new daughter cells.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the cell cycle and cell division. It discusses how cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells through DNA replication and chromosome separation. The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle. Mitosis is divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system involving cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Cancer cells exhibit deregulated cell cycle control and proliferation.
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2) The proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes regulate cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell survival/growth through mechanisms like transcription factors, cell cycle inhibitors, and DNA damage response.
3) Famous tumor suppressor genes include RB, p53, APC, and WT1. Mutation of both copies is required for loss of function, leading to cancers like retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, colon cancer, and Wilms tumor.
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p53 has been described as “GUARDIAN ANGEL OF THE GENOME”
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Cell growth arrest
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P53 is also known as cellular tumour antigen Ag, phosphoprotein
P53 or tumour suppressor p53.
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The document discusses cell cycle regulation and carcinogenesis. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which help cells advance through different stages. External growth factors and internal factors like cyclins and kinases control progression.
2. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process caused by accumulating genetic mutations that alter genes regulating cell growth, apoptosis, and DNA repair. These mutations activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the cell cycle and cell division. It describes how cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells through DNA replication and separation of chromosomes. The major phases of the cell cycle are interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The mitotic phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis to split the cell into two. Cell division is tightly regulated by cyclins and CDKs to ensure proper progression and duplication of genetic material.
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CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
• CELL CYCLE
The orderly sequence of events by which the cell duplicates its contents and divides into two is termed as the cell cycle. The event is genetically controlled. It consists of two periods-(a) interphase (b)mitosis.
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Occurs in somatic cells. Equational division. Duplicated chromosomes distributed equally to the daughter cells. Consists of 4 stages –prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
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Mitosis and the cell cycle are necessary for three key reasons:
1. Asexual reproduction, as seen in binary fission in bacteria.
2. To replace damaged or dead cells through growth and development.
3. Embryonic development in organisms occurs through cell division of cells like bone marrow and frog embryos.
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Cell division is the process by which a cell replicates itself to produce two daughter cells. It involves a long interphase period where the cell grows and its DNA is copied, followed by mitosis where the nucleus and its chromosomes are divided into two identical copies through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then partitions the cytoplasm and organelles to complete the formation of the two new daughter cells.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the cell cycle and cell division. It discusses how cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells through DNA replication and chromosome separation. The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle. Mitosis is divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system involving cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Cancer cells exhibit deregulated cell cycle control and proliferation.
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The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes the stages of mitosis and meiosis, including their roles in asexual and sexual reproduction. Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells and is used for growth and repair, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid gametes through two cell divisions and is required for sexual reproduction and genetic variation. Key differences between mitosis and meiosis are highlighted in a comparison table.
دليل استخدام قواعد معلومات دار المنظومة
شرح كامل ومفصل لكيفية البحث في قواعد معلومات دار المنظومة والوصول لمصادر المعلومات المطلوبة
يمكن تحميل الدليل أيضا من خلال الرابط التالي :
http://www.mandumah.com/sites/default/files/User-manual.pdf
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The document discusses cell reproduction through mitosis and meiosis. It provides details on:
1) The stages of the cell cycle including interphase and the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
2) The key differences between mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
3) The stages and outcomes of meiosis I and meiosis II, which reduce the chromosome number and lead to genetic diversity through independent assortment and crossing over.
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This document summarizes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It describes how Darwin began to question the prevailing ideas that species were fixed and the Earth was relatively young during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. Through his observations of organisms around the world, fossils, and influences from scientists like Lyell and Malthus, Darwin developed the theory that species evolve over time through natural selection, where individuals with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. The document outlines some of the evidence that has accumulated in support of evolution, including the fossil record, geographic distribution of species, homologous structures, similarities in development, and molecular biology.
Dna Technology
Genetic engineering techniques are used to create transgenic organisms like papayas, mice, fish, and goats. Transgenic papayas were engineered to resist a devastating virus that was destroying the commercial papaya variety. Transgenic mice and fish were engineered to glow in the dark for research purposes. Transgenic goats were engineered to produce a blood-clotting protein in their milk. Potential benefits of genetic engineering include producing human insulin, herbicide-resistant crops, virus-resistant crops, drought-tolerant crops, and increasing crop nutrition. However, some people have concerns about the risks of genetic engineering.
Embryo Develoment
The document defines key terms related to early embryonic development including the ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, fertilization, zygote, cleavage, morula, and blastula. It explains that a blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells formed after cleavage and morula stages. During the second week, cells in the blastocyst wall begin to fold inward through the process of gastrulation, forming three distinct cell layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm - and starting the specialization of cells through differentiation. By day 21, the amnion and chorion have formed embryonic membranes, with the chorion and uterine lining forming the placenta to allow nutrient exchange between the
Energy And Life
The document discusses how ATP is the energy currency of cells, storing energy in its bonds. ATP acts like a rechargeable battery, where ATP is fully charged and ADP is partially charged. It also describes how NAD+ and FAD act as electron carriers or coenzymes in cellular respiration, being constantly reduced to gain electrons and oxidized to lose electrons. When reduced, NAD+ and FAD become high energy NADH and FADH2, and when oxidized they revert back to NAD+ and FAD.
Eye Trick
This document discusses colorblindness and how it relates to X-linked inheritance. It provides examples of numbers, shapes, or images that a normal vision person would see compared to what a colorblind person would see. It then discusses how Thomas Morgan's experiments with fruit flies led to the discovery of X-linked inheritance, where traits are carried on the X chromosome. Examples of other common X-linked conditions like baldness, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy are provided. It also explains how to use a Punnett square to solve problems involving X-linked traits and provides a sample question about a family with normal vision and colorblind members.
What is life
Living things are made of cells, reproduce, grow and develop. They obtain and use matter and energy, operate using genetic codes, and respond, adapt and change over time. The document discusses the key characteristics that define life and asks where one would go to study life.
Polygenic Inheritance
Polygenic inheritance is when a single trait is controlled by multiple genes. Most human traits related to size, shape, and color are polygenic. A cross between parents that are heterozygous for three genes (AaBbCc x AaBbCc) would produce offspring with different combinations of dominant and recessive alleles, leading to a range of phenotypes. The number of dominant alleles an individual possesses determines how strongly or darkly a polygenic trait is expressed.
Natural Causes
Intelligent Design (ID) proposes that certain features of the universe and living things are best explained by an intelligent cause rather than an undirected process like natural selection. It points to two main ideas: 1) specified complexity, where an object has both complexity (improbability) and specification (meaningful pattern), and 2) irreducible complexity, where a system requires all of its parts to function. ID argues that systems like the mousetrap exhibit these properties by requiring all components to work. ID differs from creationism in that it does not attempt to identify the intelligent cause or make claims about the origin of the universe addressed in Genesis.
The Island
The document contains discussion questions about the film "The Island" regarding a clone who is produced to be a spare organ donor for its sponsor. Key topics addressed are whether clones have souls, if the human body is just a collection of parts like a machine, what the film says about science and technology, and if it can be considered a Christian film based on the values and ideas presented. The questions analyze themes around humanity, ethics, and the relationship between religion and scientific advancement as portrayed in the film.
Genes And Variation
This document discusses key concepts relating to genes, variation, and evolution. It defines evolution as any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population's gene pool over time. Allele frequencies can change due to mutations, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection. For a population to maintain genetic equilibrium without evolving, it must meet five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: random mating, large population size, no gene flow, no mutations, and no natural selection. Isolation through geographic or behavioral means can lead to the formation of new species through speciation over long periods of time.
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Regulating Cells
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