1. The cell cycle, which includes interphase and mitosis, is tightly regulated by checkpoints to ensure errors don't occur.
2. Mutations in genes that control the cell cycle, such as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, can disrupt the checkpoints and allow cells to divide uncontrollably, potentially leading to cancer.
3. Viruses, carcinogens, and errors during DNA replication and mitosis can also introduce mutations that disrupt the cell cycle and contribute to cancer development if cells ignore checkpoints and divide excessively.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body.
## To understand how cancer develops and progresses, researchers first need to investigate the biological differences between normal cells and cancer cells. This work focuses on the mechanisms that underlie fundamental processes such as cell growth, the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells, and the spread, or metastasis, of cancer cells.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body.
## To understand how cancer develops and progresses, researchers first need to investigate the biological differences between normal cells and cancer cells. This work focuses on the mechanisms that underlie fundamental processes such as cell growth, the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells, and the spread, or metastasis, of cancer cells.
Cancer is disease where cells grows out of control and invade, erode and destroy normal tissues
Normal body cells grow, divide and die in orderly fashion
Cancer cell does not obey this path
Cancer cells don't die (Immortality). They just continue to grow and divide in disorderly fashion
This makes it hard for the body to work the way it should
INTRODUCTION
Definition
history
DIFFERENT PHASE
G0 PHASE
INTERPHASE
M PHASE
CHECKPOINT
HOW DOES IT WORK
Inhibitors
Mechanism of action
Function
CONCLUSION
references
Cancer is disease where cells grows out of control and invade, erode and destroy normal tissues
Normal body cells grow, divide and die in orderly fashion
Cancer cell does not obey this path
Cancer cells don't die (Immortality). They just continue to grow and divide in disorderly fashion
This makes it hard for the body to work the way it should
INTRODUCTION
Definition
history
DIFFERENT PHASE
G0 PHASE
INTERPHASE
M PHASE
CHECKPOINT
HOW DOES IT WORK
Inhibitors
Mechanism of action
Function
CONCLUSION
references
Cell cycle and mitosis presentation (3)Ritu Sharma
The cell cycle is an ordered set of events, culminating in cell growth and division into two daughter cell.Cell division and tissue growth is a controlled and complex process. Cancer is a disease where regulation of the cell cycle goes messy and normal cell growth and behavior is lost.
Introduction
Definition
History
Two hit hypothesis
Functions
Mutation in tumor suppressor genes
What is mutation
Inherited mutation of TSGs
Acquired mutation of TSGs
What is Oncogenes?
TSGs and Oncogenes : Brakes and accelerators
Stop and go signal
Examples of TSGs:
RB-The retinoblastoma gene
P53 protein
TSGs &cell suicide
Conclusion
References
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
9.2 Cell Cycle Disrupted
1. 9.2 Cell cycle, disrupted
Learning Outcomes:
2. Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle including DNA replication and mitosis.
3. Explain how mutations contribute to errors in cell cycle regulation and cancer
Reminders: Do the “middle-of-the-term” survey in the assessment folder of VISTA
Research one disease for the criteria listed in the Midterm II Information page on VISTA
Cell division is regulated
The phases of the cell cycle during which a
cell is growing (G1, S, G2) are collectively
called interphase. Cells spend 90% of
their time in interphase versus 10% of their
time in mitosis.
G0 usually happens to nerve cells. They stop
dividing because they are so complicated
Why could cell division be stimulated?
–to form a certain structure while an organism is developing eg dividing root cells in a young
dandelion seedling
–to replace injured cells eg after a sunburn fried cells are replaced
-to replace cells which die after a certain time period eg skin cells (shed continuously), red blood cells
(live 120 days)
Why could cell division be inhibited?
–to prevent cells from becoming too crowded
-once a cell is specialized into a very elaborate shape it no longer divides eg nerve cells
Cells are regulated at checkpoints during their cycle
Why? All the events in cell cycle must occur in a certain order
eg. Cells can’t do mitosis until all their DNA is replicated. This is checked.
QUESTION: What else would a cell want to check?
- Is it big enough with enough energy and raw materials to carry out cell division?
QUESTION: If you want to make sure mitosis happens correctly, when would be a beneficial point
to check that mitosis is proceeding correctly? (Hint: what is the purpose of mitosis?)
Recall what happens: (Arrows = a,b,c,d,e) (c = d = anaphase, e = tilaphase)
D is correct answer. Want to make sure microtubules are attached to both sides of a chromosome’s
centromere.
2. One more major checkpoint (in G1):
Why would it exist?
1.-Cells must be a certain size before daughter cells would be large enough to function normally
2.-Must have enough nutrients
QUESTION: What else should be checked?
3.-DNA should be checked for damage before replication begins. p53 protein checks for DNA
damage. If there is too much damage the cell arrests in G and then goes through programmed cell
death
In multicellular organisms certain signals must be present to allow a cell to divide at all. Cell lacking
these signals go into G0.Eg. Nerve cells (never divide) go into G0
Genes on chromosomes
Genes carry the information to make all proteins
in the cell. This includes all the enzymes which
perform most chemical reactions in the cell.
Proteins can also be structural like the protein
tubulin – many subunits of tubulin make the
microtubules.
One gene consists of a long sequence (~1000
to 10 000 nucleotides) on the DNA molecule.
The sequence of nucleotides is read and
translated into an amino acid sequence
(protein). Each chromosome contains hundreds
of genes, but at any one time a cell is only
making proteins from some of the genes (not
all). Which genes are actively making proteins
depends on signals the cell is receiving.
For example, when a cell receives a signal that
it is close contact with other cells (contact
inhibition), genes will be stimulated that make
proteins that prevent the cell from passing the
G1 checkpoint so it will not divide.
Specific genes function to regulate or control
the cell cycle by coding for growth factors or
inhibitory factors.
Each sequence of three nucleotides codes for one amino acid that will link up to form a protein. For
example, the nucleotide sequence ATG codes for the amino acid methionine.
QUESTION: If you have 369 nucleotides…how many amino acids would be in the protein coded by
this sequence? 123 Animo Acids (just divide by 3)
What happens if there is a mistake in the matching of bases during replication?
Although cells have machinery to check for mistakes in DNA replication occasionally mistakes occur
which are not fixed..they become mutations. One type of mutation occurs when one nucleotide
3. could be substituted for another possibly changing one amino acid. Deletion of one or more
nucleotides, or an insertion of one or more extra nucleotides could result in a shift in the reading of
the three base code.
Challenge question: Why it is it a worse mutation to delete one nucleotide as opposed to three
nucleotides? -> all the amino acids are different past the point of the deletion (Because the sequence
then becomes corrupted). If 3 nucleotides are deleted, then the sequence is the same as before
minus the 1 acid generated by those nucleotides (assuming they are in sequence)
Cancer cells are dividing out of control. They don’t respond to the normal signals regulating cell
division (ignore checkpoints) and instead divide continuously.
Mutations in genes which regulate the cell cycle could lead to cancer.
Proto-oncogenes: genes which stimulate cells to divide under certain circumstances in normal cells
eg. genes which allow cells to pass through the G1 checkpoint
Mutations in these genes could cause cells to divide all the time…
if this happens then the mutant genes are called oncogenes
(from Greek ogkos = tumour, mass) See Fig. 5.12 (left and
below)
tumour-supressor genes: genes which inhibit cells from dividing and/
or cause cells to die
eg1. gene which could normally keep cells in G0
eg2. gene which causes cells with badly damaged DNA to die, such as
p53
Mutations in tumour-suppressor genes could also cause cells to divide all
the time.
FYI: p53 is a gene of particular interest for cancer researchers because it is found mutant in half of
all human cancers. There are rare inherited mutations in p53 (Li-Frameni syndrome). Non-genetic
problems can occur with the p53 protein as well. For example, the p53 protein can be inactivated by
4. HPV, a DNA tumour virus. Also, some sarcomas (type of tumours) produce another protein mdm-2
which binds to and inactivates p53 protein allowing sarcoma cells to continue dividing while ignoring
cell cycle controls.
Other causes of cancer:
Viruses eg. HPV (human papilloma virus...can bind to an inactivate p53)
Carcinogens: molecules which can promote rapid unregulated cell division or cause DNA damage
leading to mutations egs.: compounds in grilled food like barbequed steaks, compounds such as
acrylamide in deep-fried food like potato chips and french fries, compounds in tobacco smoke,
formaldehyde (a preservative used in embalming), vinyl chloride (use to make PVC), asbestos,
dioxins etc. Note: cells of the gastrointestinal tract are shed regularly which may prevent mutations
from building up in those cells. Also those same cells contain many enzymes which can detoxify some
carcinogens.
The main idea of this lecture is that overriding cell cycle checkpoints can lead to cancer
QUESTION: What if a cell ignores the M phase checkpoint? What mistakes can occur?
What is the consequence of missing an entire chromosome or having an extra chromosome if
there is a problem in mitosis?
One chromosome carries hundreds of genes. Genes containing the instructions to make proteins
which perform many functions in cells and organisms. The loss or gain of a chromosome could
cause a cell to make too many or too few of some kind of proteins so that the cell doesn’t function
normally. If this is only one cell in a tissue there may be no consequence to the large multicellular
organism. The cell may die on its own or be killed by the immune system.
QUESTION: What cells of the human immune system target and destroy abnormal human cells?
It is interesting to note that many cancer cells have significant changes in their genome…did a
change in the number of chromosomes cause them to become cancerous or did they become
cancerous due to some smaller problem and then later lost or gained chromosomes due to their
rapid uncontrolled cell divisions (which bypass cell cycle checkpoints so errors accumulate)? The
answer is probably both.