The aim of the study is to investigate the footprints of culture industry on crisis themed films which produced after the global financial crisis of 2008 erupted first in the U.S.A. and later spread around the world. Examining a social phenomenon (industry and markets) with films (culture) is important because there are commonalities between these variables like mounting technique in the beginning and imaginary character in the present. Internet Movie Database (IMDB) named web site was used as data source to this study. Number of 47 films determined by keywords search in the database and ten films with highest ranking scores (gross revenue, public ratings, metascore, and moviemeter) from number of these 47 titles selected as research sample. Correlation analysis showed no relationship between these revenues and rankings variables. Content analysis conducted on the selected films according to hypotheses of the study. Classification of genres, joint producing companies, outsourcing services, rankings, budgeting and gross revenues are all giving tips about culture industry characteristic of the films. But, productions with critical and historical approaches are exception to these findings.
Political economy of the media and regulationCarolina Matos
This document outlines key concepts from the critical political economy tradition for analyzing media and communications. It discusses concerns with ownership concentration, constraints on media messages, and the tension between private interests and public ideals of the media. The critical political economy perspective examines how economic forces shape cultural production and representations in ways that can perpetuate inequality in society. It is interested in the appropriate roles of the state, market, and public sphere in media and communications.
The document provides an in-depth analysis of how consumer culture uses and constructs identities in a capitalist system. It examines the ideologies surrounding identities, and how this impacts branding and marketing. As an example, it analyzes Dove's "Choose Beautiful" advertisement. The analysis finds that while the ad promotes feminist messages of empowerment and choice, its true purpose is to sell Dove products by linking choosing "beautiful" with their brand. It also argues the ad encourages women to constantly judge themselves.
Consumer Culture Theory and Tattoo: Ink Subculture or Mass Consumer Practice?Federica Palumbo
Research Poster presented at Consumer Culture Theory Conference "Mapping Consumer Culture. Latitudes, Legends and Declination". June 26-29, Helsinki, Finland.
The document discusses the rise of personalized politics, where individuals participate in collective action through their personal social networks and stories rather than through traditional groups. It outlines some key aspects of personalized politics, including inclusive frames that lower barriers to participation, the use of social networks to share personal concerns, and defining politics through personal lifestyle values. The document also contrasts the styles of personalized politics on the left and right, noting that the right emphasizes individual freedom and emotional reactions to perceived threats to freedom.
This document discusses the political economy of mass communication and its various definitions and approaches. It begins by defining political economy narrowly as the study of power relations influencing production, distribution, and consumption of resources. It then outlines classical, American, European, and Marxist traditions of political economy. The classical tradition focused on social change and the totality of social relations. The American tradition views political economy in terms of institutional and technological constraints benefiting corporations and governments. The European tradition emphasizes class power and struggle. Marxism places labor at the center and sees the media as determined by the economic base and disseminating the dominant ideology.
This document summarizes a lecture on gender representations in media and why they still matter. It discusses how gender equality has improved in some ways but still lags in other areas like pay inequality. It covers the history of feminist movements and analyses of media from early TV to today. It analyzes how media portrays women, from "happy housewives" to increased sexualization and focus on bodies. It discusses the challenges of determining what media representations are sexist and the impacts on women's opportunities. In conclusion, while overt stereotypes have reduced, more subtle sexism remains widespread and affects women's lives and career prospects.
Consumer Cultures, Advertising in American SocietyChristie Barakat
1. Advertising has a significant collective influence on consumer culture and behavior, even if it cannot be proven to directly cause individual purchases. While any single ad may not make a person buy something, the cumulative effect of widespread advertising shapes consumer demand.
2. Advertisers aim to bypass rational decision-making and appeal directly to unconscious desires in order to influence consumers. Ads are designed using techniques like humor, sexuality, and portraying an ideal lifestyle to create an emotional response.
3. Postmodern culture is characterized by a lack of overriding narratives or rules. Identity and culture are mutable and eclectic, mixing styles in "pastiche." Advertising reflects and contributes to this postmodern condition by blurring reality
This document summarizes an article about the relationship between militant activism and media representations of violence during anti-corporate globalization protests in Genoa, Italy in 2001. The summary is:
[1] Young militant activists engaged in "performative violence" against symbols of global capitalism in order to generate radical identities and communicate political messages, while dominant media framed this as random senseless violence.
[2] At the Genoa protests, activists organized into diverse tactics groups including White Overalls, COBAS March, Gandhian Bloc, and the Black Bloc anarchists.
[3] The author argues that performative violence by militants was aimed at media attention, but police could then
Political economy of the media and regulationCarolina Matos
This document outlines key concepts from the critical political economy tradition for analyzing media and communications. It discusses concerns with ownership concentration, constraints on media messages, and the tension between private interests and public ideals of the media. The critical political economy perspective examines how economic forces shape cultural production and representations in ways that can perpetuate inequality in society. It is interested in the appropriate roles of the state, market, and public sphere in media and communications.
The document provides an in-depth analysis of how consumer culture uses and constructs identities in a capitalist system. It examines the ideologies surrounding identities, and how this impacts branding and marketing. As an example, it analyzes Dove's "Choose Beautiful" advertisement. The analysis finds that while the ad promotes feminist messages of empowerment and choice, its true purpose is to sell Dove products by linking choosing "beautiful" with their brand. It also argues the ad encourages women to constantly judge themselves.
Consumer Culture Theory and Tattoo: Ink Subculture or Mass Consumer Practice?Federica Palumbo
Research Poster presented at Consumer Culture Theory Conference "Mapping Consumer Culture. Latitudes, Legends and Declination". June 26-29, Helsinki, Finland.
The document discusses the rise of personalized politics, where individuals participate in collective action through their personal social networks and stories rather than through traditional groups. It outlines some key aspects of personalized politics, including inclusive frames that lower barriers to participation, the use of social networks to share personal concerns, and defining politics through personal lifestyle values. The document also contrasts the styles of personalized politics on the left and right, noting that the right emphasizes individual freedom and emotional reactions to perceived threats to freedom.
This document discusses the political economy of mass communication and its various definitions and approaches. It begins by defining political economy narrowly as the study of power relations influencing production, distribution, and consumption of resources. It then outlines classical, American, European, and Marxist traditions of political economy. The classical tradition focused on social change and the totality of social relations. The American tradition views political economy in terms of institutional and technological constraints benefiting corporations and governments. The European tradition emphasizes class power and struggle. Marxism places labor at the center and sees the media as determined by the economic base and disseminating the dominant ideology.
This document summarizes a lecture on gender representations in media and why they still matter. It discusses how gender equality has improved in some ways but still lags in other areas like pay inequality. It covers the history of feminist movements and analyses of media from early TV to today. It analyzes how media portrays women, from "happy housewives" to increased sexualization and focus on bodies. It discusses the challenges of determining what media representations are sexist and the impacts on women's opportunities. In conclusion, while overt stereotypes have reduced, more subtle sexism remains widespread and affects women's lives and career prospects.
Consumer Cultures, Advertising in American SocietyChristie Barakat
1. Advertising has a significant collective influence on consumer culture and behavior, even if it cannot be proven to directly cause individual purchases. While any single ad may not make a person buy something, the cumulative effect of widespread advertising shapes consumer demand.
2. Advertisers aim to bypass rational decision-making and appeal directly to unconscious desires in order to influence consumers. Ads are designed using techniques like humor, sexuality, and portraying an ideal lifestyle to create an emotional response.
3. Postmodern culture is characterized by a lack of overriding narratives or rules. Identity and culture are mutable and eclectic, mixing styles in "pastiche." Advertising reflects and contributes to this postmodern condition by blurring reality
This document summarizes an article about the relationship between militant activism and media representations of violence during anti-corporate globalization protests in Genoa, Italy in 2001. The summary is:
[1] Young militant activists engaged in "performative violence" against symbols of global capitalism in order to generate radical identities and communicate political messages, while dominant media framed this as random senseless violence.
[2] At the Genoa protests, activists organized into diverse tactics groups including White Overalls, COBAS March, Gandhian Bloc, and the Black Bloc anarchists.
[3] The author argues that performative violence by militants was aimed at media attention, but police could then
This week we discuss about the relevance of studying production in media studies. From films to electronic devices, production helps us to understand how media involves labor.
The social movement and collective action theoryAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the 2011 Egyptian revolution using the social movement and collective action theory. It summarizes the theory's five stages: 1) issues of discontent formed, 2) issues were framed around calls for democracy, 3) mobilization occurred on social media and protests, 4) confrontation emerged as the government tried to suppress protests violently, 5) outcomes included the overthrow of Mubarak's government. The theory effectively explained the progression of events in Egypt. However, it does not account for why some social movements succeed while others fail, which depends on factors like the type of regime.
Social Cognition and Media Psychology Uncovered: Social Representations of C...Ulaş Başar Gezgin
Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Social Cognition and Media Psychology Uncovered: Social Representations of Chinese on Turkish Newspapers. Seminar at Shanghai University, China, 11 November 2013. http://202.121.199.244/chs/ShowNews.asp?ID=165
http://www.shu.edu.cn/Default.aspx?tabid=507&ctl=Detail&mid=899&Id=84589&SkinSrc=%5BL%5DSkins%2Fnewscon1%2Fnewscon1
Abstract
The area of social cognition involves how people interpret the social phenomena such as other people, countries, nations, social groups etc. The notion of stereotypes is one of the most common topics studied as one of the keys to uncover psychology of social cognition. The Oxford Dictionary defines ‘stereotype’ as “a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing”. Due to the non-existence of Chinatowns and thus low social accessibility of Chinese people, Chinese are less known by Turkish people face-to-face. The information about Chinese are mostly acquired from news media and fictional works such as Jackie Chan films and kung-fu movies. The absence of face-to-face contact among many and the selectivity of media and films over social representations of Chinese might be held responsible for stereotypicality of social representations of Chinese in Turkey, rather than genuineness. Secondly, the area of media psychology studies the link between media and people’s psychology including people’s stereotypes and social representations. Mass communication theories consider media users as passive recipients which are shaped by media corporations, while more recent theories revamp this equation. In this paper, matching the discussions within media psychology and intercultural communication, the social representations of Chinese on Turkish newspapers are investigated. It is observed that Chinese appear on Turkish newspapers with extraordinary news, male-female imbalance, one child policy, political issues, commerce, long life, made-in-China products, consumerism, electronic products, hackers, tainted products, archeological and scientific discoveries, economic competition between China and U.S. etc.
Keywords: Media psychology, social cognition, stereotypes, Chinese, intercultural communication
This document discusses modernization theory, which posits that societies progress through stages from "traditional" to "modern". It is criticized for privileging markers like urbanization, literacy, and industrialization to define modernity. Key questions are raised around who defines modernity and whether all societies truly progress in the same linear way. The theory is also examined in the context of its origins in post-World War 2 United States as a way to promote capitalism over communism and analyze newly decolonized nations. Functionalism, which views society as analogous to a biological organism, is discussed as an influence on modernization theory.
Wk2 Modernity, globalization and development Carolina Matos
The document summarizes key concepts from modernization theory and critiques of it, including:
- Modernization theory viewed mass media as able to promote development by spreading modern values and raising aspirations. Schramm and Lerner were major proponents.
- Dependency theory emerged as a critique, arguing development maintains dependency on core capitalist countries through new forms of exploitation. Frank argued development in rich nations was achieved through exploiting colonies.
- Critics said modernization was too simplistic, ethnocentric, and ignored political/cultural dimensions of development. It failed to consider unequal power structures between nations.
- Dependency theorists like Cardoso and Frank saw underdevelopment as a result of past/ongoing explo
Media and social changing since 1979: towards a diachronic ethnography of med...jpostill
In this paper I address the question of how to study media and social change ethnographically. To do so I draw from the relevant media anthropology literature, including my own research in Malaysia and Spain. I first sketch a history of media anthropology, identifying a number of key works and themes as well as two main phases of growth since the 1980s. I then argue that anthropologists are well positioned to contribute to the interdisciplinary study of media and social change. However, to do so we must first shift our current focus on media and ‘social changing’ (i.e. how things are changing) to the study of media in relation to actual social changes, e.g. the suburbanisation of Kuala Lumpur in the 1970s to 2000s, or the secularisation of morality in post-Franco Spain. This shift from the ethnographic present continuous to the ethnogrhttp://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/13652836?hostedIn=slideshare&page=upload#aphic past tense – a move from potential to actual changes – does not require that we abandon our commitment to ethnography in favour of social history. Rather, it demands new forms of ‘diachronic ethnography’ that can handle the processual, finite logic of actual social changes.
The three views of audiences according to Stuart Hall are:
1. The reflective view - The audience passively accepts the preferred meaning encoded by the media producer.
2. The intentional view - The media producer encodes the meaning into the media text and the audience decodes it as intended.
3. The constructionist view - The audience plays an active role in determining the meaning. The audience does not just accept the preferred meaning but can negotiate or oppose the meaning based on their own experiences and point of view.
Global journalism encompasses 3 different perspectives on the practice of journalism: (1) the globalized approach to reporting elaborated by scholar Peter Berglez; (2) studies of how journalists differ in different countries; and (3) the practice of "foreign correspondence" or international reporting. This presentation by professor Mindy McAdams explains the distinctions among the 3 approaches. This presentation was given to journalists, students and others in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, and Jakarta, West Java, in July 2012, and includes some examples specific to Indonesia. SEE ALSO http://www.slideshare.net/macloo/global-journalism-research (for a discussion of approaches to conducting research about global journalism).
Paolo Mancini
(Università di Perugia)
CMPF Summer School 2013 for Journalists and Media Practitioners
http://cmpf.eui.eu/training/summer-school-2013.aspx
The document discusses several topics related to groups and organizations, including:
1) It defines different types of groups such as primary, secondary, in-groups, and out-groups.
2) It describes formal organizations and bureaucracies, noting that bureaucracies use rules and hierarchies to achieve efficiency.
3) It discusses how technology has impacted the workplace through telecommuting and electronic communication like email.
This document summarizes a panel discussion on democracy and society in Brazil. It discusses the democratic period after the dictatorship from Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Dilma Rousseff, noting a reduction in inequality but also reasons for the current crisis, including economic recession, political polarization, and corruption. It also examines the relationship between equality, democracy, and inclusion, comparing deliberative and antagonistic models of democracy. Short term scenarios for Brazil include Dilma returning, new elections, or Temer continuing, but strengthening democratic governance and institutions is most important for the future.
This document discusses measuring the informal economy in urban areas. It notes that while much research has focused on developing countries, the informal economy is also present in American cities through street vendors, day laborers, and other activities. Local governments need accurate data on the informal economy to better support economic development and understand urban economic trends, but often view informal workers as problems rather than important economic contributors. The paper argues for new research methods to better quantify the informal economy at the neighborhood level in order to inform public policy decisions.
This document provides an overview and discussion of topics related to media and globalization. It discusses definitions of globalization, inequalities created by globalization, cultural imperialism vs cultural globalization, the role of global media and news agencies, the impact of new technologies like the internet, and the digital divide debate. It also summarizes several scholars' perspectives on these issues and how globalization has impacted cultural exchange and the spread of information worldwide.
The document discusses several theorists' concepts relating to media representations of social groups and collective identity. Giroux (1997) argues that media representations of youth serve adult interests and make youth an "empty category." Acland (1995) and Cohen (1972) discuss how media representations of deviant youth reproduce social order and create moral panics. Gramsci (1971) introduces the concept of cultural hegemony. Althusser (1970) discusses ideological state apparatuses, and McRobbie (2004) and Gerbner (1986) discuss symbolic violence and cultivation theory, respectively. The document provides exam advice on answering a question about the social implications of media representations of social groups.
Audiences and readers of alternative media - a book chapter by John D. H. Dow...Xanat V. Meza
Disclaimer: all images and original texts belong to their rightful owners.
Chapter 17 of the book "International Communication. A reader", edited by Daya Kishan Thussu.
The document discusses the history and evolution of journalism from its early days in print and radio to modern television, online, and investigative journalism. It covers key developments like the rise of radio in the 1920s-1940s, the shift to FM in the late 1970s, and how the internet has allowed for more immediate updates and added multimedia. The document also examines differences between print and TV news and debates around objectivity versus encouraging civic participation. Ethics, democracy, and the relationship between journalism and the public interest are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to British politics, political campaigning, and content analysis. It discusses the changing relationship between politics and media, the rise of political marketing and branding, and debates around the impact of these trends on democracy and political engagement. Critics argue that marketing has contributed to less ideological parties and a decline in rational political debate, while proponents believe it can stimulate civic participation. The document also examines the emergence of celebrity politicians and their media management strategies.
The document discusses several key aspects of social structure, including social interaction and reality, elements of social structure like status and roles, and Lenski's model of sociocultural evolution. It also examines social policy issues related to the global AIDS crisis and the challenges of developing responses to help protect populations.
This presentation by Mindy McAdams serves as an introduction to major themes and approaches to research about journalism work and journalism products in the 21st century. It centers on five chapters in the 2008 book "Global Journalism Research" (Loffelholz & Weaver, Eds.) and adds five examples of published journal articles to demonstrate the range of research topics in journalism studies today. It also touches briefly on the work of Peter Berglez (about "global journalism" as a news style). For more about Berglez and the practices of international news reporting, SEE ALSO http://www.slideshare.net/macloo/global-journalism/ (this presents a comparison of 3 differing concepts of "global journalism").
The concept of glocalization and its incorporation in global brands’ marketin...inventionjournals
Over the past decades,multinational corporations‘ marketing activities were oriented towards brand globalization, which meant promoting, integrating and selling their standardized, uniform products and services across markets worldwide. However, nowadays, international brands are facing new challenges, one of them being to adapt to the conditions, socio-cultural factors and consumers needs within a specific market, to conduct marketing activities based on product particularisation in order to create a connection between the brand and consumers from different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds, thus changing their perspective from „global‖ to „local‖ (leading to the ―glocal‖ approach).In this paper, we will be defined the concept of ―glocalization‖ within a theoretical framework, referring to research studies from previously published literature conducted by other authors, while attempting to demonstrate how adopting a glocal strategy (combining a corporation‘s global strategy and developing products and services customized in order to appeal to the society members of a specific market) can lead to brand equity increase, as well as sales growth.
Behavioral Screening with a Translated Measure: Reliability and Validity Evid...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the reliability and validity of a Spanish translation of the Preschool Behavior Screening System (PBSS), called the PBSS Parent Spanish Form (PBSS-PSF). The study involved administering the PBSS-PSF to 49 Spanish-speaking parents of preschool children. Results found moderate to excellent internal consistency for the PBSS-PSF. Correlations between phases of the PBSS-PSF were acceptable, and correlations with an existing Spanish behavioral screening measure (BESS) were also acceptable. Overall the results provide promising preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of scores from the PBSS-PSF. Further refinement of the translated measure is recommended.
This week we discuss about the relevance of studying production in media studies. From films to electronic devices, production helps us to understand how media involves labor.
The social movement and collective action theoryAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the 2011 Egyptian revolution using the social movement and collective action theory. It summarizes the theory's five stages: 1) issues of discontent formed, 2) issues were framed around calls for democracy, 3) mobilization occurred on social media and protests, 4) confrontation emerged as the government tried to suppress protests violently, 5) outcomes included the overthrow of Mubarak's government. The theory effectively explained the progression of events in Egypt. However, it does not account for why some social movements succeed while others fail, which depends on factors like the type of regime.
Social Cognition and Media Psychology Uncovered: Social Representations of C...Ulaş Başar Gezgin
Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Social Cognition and Media Psychology Uncovered: Social Representations of Chinese on Turkish Newspapers. Seminar at Shanghai University, China, 11 November 2013. http://202.121.199.244/chs/ShowNews.asp?ID=165
http://www.shu.edu.cn/Default.aspx?tabid=507&ctl=Detail&mid=899&Id=84589&SkinSrc=%5BL%5DSkins%2Fnewscon1%2Fnewscon1
Abstract
The area of social cognition involves how people interpret the social phenomena such as other people, countries, nations, social groups etc. The notion of stereotypes is one of the most common topics studied as one of the keys to uncover psychology of social cognition. The Oxford Dictionary defines ‘stereotype’ as “a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing”. Due to the non-existence of Chinatowns and thus low social accessibility of Chinese people, Chinese are less known by Turkish people face-to-face. The information about Chinese are mostly acquired from news media and fictional works such as Jackie Chan films and kung-fu movies. The absence of face-to-face contact among many and the selectivity of media and films over social representations of Chinese might be held responsible for stereotypicality of social representations of Chinese in Turkey, rather than genuineness. Secondly, the area of media psychology studies the link between media and people’s psychology including people’s stereotypes and social representations. Mass communication theories consider media users as passive recipients which are shaped by media corporations, while more recent theories revamp this equation. In this paper, matching the discussions within media psychology and intercultural communication, the social representations of Chinese on Turkish newspapers are investigated. It is observed that Chinese appear on Turkish newspapers with extraordinary news, male-female imbalance, one child policy, political issues, commerce, long life, made-in-China products, consumerism, electronic products, hackers, tainted products, archeological and scientific discoveries, economic competition between China and U.S. etc.
Keywords: Media psychology, social cognition, stereotypes, Chinese, intercultural communication
This document discusses modernization theory, which posits that societies progress through stages from "traditional" to "modern". It is criticized for privileging markers like urbanization, literacy, and industrialization to define modernity. Key questions are raised around who defines modernity and whether all societies truly progress in the same linear way. The theory is also examined in the context of its origins in post-World War 2 United States as a way to promote capitalism over communism and analyze newly decolonized nations. Functionalism, which views society as analogous to a biological organism, is discussed as an influence on modernization theory.
Wk2 Modernity, globalization and development Carolina Matos
The document summarizes key concepts from modernization theory and critiques of it, including:
- Modernization theory viewed mass media as able to promote development by spreading modern values and raising aspirations. Schramm and Lerner were major proponents.
- Dependency theory emerged as a critique, arguing development maintains dependency on core capitalist countries through new forms of exploitation. Frank argued development in rich nations was achieved through exploiting colonies.
- Critics said modernization was too simplistic, ethnocentric, and ignored political/cultural dimensions of development. It failed to consider unequal power structures between nations.
- Dependency theorists like Cardoso and Frank saw underdevelopment as a result of past/ongoing explo
Media and social changing since 1979: towards a diachronic ethnography of med...jpostill
In this paper I address the question of how to study media and social change ethnographically. To do so I draw from the relevant media anthropology literature, including my own research in Malaysia and Spain. I first sketch a history of media anthropology, identifying a number of key works and themes as well as two main phases of growth since the 1980s. I then argue that anthropologists are well positioned to contribute to the interdisciplinary study of media and social change. However, to do so we must first shift our current focus on media and ‘social changing’ (i.e. how things are changing) to the study of media in relation to actual social changes, e.g. the suburbanisation of Kuala Lumpur in the 1970s to 2000s, or the secularisation of morality in post-Franco Spain. This shift from the ethnographic present continuous to the ethnogrhttp://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/13652836?hostedIn=slideshare&page=upload#aphic past tense – a move from potential to actual changes – does not require that we abandon our commitment to ethnography in favour of social history. Rather, it demands new forms of ‘diachronic ethnography’ that can handle the processual, finite logic of actual social changes.
The three views of audiences according to Stuart Hall are:
1. The reflective view - The audience passively accepts the preferred meaning encoded by the media producer.
2. The intentional view - The media producer encodes the meaning into the media text and the audience decodes it as intended.
3. The constructionist view - The audience plays an active role in determining the meaning. The audience does not just accept the preferred meaning but can negotiate or oppose the meaning based on their own experiences and point of view.
Global journalism encompasses 3 different perspectives on the practice of journalism: (1) the globalized approach to reporting elaborated by scholar Peter Berglez; (2) studies of how journalists differ in different countries; and (3) the practice of "foreign correspondence" or international reporting. This presentation by professor Mindy McAdams explains the distinctions among the 3 approaches. This presentation was given to journalists, students and others in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, and Jakarta, West Java, in July 2012, and includes some examples specific to Indonesia. SEE ALSO http://www.slideshare.net/macloo/global-journalism-research (for a discussion of approaches to conducting research about global journalism).
Paolo Mancini
(Università di Perugia)
CMPF Summer School 2013 for Journalists and Media Practitioners
http://cmpf.eui.eu/training/summer-school-2013.aspx
The document discusses several topics related to groups and organizations, including:
1) It defines different types of groups such as primary, secondary, in-groups, and out-groups.
2) It describes formal organizations and bureaucracies, noting that bureaucracies use rules and hierarchies to achieve efficiency.
3) It discusses how technology has impacted the workplace through telecommuting and electronic communication like email.
This document summarizes a panel discussion on democracy and society in Brazil. It discusses the democratic period after the dictatorship from Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Dilma Rousseff, noting a reduction in inequality but also reasons for the current crisis, including economic recession, political polarization, and corruption. It also examines the relationship between equality, democracy, and inclusion, comparing deliberative and antagonistic models of democracy. Short term scenarios for Brazil include Dilma returning, new elections, or Temer continuing, but strengthening democratic governance and institutions is most important for the future.
This document discusses measuring the informal economy in urban areas. It notes that while much research has focused on developing countries, the informal economy is also present in American cities through street vendors, day laborers, and other activities. Local governments need accurate data on the informal economy to better support economic development and understand urban economic trends, but often view informal workers as problems rather than important economic contributors. The paper argues for new research methods to better quantify the informal economy at the neighborhood level in order to inform public policy decisions.
This document provides an overview and discussion of topics related to media and globalization. It discusses definitions of globalization, inequalities created by globalization, cultural imperialism vs cultural globalization, the role of global media and news agencies, the impact of new technologies like the internet, and the digital divide debate. It also summarizes several scholars' perspectives on these issues and how globalization has impacted cultural exchange and the spread of information worldwide.
The document discusses several theorists' concepts relating to media representations of social groups and collective identity. Giroux (1997) argues that media representations of youth serve adult interests and make youth an "empty category." Acland (1995) and Cohen (1972) discuss how media representations of deviant youth reproduce social order and create moral panics. Gramsci (1971) introduces the concept of cultural hegemony. Althusser (1970) discusses ideological state apparatuses, and McRobbie (2004) and Gerbner (1986) discuss symbolic violence and cultivation theory, respectively. The document provides exam advice on answering a question about the social implications of media representations of social groups.
Audiences and readers of alternative media - a book chapter by John D. H. Dow...Xanat V. Meza
Disclaimer: all images and original texts belong to their rightful owners.
Chapter 17 of the book "International Communication. A reader", edited by Daya Kishan Thussu.
The document discusses the history and evolution of journalism from its early days in print and radio to modern television, online, and investigative journalism. It covers key developments like the rise of radio in the 1920s-1940s, the shift to FM in the late 1970s, and how the internet has allowed for more immediate updates and added multimedia. The document also examines differences between print and TV news and debates around objectivity versus encouraging civic participation. Ethics, democracy, and the relationship between journalism and the public interest are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to British politics, political campaigning, and content analysis. It discusses the changing relationship between politics and media, the rise of political marketing and branding, and debates around the impact of these trends on democracy and political engagement. Critics argue that marketing has contributed to less ideological parties and a decline in rational political debate, while proponents believe it can stimulate civic participation. The document also examines the emergence of celebrity politicians and their media management strategies.
The document discusses several key aspects of social structure, including social interaction and reality, elements of social structure like status and roles, and Lenski's model of sociocultural evolution. It also examines social policy issues related to the global AIDS crisis and the challenges of developing responses to help protect populations.
This presentation by Mindy McAdams serves as an introduction to major themes and approaches to research about journalism work and journalism products in the 21st century. It centers on five chapters in the 2008 book "Global Journalism Research" (Loffelholz & Weaver, Eds.) and adds five examples of published journal articles to demonstrate the range of research topics in journalism studies today. It also touches briefly on the work of Peter Berglez (about "global journalism" as a news style). For more about Berglez and the practices of international news reporting, SEE ALSO http://www.slideshare.net/macloo/global-journalism/ (this presents a comparison of 3 differing concepts of "global journalism").
The concept of glocalization and its incorporation in global brands’ marketin...inventionjournals
Over the past decades,multinational corporations‘ marketing activities were oriented towards brand globalization, which meant promoting, integrating and selling their standardized, uniform products and services across markets worldwide. However, nowadays, international brands are facing new challenges, one of them being to adapt to the conditions, socio-cultural factors and consumers needs within a specific market, to conduct marketing activities based on product particularisation in order to create a connection between the brand and consumers from different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds, thus changing their perspective from „global‖ to „local‖ (leading to the ―glocal‖ approach).In this paper, we will be defined the concept of ―glocalization‖ within a theoretical framework, referring to research studies from previously published literature conducted by other authors, while attempting to demonstrate how adopting a glocal strategy (combining a corporation‘s global strategy and developing products and services customized in order to appeal to the society members of a specific market) can lead to brand equity increase, as well as sales growth.
Behavioral Screening with a Translated Measure: Reliability and Validity Evid...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the reliability and validity of a Spanish translation of the Preschool Behavior Screening System (PBSS), called the PBSS Parent Spanish Form (PBSS-PSF). The study involved administering the PBSS-PSF to 49 Spanish-speaking parents of preschool children. Results found moderate to excellent internal consistency for the PBSS-PSF. Correlations between phases of the PBSS-PSF were acceptable, and correlations with an existing Spanish behavioral screening measure (BESS) were also acceptable. Overall the results provide promising preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of scores from the PBSS-PSF. Further refinement of the translated measure is recommended.
Product placement in movies and its consumer perceptioninventionjournals
Product placement is exponentially more and more present in our everyday lives, as we are exposed to it in all mainstream media, even though as a lot of times we are not even aware of the fact. One of its most prevalent occurrence is in movies, where taking a closer look on the highest grossing 35 Hollywood movies, the average number of product placement sightings was 13,9 in 2014. Its effectiveness is unquestionable, especially when put against the traditional means available for marketers. This paper aims to explore the main characteristics of product placement as well as to study its various branches of how they appear, how their reach is measurable and how the general public sees them and how these views might have changed over time (the goal is to expose the main theoretical correlations and various study results from the past years, while the primary research is not part of the paper). All the while the paper also seeks to find out where this relatively new type of advertising is heading, especially regarding the changes in digitalization, the new trends in marketing and the changes to consumers' perception of advertising
The Impact of Inventory Management on Manufacuring Industryinventionjournals
Inventory is generally considered to comprise in three main areas which are raw materials, work in progress and finished goods. Where these are held and in what quantities, and how they are managed will vary significantly from one organization to another. The activities of inventory management involves are identifying inventory requirements, setting targets, providing replenishment techniques and options, monitoring item usages, reconciling the inventory balances, and reporting inventory status. In order to have clear inventory management, a company should not only focus on logistic management but also on sales and purchase management. Inventory management and control is not only the responsibility of the accounting department and the warehouse, but also the responsibility of the entire organization. Actually, there are many departments involved in the inventory management and control process, such as sales, purchasing, production, logistics and accounting. All these departments must work together in order to achieve effective inventory controls. Inventory includes raw material in progress, finished products, general Suppliers and equipment etc. inventory control may defined as systematic location, storage and Recording of goods in such a way that desired degree of service can be made to the operating shops at minimum ultimate cost. The need for inventory control is to maintain stock of goods and ensure Manufacturing according to the production schedule based on sale requirement and the lowest possible ultimate cost to the customer. Every enterprise needs inventory for smooth running of activities, it serves as link between production and distribution process and there is general time lag between the recognition of a need and its fulfillment. The greater time lag, the higher the requirement for inventory. The unforeseen fluctuation in demand and supply of goods also necessitate the need for inventory as it provides cushion for future price fluctuation. This paper includes the concept of inventory management, nature of inventory management, materials management techniques and inventory accounting
Comparative Study on Day Lighting & Energy Modeling For Conventional and Gree...inventionjournals
A green building is a building which consumes less energy, less water and it includes proper waste management system in such a way that it utilizes maximum natural resources without .affecting the future needs. The energy consumption in a conventional building varies based on the person’s metabolic condition, the circulation of fresh air and the intensity of light entering to the building. The absence of fresh air circulation and lack of natural light will lead to intense power consumption in the building. The methodology used here is basically on the working of the three software viz., velux, design builder, and equest. The velux software is used to understand the building day light factor, how the ventilations are provided and to what extent the building is consuming the natural light through these ventilations. A simulation shall be drawn to check colors the lux values inside the building and it shall be done on the basis d considering different colors and designing the building as per latitude and longitude of the building so the results are based on the weather and climatic conditions of the building topography, thermal comfort in the building, metabolic conditions and materials used . Equest software is the software used for the final analysis of the modeled energy building to determine the consumption of the energy and also the annual savings based on the model prepared in the software. The main area is on how to reduce the energy consumption in the building using the natural day light. A study on the modeled building by its appropriate orientation and a cost wise comparison between green and a conventional building are done here. The study is conducted in one of the site located at Mangalore island site for conventional building.
Evasive/Deceptive Use of Euphemistic Language in Discourse: Barak Obama’s Spe...inventionjournals
1) Obama delivered a speech in Hiroshima where he mourned Japanese casualties but did not apologize for or mention the 1945 US atomic bombing. His speech used euphemistic language to avoid expressing guilt or asking forgiveness.
2) The author analyzes Obama's speech using critical discourse analysis and argues that Obama employed rhetorical strategies like euphemism, omission, and metonymy to absolve the US of responsibility and dissolve the victim-victimizer dichotomy.
3) By referring to "mankind", "every continent", and vague collective entities, Obama obscured the specifics of the US bombing and made the catastrophe seem inevitable rather than a result of imperialism and military aggression. His language aimed to justify
Non Performing Assets (NPAs): A Comparative Analysis of Selected Private Sect...inventionjournals
Banking sector plays an important role in the development of an economy. Any problem in this sector will often extend to real sector. Assets quality was not a prime concern of the banks till 1991. Banks mainly focused on expansion, development of rural areas, priority sector lending etc. But now the prime challenge is mounting pressure of NPAs. NPAs engulf the public sector banks as well as private sector also. It not only affects the banking sector but the whole economy as well. Banks often lean into the risk free investment that is not conducive for the growth of economy. This paper studies the trend of NPAs of leading private sector banks and suggests measures to minimize it
Relación Entre El Desarrollo Neuropsicológico Y La Creatividad En Edades Temp...inventionjournals
Neuropsychological maturity is a crucial factor for the school population because it can be an indicator of a high or low school performance. Moreover, creativity is a factor that will not only allow the development of original ideas but also will provide a more divergent thinking. Therefore, this study tries to establish whether there is a direct relationship between neuropsychological maturity and level of creativity. The study is home to a population of 30 subjects without learning disabilities enrolled in primary education with an age between 7 and 11 years. To carry out the study, it has been used Maturity Questionnaire Neuropsychological testing CUMANES and then CREA. Once passed all tests, we used the statistical Pearson, which concludes that exists between creativity and neuropsychological maturity is a direct positive correlation.
Assessment of the Case on Child Development Program Students Exposed to Emoti...inventionjournals
This study is planned to specify the ways of perception of the young who are exposed to emotional abuse by their mothers along with the factors that can affect the perception. 308 (306=F, 2=M) volunteer students of Child Development Program from Erciyes University Hüseyin Şahin Vocational High School, İzzet Bayraktar Vocational High School, Kırıkkale University Keskin Vocational High School and Dicle University Silvan Vocational High School are included to the study. In order to identify the case of young people subjected to emotional abuse by their mothers, “Mother-Youngster Relationship Scale” composed of 36 articles by Alantar (1989)- improved by Bayraktar (1990), Vardar (1994) is used in the study. As a result of the study, it is found out that the relation between the schools of the young and their confinement to a room/closet by their mothers is seen as substantive, the relation between educational background of the mother and the case of the young being seen as servants is found liminal substantive (p≤.05). The relation between educational background of mothers and the young’s bruised by them is reached out substantive (p<.05).
Selection of Species in the Reservoir Ecosystem for Area of the Boca Do Rio N...inventionjournals
Considering the importance of the dune ecosystems for the protection of areas and aquifers, this study was carried out presenting the selection of some plant species of the restinga ecosystem that could compose a coastal stretch of the neighborhood of Boca do Rio in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The area to be recovered is changed. The decharacterization of the environment is due to the intense depletion of its natural resources caused by the disordered occupation. In this sense, it becomes a challenge to the selection of plant species that associate or that adapt to the existing conditions in this environment. In this way nineteen plant species of arboreal extract were selected (19), seven (07) seven shrubs and (06) six shrubs. However, in view of this scenario, it is pertinent to caution, recommend planting plant species that adapt to the adverse conditions of coastal zones and accompany them for assessments and possible corrections. Thus, we will have a greater control of the anatomical and physiological conditions of the vegetal species planted in this place.
Leadership And Competence of Some Private Bank Instructor In Jakartainventionjournals
1. The study investigated the effects of leadership and competence on the work motivation of private bank instructors in Jakarta.
2. It found that leadership, competence, and the combination of leadership and competence all had a positive and significant influence on work motivation. Specifically, the dimensions of human relationships in leadership and personality in competence were the most dominant factors.
3. The model showed that leadership and competence jointly explained 10.2% of the variation in work motivation, while other unspecified variables explained the remaining 89.8%.
Analysis on Mathematics Success of Students in Vocational School Evening Clas...inventionjournals
This study aims to analyze the mathematics success of students in Vocational Schools’ evening classes in terms of certain variables. For this purpose, personal information forms prepared by the researcher were used to collect the necessary information about the students. This information form contained such questions as the students’ gender, type of school they graduated from, name of program they are enrolled to and the type of their enrollment. The academic success points of the students were obtained from their relevant departments. The sample group of the study is 142 students attending the evening classes of Tatvan Vocational School of Bitlis Eren University. The research was applied in 2015-2016 academic year. The data collected were analyzed by ANOVA and t-Test methods. The findings revealed that the mathematics success of students admitted through the exam is higher than that of students enrolled through open admission (without exam) and that there is significant difference of students’ mathematics success depending on their gender, type of high school they graduated from and the program they are enrolled to.
Business strategy is dependent on the management team possessing high quality information, most often of a quantitative nature. Particularly in a business environment that is increasingly globalized and influenced by both technology and social media, the ability of management to react with flexibility is key to organizational success. Accounting professionals, specifically management accountants already embedded within various functional areas, possess the necessary competencies to meet the data demands of a stakeholder environment. Building strategy begins with an understanding of broader business trends, and the ability to translate broader trends into quantitative data. Adopting a strategic headset and more strategically oriented business outlook is a concept that continues to proliferate the academic and business press. Accounting professionals have an opportunity to leverage existing competencies, technological advances, and the need for quantitative data in a fast changing environment. What remains to be done is an analysis of these trends, and an understanding of how accounting professionals can translate potential into business decision making.
Challenges of Small Scale Entrepreneurs in Dodoma Tanzaniainventionjournals
Small businesses irrefutably remain critical to the development of any nation’s economy as they are an excellent, source of employment creation, help in improvement of local skill, and extend aboriginal entrepreneurs. The small scale entrepreneurs who (either registered, unregistered, service or manufacturing or any other type) and have more than three years experience of entrepreneurship comprised the populace of the study. The method of convenience sampling was employed in arriving at the 100 Small firms. The major challenge could be lack of financial (Capital) resources. In the event funding institutions become flexible in their requirements for loan applications, respondents registered their willing to increase the number of their employees; the number of branches and willingness to accept specialized recommendation. In other ways, the only best way to help Small firm’s right of entry economic resources lies in the hands of funding institutions as acceptable and suggested by the best part of undersized entrepreneurs who submitted that the key determinants for seed resources attainment are: fair and low interest rates.
An Analysis of Impact of Human Capital Investment on Demographic Characterist...inventionjournals
The demographic features of the 2011census of India have revealed that India is the second largest country next to China in terms of working age population (25 - 50 years) in the world. It has been known that the country’s economic growth is based on both natural and human resources available in the country. Still, there are more avenues for effective and efficient use of labour-productivity in this age group. It is well conceived by the theory that the human resources are the biggest contributor of economic growth which is augmented by a process of human capital formation. Of late, health and education have been viewed as the two dimensions of human capital which are treated as an indicator of social welfare. The variations in health status of different age groups in market and non-market labour productivities are still prevalent in many developing countries. The low health status persons contribute less to human capital formation than of others (Behrman and Deolalikar, 1988). According to them, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Therefore, it cannot be purchased by the consumers in the market as we do for other goods and services in the market. On the other hand, it can be produced by spending time upon health improving activities, as well as, purchasing medical inputs (Grossman M., 1972). Behrman has pointed out that there is an inverse relationship between low health status and human capital formation. Therefore, the economists have focused their attention to study the determinants and impact of health status on economic growth. The present study attempts to analyse the human capital investment and its impact of socio- economic status on human resources (HR) in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu. To aid our research effort, an extensive literature has also been reviewed in an attempt to answer various queries raised. On the basis of the statement of problems, the research questionnaires have been canvassed among the respondents to obtain the information. This study is based on databases obtained both from primary and secondary sources. The information through primary sources has been collected with the help of interview schedule. The secondary data on Human Capital Investment and the Impact of Socio- Economic Status on Human Resources have been collected from various sources in Chennai City. In the health sector, this study focuses its attention to reporting illness, amount spent, days lost. Some of the opted econometric techniques have been used to examine the objectives of the study. Our empirical strategy has applied the following tools of analysis. The statistical tools like OLS, PROBIT and LOGIT techniques are used to analyze the indicator ‘selfreported illnesses. And, ‘Health expenditure’ and ‘number of days lost’ are estimated by OLS and TOBIT techniques, besides by applying correlation, regression analysis.
What Engineering of the Devices Adult Formation: Case of Professionals of Ins...inventionjournals
In the setting of the formations organized by the direction of resources human of the OFPPT in order to develop the staff's expertise. Actions of formation have been started to the profit of the professionals of the superior institutes of the technologies applied that participate in an active manner to the territorial development, arriving thus to a new consensus of backing of a real approach participative, governance and responsibility citizen. The role of the formation and the framing of the professionals of the establishments of the ofppt has for fundamental goal the backing and the setting to level of their capacities and professional expertise. The ofppt "Office of the professional formation and the promotion of work": is a public organism in Morocco created in May 1974; he/it is the first public operator concerning professional formation. The office of professional formation, enrolls in this perspective while permitting the qualification of the professionals concerning management, of conduct of the territorial development and the human capital" by the animation of the sessions of formation and forums to the profit of the staffs of the superior Institutes of the big placed South of the regional direction of Casablanca in the setting of the setting in .uvre of the national plan of backing capacities of the establishments of the technologies applied ". The present research is a research of investigating, of inductive and retrospective analysis of the devices and the practices of formation of the professionals of the institutes of the OFPPT, that can provide to the field of the formation the conceptual bases, susceptible to improve the relevance and the quality of the deliverable. The object of this survey aims to articulate way very strong two measurements that don't necessarily go together: the theoretical dimension and the operative dimension that are connected to the gait of the engineering andragogique and the contributions of the professional didactics in the process of analysis, conceptualization and conduct of the formation devices. To the bottom, the conditions of the practice of the professional formation let think that he/it is applicable to interest itself/themselves of it to this methodological operative in the goal of location the clear and explicit logics of construction and formalization of the professional formations (mutualisation and capitalization for a real reinvestment of this subjective experience in other domains social of activities.
A Study of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) In Understanding the Efficacy of...inventionjournals
Global usage of automated system in all fields has remarkably increased in the past decades. To understand the extensive usage of the Information system, the study is undertaken where the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is used to see the extent to which an Information System (IS) is able to make any HR routine activity in the institution to be automated; whereby, the information obtained is effective and reliable. The study undertook in this article focuses on the reliability test in order to test the reliability of the scale and also the correlation test in order to find the rate of correlation between the various components of the TAM model – Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Attitude towards change (ATU) and Behavioral Intention towards use (BIU). The study indicated that the null hypothesis is accepted where there is significant positive change in the Perceived Ease of Use, Attitude of the User and the Behavioral intention of the user towards using the HRIS tool in any organization. This led to understanding from the study that there is a very high rate of effectiveness in the usage of HRIS tool in any institutions using, which is proved using the TAM model.
Effect of Different Exercise Types Upon Blood Zinc and Copper Levelsinventionjournals
This study focused on investigating the effects of different types of exercise models (power endurance, maximal strength, and interval running) on the copper and zinc levels in blood. All male twenty four basketball players voluntarily accepted to be the subjects of this study. Subjects were put in three different groups according to their maximal strength (MS) (n=8), intermittent running power endurance (PE) (n=8) and interval run (n=8). Serum copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels were calculated in accordance with atomic emission technique in blood samples gathered from the groups before and after training program. The difference in blood zinc levels pre and post exercise were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05)>< 0.05). In the end power endurance group was better among the others at saving the zinc status of the body
Organizational Commitment: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Sector B...inventionjournals
In spite of an increasing number of studies on organizational commitment, no unifying work focused on the measurement of organizational commitment of managers of banking sector. Organizational commitment is a feeling of one's dedication towards the employing organization, his/her willingness to work hard for that organization, and the intention to remain with that organization. There are various factors that affect the employees' commitment towards the organization. This study was carried out to establish the association of banking sector (public/private) and managerial levels with the organizational commitment among bank employees. Data was collected from 633 managers of banking sector using questionnaire method. Organizational commitment scale developed by Allen and Mayer (1990), was used as a tool for data collection. Regression analysis, t-test and one way ANOVA were used as statistical tools for data analysis. The results from the t-test of the study revealed that the public sector bank managers were more committed towards the organization than the private sector bank managers. The affective, continuance and normative commitment are high in public sector bank managers than private sector bank managers. Also, the ANOVA-test revealed that the top levels managers had the highest organizational commitment than the middle and the lower level managers. The affective, continuance and normative commitment of top level bank managers are higher than the middle and lower level managers. The t-test analysis results also, revealed that organizational commitment, affective commitment, continuance commitment of middle level bank managers is higher and significant than that of lower level bank managers. The difference of normative commitment between middle level and lower level managers is not statistically significant.
Reaching Out To the Rural Consumers through Haats: A Study in Karnatakainventionjournals
The oldest of all marketing channels in rural India is the haat, which has survived the rigorous of modern day marketing. Offering a wide range of products and services to rural consumers clustered around its location. They are also referred to as the mobile supermarkets of rural India. In spite of the development of permanent shops, these temporary markets play a vital role in the rural economy. The current empirical study reaching out the rural consumers through haats has been undertaken with an intention to understand the rural consumers buying pattern and behavior in rural haats. In order to realise the stated objectives a structured questionnaire has been prepared and pre-tested and administered on the 1,600 respondents. The validity of the questionnaire was adjudged, using Cronbach's coefficient (α). The values of α in this study for the framed questions were found to be 0.736, 0.805, 0.765 etc, giving an average value of 0.768. The collected data has been collated by SPSS software. Various statistical tools have been extensively used for the analysis of the collected data. We found a significant relationship between the demographic factors with bargaining habits of the rural consumers except gender of the respondents. Based on the analysis of the study a brief summary of findings have been made and a meaningful conclusion have been drawn. Finally the results have been compared with the possible evidence.
This document provides an introduction to a graduate thesis on analyzing depictions of deviant behavior in the films "Clockwork Orange" and "The Crying Game" from a sociological perspective. It discusses the sociological importance and influence of film, both on society and audiences. It explores how films can critique and reflect society, as well as influence attitudes and behaviors. The thesis will examine how these two films specifically portray immorality in society and how they may have impacted social consciousness. It aims to analyze why these films left a strong impression and treat them using sociological theory to explore their depictions of society and individuals.
The document discusses the expansion of the Matrix universe across multiple media platforms. It examines two aspects of this phenomenon. First, it analyzes the transmedia narrative approach taken by the Wachowski brothers to tell the Matrix story across films, games, and other media. This illustrates contemporary convergence culture where narratives adapt to different forms. Second, it examines how the Matrix world shifts audiences from passive spectators to active participants through its interactive games and media. It explores what these shifts mean and where the activities take place. The document argues that studying media experiences now requires considering how audiences engage across multiple contexts rather than just individual media.
Frustration in Cinema: Ideological Presentation of Dreamspaulussilas
This document discusses the presentation of dreams through frustration in auteur cinema. It analyzes the Turkish film "Sonbahar" as an example. The film uses aesthetic structure to contain negation that complements the questioning form and will produce permanent meanings, revealing the hope inherent in frustration. The article examines auteur cinema in relation to ideology, reality, and creating permanent meaning through form. It argues that auteur cinema can have a transformative effect by presenting dreams through the theme of frustration, as this allows for critical interpretation that transcends the current social situation.
The document discusses several theories of how audiences interact with and are influenced by mass media:
- The Frankfurt School was concerned with propaganda and developed one of the earliest effects theories, which argued media had direct effects on audiences.
- Later studies found audiences to be more active and that media use satisfied needs like entertainment, information, and identity formation.
- More recent models view audiences as actively decoding messages in dominant, negotiated, or oppositional ways and engaging with media in social and cultural contexts.
- The role of gender, technologies, genres, and domestic environments are now recognized as shaping audience relationships with media.
This summary provides an overview of the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the changing definitions of cinema over time, from its origins as a technological invention to its development as an artistic medium and ideological tool. It explores cinema's shift from early "cinema of attractions" to later narrative films, driven by cultural pressures to be seen as a serious art form. The document also analyzes debates around defining cinema as an art based on its relationships to other arts and its unique cinematic techniques and editing, as well as defining it as an ideology based on how it conveys sociopolitical messages.
The document provides an overview of the topics covered in the COM1010 exam, including:
1) The exam format which consists of multiple choice questions and short answer essays requiring analysis of two out of three questions.
2) Key approaches to studying media such as political economy, textual analysis, and the relationship between industries, texts and audiences.
3) Methods of analyzing media texts including semiotics, content analysis, and how meaning is constructed.
4) Issues of media regulation including ownership, production, and access in relation to democracy and the public sphere.
5) The role and framing of news reporting and how it constructs reality.
6) Analysis of film genres and audience reception.
7) Particip
9/28/2019 Karlin
journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/rt/printerFriendly/444/0 1/4
M/C Journal, Vol 14, No 6 (2011)
Measuring Impact: The Importance of Evaluation for Documentary Film Campaigns
Beth Karlin, John Johnson
Abstract
Introduction
Documentary film has grown significantly in the past decade, with high profile films such as Fahrenheit 9/11, Supersize Me, and An Inconvenient Truth garnering
increased attention both at the box office and in the news media. In addition, the rising prominence of web-based media has provided new opportunities for
documentary to create social impact. Films are now typically released with websites, Facebook pages, twitter feeds, and web videos to increase both reach and
impact. This combination of technology and broader audience appeal has given rise to a current landscape in which documentary films are imbedded within
coordinated multi-media campaigns.
New media have not only opened up new avenues for communicating with audiences, they have also created new opportunities for data collection and analysis of
film impacts. A recent report by McKinsey and Company highlighted this potential, introducing and discussing the implications of increasing consumer information
being recorded on the Internet as well as through networked sensors in the physical world. As they found: "Big data—large pools of data that can be captured,
communicated, aggregated, stored, and analyzed—is now part of every sector and function of the global economy" (Manyika et al. iv). This data can be mined to
learn a great deal about both individual and cultural response to documentary films and the issues they represent.
Although film has a rich history in humanities research, this new set of tools enables an empirical approach grounded in the social sciences. However, several
researchers across disciplines have noted that limited investigation has been conducted in this area. Although there has always been an emphasis on social impact in
film and many filmmakers and scholars have made legitimate (and possibly illegitimate) claims of impact, few have attempted to empirically justify these claims.
Over fifteen years ago, noted film scholar Brian Winston commented that "the underlying assumption of most social documentaries—that they shall act as agents of
reform and change—is almost never demonstrated" (236). A decade later, Political Scientist David Whiteman repeated this sentiment, arguing that, "despite
widespread speculation about the impact of documentaries, the topic has received relatively little systematic attention" ("Evolving"). And earlier this year, the
introduction to a special issue of Mass Communication and Society on documentary film stated, "documentary film, despite its growing influence and many impacts,
has mostly been overlooked by social scientists studying the media and communication" (Nisbet and Aufderheide 451).
Film has been studied extensively as entertainment, as narrative, and as cultural even ...
This document discusses perspectives on media globalization and cultural imperialism. It summarizes the debate between those arguing for homogenization of culture through Western media dominance, and those pointing to examples of multi-directional cultural flows and hybridization. While some regional media have risen, most large regional producers have been acquired by transnational giants, indicating the power of large corporations. The growing size and influence of a small number of multinational media conglomerates raises concerns about a new form of imperialism making many nations subsidiary to the media products of the most powerful countries and companies.
7 Social Inequality and Media RepresentationUniversal Television.docxfredharris32
This document discusses how media content is analyzed in relation to social inequality and representation. It focuses specifically on how media representations of race, class, gender, and sexual orientation compare to the real world. The document outlines that media content has traditionally reflected the perspectives of white middle- and upper-class men who have historically controlled the media industry. It also discusses how representations are not reality, and that media content does not always aim to accurately reflect society, using examples like science fiction.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in media studies, including media products, industries, audiences, forms, languages, representations, theories, and effects. It discusses topics such as how media constructs reality, how audiences make meaning, the power of media industries, and how new digital technologies have impacted cultural production and consumption. Various influential theorists are also mentioned across different areas of media studies.
The document discusses how media systems influence public policymaking. Media act as channels between those who want to influence policy and policymakers, controlling the scope of political discourse. While textbook policymaking follows an orderly process, media involvement makes the process less linear. Media choose what issues to cover and how to frame them, actively shaping public opinion and policy debates. As a result, politics has begun orienting itself to satisfy media organizations. The media are now active participants in policymaking and can stimulate change or maintain the status quo through their framing of issues.
This summary analyzes the film Matewan and The Matrix, examining their exploration of Marxist ideas. Both films take place in very different time periods (1920s and 2199) but share similar Marxist concepts such as class alienation, commodity fetishism, and class consciousness. Matewan depicts a unionization struggle in a West Virginia coal mining community in the 1920s. The Matrix shows a dystopian future where humanity is enslaved by intelligent machines in a simulated reality. Both films examine how the state supports capitalist exploitation and bourgeois dominance through tactics that maintain class divisions and the capitalist mode of production.
The document summarizes the results of a study analyzing media discourse around the global financial crisis using the theory of social representations. Six main themes emerged: 1) representations of finance being "under accusation" or a "sick person"; 2) the genesis and effects of "bad finance"; 3) the contribution of financial mathematics to virtualization; 4) deregulation and lack of oversight; 5) the dissociation of science from ethics; 6) the need for ethical reform and more regulation. The analysis found opposition between economics and the increasingly virtual and speculative nature of finance was a major framework used in the discourse.
Hypermedia space in the Occupy movement: a sociological analysis Cortney Copeland
This document provides a sociological analysis of new media and its implications for established news media through a case study of the Occupy movement. It begins by describing how new media like Twitter played a key role in the Occupy movement and proposes a model to analyze the relationship between new and traditional media. The model views media as part of a larger social world and acknowledges that both technology and social forces shape how media are used. When applied to Occupy, the model shows how new and traditional media interacted in a "hypermedia space" to both document and spread information about the protests.
READY EXPLORING THE POTENTIALS OF THEATRE AND THE MEDIA FOR NATION BUILDINGchijindu Daniel Mgbemere
This document discusses the potential roles of theatre and media in nation building in Nigeria. It argues that theatre and media can play crucial roles in psychological re-engineering and developing civic virtues among citizens to support nation building. The document examines various theories that explain how theatre and media act as mirrors that reflect society and can shape national consciousness. It proposes using theatre of necessity that addresses society's challenges and promotes equity, democracy, and good governance to strengthen nations. The conclusion is that theatre and media have important roles to play in nation building in Nigeria and other African countries through education, social mobilization, and fostering national integration.
This document discusses the entertainment economy and industry from an economic perspective. It defines entertainment and discusses how entertainment is influencing society and becoming a major economic force. Entertainment economics examines how entertainment organizations use resources to produce content and satisfy audience wants and needs. The document also outlines some key aspects of the entertainment industry like the different types of firms, industries, levels of competition, and forces that shape the industry such as globalization, regulation, technology and social aspects.
This document discusses different theories of how technology impacts social change:
1) Innovative determinism posits that technological innovation, through cumulative creative work over time, is the primary driver of historical change.
2) Social determinism argues that social and economic factors influence technological development, not the other way around.
3) Technology has greatly impacted social institutions like education and marriage through new communication technologies and how society views relationships.
4) From a social determinist perspective, economic and social forces interact with and influence technological development.
Mass media has significant influence on teens in both positive and negative ways. Positively, it exposes teens to new ideas and information to help them learn and grow. However, it can also negatively impact teens' body image and self-esteem by promoting unrealistic societal standards of beauty. The overuse of social media by teens in particular has been linked to increased rates of depression and anxiety. While mass media was originally intended to inform and entertain, it is important to consider its far-reaching effects on vulnerable teenage audiences.
Internationalisation of media industries and sense of spaceNikos Koulousios
This document argues that the internationalization and conglomeration of media industries does not have a positive effect on our sense of place and belonging. It contends that as media ownership becomes more concentrated, content will become more uniform, potentially threatening diversity and local identities. While international media can foster a global communicative space, without common political and social systems, it will be difficult to establish a shared identity. The trend towards media conglomeration risks the creation of a homogenized global cultural identity driven by profit motives, rather than diversity and local distinction.
Similar to Reflections of Global Financial Crisis on Culture Industry: A Study on Films Produced After Global Financial Crisis of 2008 (20)
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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Reflections of Global Financial Crisis on Culture Industry: A Study on Films Produced After Global Financial Crisis of 2008
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 6 Issue 1 || January. 2017 || PP—15-21
www.ijbmi.org 15 | Page
Reflections of Global Financial Crisis on Culture Industry: A Study
on Films Produced After Global Financial Crisis of 2008
Fırat Botan Şan1
, Çağatay Yağcı2
1
(Business Administration, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey)
2
(International Tradeand Finance, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey)
ABSTRACT: The aim of the study is to investigate the footprints of culture industry on crisis themed films
which produced after the global financial crisis of 2008 erupted first in the U.S.A. and later spread around the
world. Examining a social phenomenon (industry and markets) with films (culture) is important because there
are commonalities between these variables like mounting technique in the beginning and imaginary character
in the present. Internet Movie Database (IMDB) named web site was used as data source to this study. Number
of 47 films determined by keywords search in the database and ten films with highest ranking scores (gross
revenue, public ratings, metascore, and moviemeter) from number of these 47 titles selected as research sample.
Correlation analysis showed no relationship between these revenues and rankings variables. Content analysis
conducted on the selected films according to hypotheses of the study. Classification of genres, joint producing
companies, outsourcing services, rankings, budgeting and gross revenues are all giving tips about culture
industry characteristic of the films. But, productions with critical and historical approaches are exception to
these findings.
Keywords: Global Financial Crisis, Culture Industry, Films, Content Analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
Critical studies show that cultural products have become commodities along with capitalism. Films as
a branch of art emerged by birth of industrial revolution, an interrelated manner through capitalism and
technology. The first motion picture companies that were established in the 1890s and the technological
developments leading the industrial revolution in the 18th
and 19th
centuries coincided with the same time that
shed light on the causality relationship between variables.
As a result of this production process, society turned into “consumption society” and individuals who
alienated to society and themselves, became not only the producers but also the consumers. In this era,
structures that facilitate the continuation of life in the pre-modern societies started seizing the society. Polanyi
(1944) shows markets as an example. According to him, markets must have been embedded in the social
relations of society, instead of capturing the social relationships. Commodification and the exchange of “things”
with their exchange values instead of usage values caused this situation.
Art is one of the areas as science, philosophy, religion and mythology that help people to understand
life. And it took the form of the economic system in this era and started producing in this way. Adorno and
Horkheimer (1944) define this situation as culture industry and criticize it. One of the biggest criticisms is that
culture products look like a factory’s mass production; and they are all same in every way. These products instill
the idea into individuals’ head which ensures the continuity of existing system that they can move on their lives
by identifying their lives with the lives in the movies.
Same situation is also valid for popular music products in the opposition of serious music, e.g. pop and
jazz (Kuyucu, 2016). Examining today’s pop music’s melodic structure and lyrics shows that it is monotype and
dull. Adorno describes this type of work without any art feature, as low and argues that not only technical
development but also economical and administrative development contributed this process.
According to Baudrillard (1982), despite these passive consumer descriptions, society steers the mass
media which surrounds it. Although movie makers thought cinema as a mass media that is rational,
documentarily and news oriented, it lost its features in time. As the mass media, science and medicine steer
society to consumption, society will seek for more and more and eventually consume these areas too.
The functioning of the derivatives and futures markets, vanguard of the money and capital markets,
attached “hyper-reality”1
to traditional laws of supply and demand and rationality. As a result of increasingly
complicated relationship between the structure and the perpetrator led this situation to be questioned by the
society who is affected from financial crisis. Global financial crisis of 2008 that erupted in the USA have
1
Hyper Reality is a technological capability that makes possible the seamless integration of physical reality and virtual reality, human
intelligence and artificial intelligence and would create a new communications paradigm. And itcould become to the information society
what mass media was to the industrial society (Terashima and Tiffin, 2005).
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multiple effects on societies, made this subject much more interesting. The aim of this study is analyzing the
movies about the financial crisis which occurred after 2008, and finding out these movies’ effects in the society.
Literature study is conducted in the next section to determine the position of the study. Theoretical framework
was constructed in the third section of the study. The research methodology and data structure are discussed in
the fourth section. In the final section, results of the statistical analyses are presented and directions for future
research are given with a conclusion.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
First of all, cinema considers the investment costs and requires kind of managerial planning.
Contradiction between the accounting side of the cinema and the reality of the topic shows itself dramatically.
Rather than the individual failure, absurdity of the cinema caused by this conflict. The principle of cinema is
intention to take audience into consideration which is also disrupting the harmony (Adorno, 2007: 138).
According to Wu (2001) corporates and top managers see modern art with other cultural branches as
both symbolic and material values of exchange in capitalized western democracies of late twentieth centuries.
At this time, social scientists investigated only the powers and dominations of the corporations in the markets.
However, especially multinational companies exchanging their cultural capital with economical capitals by
using the art as a kind of marketing or public relations strategy.
This level of intertwining of the cinema and the economics is another example of economics
imperialism (Fine and Milonakis, 2014) on the social fields. Nobel leurate Gary Becker is another prominent
example for treating the social fields as the perfectly functioning markets. However, most of the art definitions
focus on expression of feelings. Strauss (1962: 53) indicates that if the production challenges completely
defeated (when the production is left to the machines) usage increasingly becomes specified and applied art
turns into the industrial art.
Understanding the social phenomenons with the help of movies is very common in the literature.
Movie analysis studies are limited to specific singular films (recommended by Diken and Lausten) instead of
some kind of movie clusters (recommended by Zizek) (Demir, 2013: 64) and mostly content analysis technique
are selected as researching tool. Also prevalence of the economic analysis on the movies (see. McKenzie, 2010;
Smith&Smith, 1986; Vany, 2004) indicates how cinema sector being perceived as a culture industry.
SlovajZizek defines the cinema as perverse art and indicates that culture and the economy are
interconnected not just by commercialization of the culture but also with culturalization of the economy (Akıner
and Arık, 2012: 15).
Movie studies show the different perspectives of business culture in the literature. Spector (2008)
investigated how popular culture in general and movies in particular both reflected and shaped public attitudes
to newly emerging corporate giants in the 1950s; to demonstrate how that view was itself shaped by political
context and prevailing American ideology. Content analysis was conducted on 11 corporate films that shot
between 1954 and 1960 showed the loss of human heart in finance driven conglomerates and concluded that
popular movies turned businessmen and corporate executives into stereotypical villains.
Effect of product placements in the movies on customers was discussed by Balasubramanian et al.
(2014). According to structural equation modelling estimation, several attitudinal moviesconstruct (attitude
toward the actor, the character and the movie) influence attitude toward the product placement, which in turn
mediates the relationship between the former attitudinal constructs and attitude toward the brand.
Teaching introductory economics to the students through movies and television shows are also
recommended with variety of studies in the field (Mateer 2004; Mateer and Li 2008; Ghent, Stone and Mateer
2011; Mateer and Stephenson 2011; Samaras 2014) which strengthens the idea of the relationship between real
life experiences and the movies. According to Mateer television shows and movies provide a unique
communication medium that motivates and reinforces learning. Macy and Terry (2008) indicate that disciplines
such as accounting and finance have projects or simulations that can be utilized to show student learning. But
the importance of critical thinking skills is where economics differentiates itself from the other disciplines.
Although all fields use critical thinking, the process of analyzing many real world situations is based on
fundamental economic theories. Movies present the related link between reality and theory which results with a
critical thinking in these fields of study. According to bibliography of the studies content analysis of the movies
are common in the literature as it is also used in the next section.
III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
We mainly used genre theory to explain the research problem of this study. This genre theory has also a
field of use in other art branches like literature, painting, photography etc. Categorizing the different kinds of art
products led critics and researchers to focus easily on the theme. Films are criticized and handled according to
sociopolitical conditions of the time period that they produced. Definition of genre which is a French word in
the cinema has tendency to focus mostly on mainstream and commercial films and Hollywood film in
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particular. These genre types significant in establishing the popular sense of cinema as a cultural and economic
institution especially in Hollywood studios that adopted mass production of industrial model. Neale (1999)
defines major genres as action and adventure, biopics, comedy, contemporary crime (detective, gangster and
suspense), epics and spectacles, horror and science fiction, musicals, social problem films, teenpics, war films
and westerns. He also separates genre theories into two different basic groups; one is consists of aesthetic
theories while other consists of social and cultural theories. Aesthetic genre theories are based on repetition and
variation, similarity and differences and simplicity and complexity of these differences. Also, socio-cultural
genre theories based on perceived ubiquity, longevity and popularity of genres and their roles in the society.
Tudor (2003) gives Westerns characteristic as genre example such as common certain themes, certain typical
actions, certain characteristic mannerisms. Classification of films suggests we presumably have knowledge
about it and the films shares some characteristic feature with other films in the same genre and call it as extreme
genre imperialism.
Chandlers (1997) indicates that definition of specific genre type is often a theoretically disagreed topic
between theorists. Because genre is an intangible conception rather than something exists empirically in the
world. Films generally cannot fit into a single type of genre, but the multiple classifications of genre types are
also required. Definition and classification of the genres varies so much, because of this reason researchers in
the field should consider this restriction and determine a type of genre classification to their studies. Actually, a
genre can be seen as embodying some values and ideological assumptions. Altman (1984) describes genre
theory in four section; model, structure, label and contract. Model definition of genre theory indicates the
formula for industrial production of the films which the term defined by Levi Strauss as industrial art. Structure
definition of genre theory indicates the films according to their formal frameworks which led parties to classify
the mass products. Label definition of genre theory provides communication between producers and
distributors. Lastly, contract definition of genre theory reveals the demand from audience. Even this definition
of the theory confirms how films are produced according to market conditions. Özarslan (2013) indicates that
genre theorists heavily focuses on Hollywood films and defines genre theory primarily as industrial and
economics related term. So there is direct relationship between industrialization of films and genre theory.
Genre theory has four different approaches: cultural approach, mythical approach, experiential approach and
ideological approach. We approached to research problem from this ideological perspective.
Ideological approach stresses the problems like representation and identification which characterizes
each genre as a specific type of lie that it’s most important feature is to its ability to disguise the truth. Altman
(1984) indicates that ideological genre approach claims Hollywood takes advantage of the energy of the
audience in order to direct them into Hollywood’s own positions in opposition to ritual approach that sees
Hollywood as responding to social pressure. Frankfurt school is the other dominant factor that reinforces the
ideological approach of genre theory. Their critical methodology which is discussed in previous sections is also
provides foundation to this approach.
From ideological perspective of genre theory, Wood (1989) describes and lists capitalist America in
films as everyone can be happy with small changes and reforms instead of radical changes with predetermined
ideal male/female figures. He also argues that all the genres can be profitably examined in terms of ideological
oppositions. In addition to this, modern finance paradigms which ascended after 1950s modern portfolio theory
resulted positivist academic thinking inspired by Milton Friedman that regards finance as value neutral field.
However, Frankfurter and McGoun (1998) argues that both ontology and epistemology of financial economics
are vale based while their methodology regarded completely as objective and gave the efficient market
hypotheses as an example to this.
IV. METHODOLOGY
Main reason of this study is to investigate the relationship between the global financial crisis that
erupted in 2008 and related motion pictures as a culture entity. Nowadays, films are produced with jointly
production companies, distributors all around the world, service providers like talent agencies, publicity and
technological equipment show the exact character for capitalized culture industry. There are two approaches to
examining the movies. Firstly, critical approach indicates that all products are similar to each other and
produced to cooling the anger of the society to the public issues on the one side. Mainstream approach points
out the importance of movies to explain complex social events to the public on the other side. This study aims
to analysis global financial crisis related movies based on this distinction.
Complexity of financial products and transactions such as mortgage backed securities and derivatives
led to financially illiterate people to demand these types of products. Also impact of the global financial crisis
on the lives of households expose some level of social energy that routable by image manipulations. According
to “image act theory” (Reynolds, 2007) when manipulated images presented to the masses and they are
recognized, a social action is performed. These are two hypotheses that demonstrated according to the different
theories in the literature.
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Internet Movie Database (IMDB) website was used to obtain data about movies produced after the
global financial crisis. According to website statistics, IMDB includes information about 3,831,509 motion
pictures and 7,332,020 people like actors, actresses, producers etc.
Keywords search was conducted on these movies to determine the sample size by typing the words
such as “financial”, “crisis”, “global” and “economics”. According to this search numbers of 236 movies were
detected. Films do not directly take the global financial crisis as a main theme excluded from the list. For
example, continuous economic crisis in African countries are independent of global financial crisis in general,
because of this reason films like AdyGasy (2014) are excluded from the list. Also financial and economic crisis
erupted in Asia during the 1990’s or great depression of 1930’s wasn’t considered due to scope of the study.
Movies related to economic crisis of Greek (Debtocracy (2011); The Samaritan’s Apple (2013); Roi Mat
(2011)), Spain (Domino: agarradopor la crisis (2014)) and Iceland (Utras Reykjavik (2011); Iceland Year Zero
(2012)) which has the direct tie with the result of global financial crisis are included in the list at the same time.
In conclusion, ten films with highest ranking scores from number of 47 titles selected as research sample.
Content analysis was conducted on the popular and critical movies which has different genres.
Systematic approach for conducting this analysis is to record specific aspects of the movies in quantitative and
qualitative manners. Because the creators of the content didn’t know whether anyone would analyze it, content
analysis is a nonreactive method and content analysis can’t determine the accuracy and validity of the thesis nor
evaluate the aesthetic quality of the data (Neuman, 2014).
Categorizing and the classification trends of the movies are attitudes exactly towards marketing
strategy from the beginning of the film industry and this approach has formed due arising concerns at the
forefront of the box office. Defining the genres with economic concepts is natural consequences of its
production type that gives priority to the commercial concerns. In this context, investigation of the movie genres
requires multi-disciplined approach including economics, marketing, sociology, psychoanalysis and
ethnography to enrich the studies (Kırel, 2011). Because of this reason, it is particularly focused on variables
like budgets, gross revenues, movie genres and movie metrics2
that measure the popularities of the movies.
Correlation between these variables is also analyzed with the help of “SPSS” statistics data editor program.
Monaco (2009) likens the cinema to a language without grammar. Although cinema, a language based
on the images and sounds, can be understood since the childhood, understanding is influenced from intellectual
level and cultural factors. In addition, physiological, ethnographic and psychological experiences show that
individuals interpret images in different ways. This shows that every individual’s view about the objects differ
from each other. In this context, content analysis is applied to numerous movies and instead of studying movies
in depth, main themes are focused on.
V. RESULTS
First of all, it is given the descriptive variables of the films in this section. Most of the movies have
more than one genre types so it is possible to project genre numbers more than the sample size. There are 27
types of genres considered in this study such as action, drama, comedy, and horror, short and so on according to
literature. The following Table 1 shows the distribution of the movies according to their genres.
Table1. Descriptive Statistics for Film Genres
Genres % Sum
Action 2,73 2,00
Comedy 6,84 5,00
Drama 20,54 15,00
Biography 6,84 5,00
Crime 5,74 4,00
Documentary 36,98 27,00
History 5,74 4,00
Reality-TV 4,10 3,00
Short 5,74 4,00
Thriller 5,74 4,00
Sum of Genres 73
A vast majority of the films produced as a documentary according to Table 1 indicates that producers
intended to show the reality of global financial crisis as it is without acting or using metaphors. Besides, up to
date feature of the event caused to not utilizing literary based texts in the scenarios. Arabian Nights: Volume 1-
The Restless One (2015) is an exception to this generalization with adaptation of middle aged work to the
modern Portugal economic crisis. Also books of writer Michael Lewis inspire the films like The Big Short
2
IMDB explains that movie meter shows the popularity (or public awareness) of the movies that updating weekly. These measurements take
into consideration several popularity techniques primarily who and what people are looking at on IMDB (source:
http://www.imdb.com/help/show_leaf?prowhatisstarmeter)
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(2015) and Moneyball (2011) are exceptions. Negative consequences of the financial crisis on the life of
households might be the other concentration in the drama genre of the films. There are number of 17 genres that
none of the films categorized in which is the subject of the study, while other genres show approximately
equally distribution in the Table. This concentration of the genres can be given as the evidence for the culture
industry of Adorno.
Investigation of home countries for these films shows that more than half of the films produced in
United States which is both the land of financial capital, film industry and the epicenter for the global financial
crisis of 2008. It is important to note in this point that some of the films sampled are jointly produced and cross
country projects.
Another finding is the density of male roles. Majority of the films credited casts are male dominated
and yet some films don’t have any female performer. According to reports (Wyman, 2016) even woman
employment is comparable low in executive/senior levels; rates of the women are very high in global financial
sectors. This contradiction with real life experiences brings topic to the critical thinking that financial crisis are
caused by individuals’ mistakes instead of paradigm problems in the financial systems. Mechanisms that give
rise to financial crisis are unchanged and these fuzzy mechanism supported by government bodies are not
shown well in the films as also indicated by Akcay (2016) in an interview on Oscar winning movie The Big
Short.
Rankings of the first 10 movies according to their popularity (User Ratings, Moviemeter and
Metascore3
) and their U.S. gross revenues available in dollar are given below in Table 2.
Table 2. Top 10 Movies According to Evaluations and Revenues*
Movies (Year) Movie meter
(1-100.000+)
User Ratings (1-10)
(# Based on)
Meta score
(0-100)
U.S. Gross
($)
The Big Short (2015) 71 7,8 (175.568) 81 70MM
99 Homes (2014) 2.087 7,1(14.936) 76 1,4MM
Margin Call (2011) 2.721 7,1(92.143) 76 5,4MM
Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (2010) 3.196 6,3 (83.822) 59 52MM
Requiem for American Dream (2015) 4.596 8,2 (2.138) 73** 108K
Inside Job (2010) 4.686 8,3 (55.079) 88 4,3MM
Assault on Wall Street (2013) 7.611 6,1 (16.840) 24 -
Capitalism: A Love Story (2009) 12.394 7,4 (34.965) 61 14MM
The Queen of Versailles (2012) 17.127 7,1 (10.624) 80 2,4MM
Collapse (2009) 23.995 7,8 (5.873) 71 47K
Although, the film Bailout: The Age of Greed (2013) which is joint production of Canada and United
States does not have revenue data, it is not excluded from the list above and other movies produced out of U.S.
already excluded from the list due to their missing revenue data.
According to correlation analysis conducted on variables in Table 2, there is no direct relationship
between the evaluations of critics and “consumption” of these movies. Illegal consumption of these movies
through the internet and other platforms are not considered for this analysis.
Content analysis on these movies intensely showed that film producers perceives and interprets
financial markets as highly complicated places that its traded instruments requires rocket science calculations
conducted only by engineers and mathematicians who graduated from prestigious universities. As a result of
this, all film makers try to explain global financial crisis from different perspectives. For example, tower of
Jenga bricks are used as metaphor to explain mortgage bonds with different credit ratings that brought together
in the film The Big Short (2015). Collapse (2009) is basing crisis to the decay and disruption in the
governments’ institutional system. Requiem for American Dream (2015) and Capitalism: A Love Story (2009)
are looking for the roots of capitalist economy from the critical history perspective. Majority of the
documentaries between the films is another proof that film makers try to explain the complex structure of
financial crisis. All these indications confirm the first hypothesis of the study.
Predicting and turning crisis into opportunity is another common theme used in the films which
reminds hindsight bias in behavioural finance literature. The Big Short (2015), Margin Call (2011), Wall Street:
Money Never Sleeps (2010) and Collapse (2009) are some examples to this predicting of crisis. It is not enough
to live in an economically self-sufficient environment even no matter how much someone worked hard.
Especially 99 Homes (2014); Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (2010); Assault on Wall Street (2013); The
Queen of Versailles (2012) and Margin Call (2011) show how deep people live in crisis and how they cope with
3
Metascore is the weighted average rating of a film by large group of the worlds most respected critics. The higher the metascore, the more
positive reviews a movie has. Metascore range from 0-100 which requires at least four critics reviews. (source:
http://www.metacritic.com/about-metascores)
*Because the data is variable, it is important to note that data provided in the Table obtained as date of 20.07.2016
**Metascore obtained from the weighted average of three critics retrieved from metacritic web site.
6. Reflections of Global Financial Crisis on Culture Industry: A Study on Films ...
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evolving to requirements of the system. For example, Assault on Wall Street (2013) shows a violently revenge
of aggrieved person from financial institutions and its senior managers. It absorbs the anger of the masses
affected from the global financial crisis which confirms the second hypothesis of the study. Capitalism: A Love
Story (2009) and its critical approach utilities some manipulative approaches to increase the effect of its
perspective which supports the image act theory.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Cinema with the usage mounting technique became the most effective reflecting tool. Because, the
modern society is a montage in every way; like industry, literature, art, architecture, economy and governments.
In this context Baker (2011) explains the cinema as a device that can record everything and reflect true face of
the modern society.
Films as of indicator for social relations showed that financial markets are disembedded systems to the
social life of the people especially in economically developed countries. Films show how brutal and ruthless is
the financial markets in particular and economies in general on the lives of households.
Creating evil characters and inculpate individuals are usual in the films instead of questioning the
macro variables as a whole. Critical films that address the issue from the critical and historical perspectives are
exceptions to this inference of course.
One of the main themes that adopted in these films is predictability skills of the main characters for
approaching global financial crisis. The idea of foresight for the future of financial markets is still controversial
in the literature. Nevertheless, producers would not mind to create characters with super abilities. And also, such
films are already located at the top of the ranking lists which suggest that these films drew more attention.
Films can be useful tools to understand and interpret complicated social events for both academicians
and instructors in the universities. But this methodology requires also some critical skills especially adopted
from culture industry theory of Adorno. Usage of rankings and scores to determine the sample reveal the
rightness of this theory that shows transformation of film arts into the meta even in this study.
On the other side, art can interpret the world as much as it looks like world itself in structural sense;
because, this similarity integrates art to the world as indicated by Baudrillard (1972; 1982). Also he points out
that, cinema industry diminishes the history by replacing it with archiving that dominant on everything. And he
warns that art does not criticise anything anymore as even if it did once. This feature of the films may be useful
also for instructors.
In the latter studies, movies between different eras and cross countries may be included in this study
and financial crisis may be examined in broader perspective. It is also expected to have more comprehensive
results when a more technical content analysis is applied to the movies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Draft version of this paper was presented at 2. Annual meeting of Socioeconomic Society’s meeting which was
held in Amsterdam- The Netherlands during October 28-29, 2016.
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