This document summarizes a lecture on gender representations in media and why they still matter. It discusses how gender equality has improved in some ways but still lags in other areas like pay inequality. It covers the history of feminist movements and analyses of media from early TV to today. It analyzes how media portrays women, from "happy housewives" to increased sexualization and focus on bodies. It discusses the challenges of determining what media representations are sexist and the impacts on women's opportunities. In conclusion, while overt stereotypes have reduced, more subtle sexism remains widespread and affects women's lives and career prospects.
A2 Collective Identity Essay Plan - representation of women in the mediastmarysmediastudies
Plan prepared for a wall display on the A2 Collective Identity exam question 'The media do not construct reality, they merely offer a window on the world.' This is based on case studies of the representation of women in the media.
Here you will find;
Feminism and Three-Waves
Background
Work and Women
First Wave
Second Wave
Third Wave
Feminism and Modern World
Conclusion
Radical feminism thought was described as the concern with sex equality and the advancement of equal treatment for people, the introduction of these concerns through hypothesis or practice, and the idea that people are valued more for their contributions to society than for their natural or sexual attributes or occupations.
Media has become more and more important in our society today, in the United States but also in other developed countries of the world. Since media and advertisement were created close to about a century ago, several changes have been made in terms of how people and products are advertised, and its consequences on the society.
MEDIA AND WOMEN (Analysis on Gender and Sexuality in Mass Media Construction)AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Mass media plays a very important role in the introduction of values in society, it includes the
issues on sexuality. Sexploitation is a term introduced by feminists that demonstrates how the media has been
unfairly exploiting women by violating their respectability in purpose of giving a boost to the circulation of
newspapers or magazines. Applying gender studies and muted group theory, there be found the following three
entities: First, the ideological construction of women in media. Second, the domination and attractiveness of
sexuality in media. Third, the position of women in media.
Media Representation of Women- Gender Studies.pptxAshik Mondal
Historically, media representations of women have often been limited to stereotypical roles such as caregivers, homemakers, or romantic interests. Women are frequently objectified and sexualized in media portrayals, reducing them to their physical appearance and reinforcing narrow beauty standards. This can contribute to body image issues, low self-esteem, and unhealthy relationships among women and girls.Women are often underrepresented in media, particularly in leadership roles, STEM fields, and other traditionally male-dominated areas. When they are represented, they may be portrayed as exceptions or tokens rather than as fully developed characters with agency and complexity.Media representations of women often intersect with other aspects of identity such as race, ethnicity, sexuality, and disability. Intersectional analysis reveals how these intersecting identities shape women's experiences and opportunities in media portrayals. Women from marginalized groups may face additional layers of stereotypes and discrimination.Feminist scholars, activists, and media watchdogs have long critiqued the representation of women in media and advocated for more diverse, inclusive, and empowering portrayals. This includes initiatives to increase the visibility of women's voices and stories, challenge stereotypes, and promote media literacy and critical thinking among audiences.Overall, media representation of women plays a powerful role in shaping societal attitudes and perceptions. Efforts to promote more diverse, authentic, and inclusive portrayals of women are essential for challenging gender stereotypes, promoting gender equality, and fostering a more equitable and inclusive media landscape. While there have been some improvements in recent years, including the emergence of strong female characters in film, television, and literature, significant challenges remain. Women continue to face systemic barriers to equal representation and opportunities in media industries, including issues of pay equity, workplace harassment, and lack of access to decision-making roles.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
University of Southampton presentation
1. Postfeminism and equality: gender representations in the
media and why they matter
Lecture presented at Southampton Solent University
Dr. Carolina Matos
Lecturer in Media and Sociology
Department of Sociology
City University London
E-mail: Carolina.Matos.1@city.ac.uk
3. Core points
Gender and equality: why it still matters
Gender and the media: from the 1950s to the contemporary contexts
Post-feminism in the media: “choice feminism”, individuals and
consumerism
The anxieties over the female body
Advertising
Film
Journalism
Examples: Bridget Jones, Joy and Always#Like a Girl commercial
Conclusions and questions for thought
4. Gender inequality: why it still matters
Some reasons not to be cheerful:
Violence against women and girls is still a serious problem: at least 1 in 3 women around the
world has been beaten, coerced into sex or abused
The 2014 PwC’s second Women in Work Index underlined that the UK lags behind most
European countries on gender pay equality, occupying the 18th
position out of 27 OECD
countries for female participation and pay.
A report published last year by the United Nations highlighted that, given the current slow pace
of change, the achievement of full gender equity will take at least 80 years
Some reasons to be:
Since the 1980’s, women are living longer than men in all parts of the world
Over half a billion women have joined the world’s labour force over the last 30 years due to the
rise in women’s participation in paid work in most of the developing world
Since the 1980s also, there has been a growth of women leaders in politics and government
throughout the world, in businesses and in the other traditional male areas (journalism)
5. Challenges to gender equality:
understanding progress and barriers
Gender equality matters. Why?:
Because it enhances productivity and improves development outcomes for the next
generation
Gender equality has becoming a pressing concern. Feminism has seen a new revival
In short, gender equality can be good for economic growth. This has been
recognised from across the political spectrum, from the World Bank, to the IMF as
much as governments throughout
It can also make institutions more representative of a range of voices (World
Development Report, 2012)
Empowerment and women’s agency
Sen (1999) sees a correlation between high levels of education for women and
employment with the reduction of fertility rates, decreasing mortality rates of
children.
6. How can we account for women’s
subordination?
First, second and third wave feminism: what were these feminism
movements and what did they achieve?
First wave feminism and its legacy (i.e. Suffragette, 2015)
I.e. Absence of women as citizens throughout the history of mankind
Second wave feminism of the 1970s and the debate on the reasons for the
subordination of women
Third wave feminism: diversity, fragmentation and new technologies
Post-feminism and the complexities surrounding popular culture and
media representations
8. Gender representations in the media: how they
were and what has changed
How were women represented in the media in the early days of television?:
Feminist analyses of the media have been interested in understanding how images and
cultural constructions are linked to patterns of inequality and oppression in wider
society (Gill, 2007).
Tuchman’s et al’s 1970s study on the representation of women in the US media
(concept of symbolic annihilation)
Researchers analysed television’s content from 1954 through 1975 and found that
males dominated the television screen. Tuchman’s study concluded that American
women had no value in the US. According to her, women were portrayed as child-like
adornments in need of protection from children’s shows to commercials to prime-time
and situation comedies, with soap operas showing more favourable images.
9. Gender representations in the media: how
they were and what has changed
Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) was a major work which questioned the
images of the “happy housewife” (Gauntlett, 2008, 51; Kearney, 2012).
She was the first to examine the representation of women in magazines, surveying
women’s magazines from the early to mid-20th
century (Kearney, 2012). She pointed to
the figure of the “happy housewife” who subjugated her own ambitions in order to take
care of her children and husband, further arguing that the idealization of the feminine
suburban middle-class white women was responsible for deep unhappiness among women
who saw their lives constrained by such limitations (Richardson and Wearing, 2014).
Slow change which reflected the growing participation of women in work:
Gauntlett (2008, 47) points out that there were only 20 to 35% of female characters in the
1950s, 60s and 70s, with the rise of female roles in the mid-1980s although there were
twice as many men on screen.
11. Postfeminism, consumerism and “choice
feminism”
Post-feminism: what is it?
Gill (2012, 145) has argued that one of the things that makes the media today more different
from what it was in the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s is precisely the presence of feminist
discourses. These are identified by her as being part of a sensibility that seems to pay lip
service to consumerism, neoliberalism and to what some call “choice feminism” (Lazar,
2011, 2013).
McRobbie (2009, 11) sees post-feminism as a process by which feminist gains of the 1970s
and 1980s are undermined. She claims that there is an “undoing of feminism” in the cultural
field
“Choice feminism” – Products are targeted to women, who are given the “choice” to buy
them and thus empower themselves if they do
Anxiety and control over the body – the body is under constant surveillance, and women
are invited constantly to control it (i.e. Bordo, 1993, 2003).
12. The body under control and the “sexualisation of
popular culture”
The changing nature of gender media representations since the
1990’s have thus been contested:
There has been an increasing eroticisation of the images of girls and
women, as well as men, and their bodies in popular culture. Men
nonetheless are presented as complex, whereas women are seen as
focusing on their underwear and on sexual fantasies.
Popular “post-feminist” media culture thus emphasises the
monitoring and surveillance of women over their own bodies in order
to reach a particular successful performance of femininity
Women from a very young age are constantly pressured to have
perfect bodies, leading to all sorts of eating disorders and other
problems of low self-esteem and anxiety (Bordo, 1993, 2003)
13. Women in film: from Bridget Jones to Joy
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3vQPmO3i7Y)
14. Reactions to the “perfect body” image: from
feminists to celebrities
Winslet has long been critical of the excessive
photoshopping of images due to the detrimental effect it
can have on the self-esteem of girls and women. In a 2009
interview with Harper's Bazaar, she shared that she would
ask that photos to be returned to their original state after
she viewed the retouched versions: "I have wrinkles here,
which are very evident. And I will particularly say when I
look at movie posters, ‘You guys have airbrushed my
forehead. Please can you change it back?’ I'd rather be the
woman they're saying 'She's looking older' about than
'She's looking stoned.'”
15. Sexism in everyday life: how can you tell if a
media text is “sexist”?
The difficulties of dealing with contemporary gender
representations in the media:
Feminists who criticise the media for “sexist” images can
frequently be accused of “being puritan” or of “having no
sense of humour”
Sexy girl images: Women are seen as being empowered,
and are choosing to present themselves in this manner,
pleasing themselves, all of which are aspects of this post-
modern sensibility (Gill, 2012, 140).
Many young girls find also pleasure in these images, and
some for them can be seen as empowering (Gauntlett,
2008)
16. Sexism is a daily reality for girls, says Girlguiding
(BBC News, 29/11/13)
The report Equality for Girls, from Girguiding, which was based on a survey with more than
1.200 girls and young women aged 7 to 21, found that sexism is widespread in the UK
“Girls identified sexism as a priority issue for their generation”, with three-quarters saying
sexism affected “most areas of their lives”, said the report
Of the 11 to 21 year old questioned, 87% thought women were judged more on their
appearance than their ability
More than a third (36%) of all those surveyed had felt “patronised or made to feel stupid”
because of their gender
Most of the 13 year olds questioned said they had experienced sexual harassment, rising to
80% of 19 to 21 year olds. This included being shouted and whistled at, sexual graffiti and
pornography, sexual jokes and taunts as well as unwanted sexual attention.
17. Advertising and female magazines
Commercials and advertising have had a long tradition in stereotyping women, with many
encouraging rigid sex roles and supporting the reflection hypothesis, of reflecting society’s
rigidly stereotypical gender roles (Tuchman, 1978, 16).
Gauntlett (2008) argues that the more obvious stereotypes from the past are not present in
the media as before, stating nonetheless that sexism has become much more subtle.
18. Women in UK journalism and in the
media⃰
What are the implications of all of this on women’s life chances and work opportunities?:
The 2013 study Women and Journalism, by Professor Suzanne Franks for the Reuters Institute for
the Study of Journalism, found that female journalists are falling behind their male counterparts
They are less likely than men to achieve more senior and well paid positions. In 90 years, there has
never been a female director general of the BBC. This is despite the fact that more women than men
enter the profession.
The pay gap between male and female journalists is not just a British phenomenon, but a global
one. An International Federation of Journalists study in 2012 compared journalist’s salaries in
16 nations across the world and found out that there was a gender pay gap in favour of men in
both developed and developing countries alike.
Moreover, statistics as late as 2010 show that there is still less roles for women in film and
television, there are a few female directors and the gender pay gap exists in Hollywood as much as
anywhere else and are evidence that little has changed. As Richardson and Wearing (2014, 21) state,
“in 2011 only 33% of characters in the 100 highest grossing US films were female.”
19. Women in UK journalism⃰
“In the early 1990s there were three national newspaper editors who were women,” said
Franks. “A top News International figure said in 1994 that, on this basis, ‘there should be
ten women editors by the year 2000’. However, there are currently two female national
editors, Dawn Neesom of the Daily Star and Lisa Markwell of the Independent on Sunday.
“We need to get over this assumption that it is all improving, that it’s all onwards and
upwards. My argument, it’s the same in a lot of other professions, is that unless you
hammer away and continue to focus on the issue, nothing changes.” Suzanne Franks,
Professor of Journalism, City University
This was before Katharine Viner was appointed editor in chief of The Guardian
(03/20/2015)
( ⃰ “New study suggests gender inequality still a major issue for UK journalism”, Press
Gazette, 04/09/2013).
20. Always#Like a Girl commercial
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjJQBjWYDTs )
21. UK government and the gender pay
gap
Sky News – Pay Women More
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUITlPXFL9Q
22. How to achieve wider gender equality*
Fraser (2013) calls for a two dimension on gender justice, focused on both
redistribution (i.e. economics, poverty alleviation) as well as recognition
(cultural values)
The need to tackle persistent patterns of inequalities and discrimination:
* Income growth by itself does not deliver greater gender equality by itself.
Where gender gaps have closed, it is because of how markets and have
functioned and evolved (i.e. opening new employment opportunities for
women)
* Gender gaps persist where girls and women face other disadvantages, such as
in poorer countries. These disparities are larger when poverty combines with
other forms of exclusion, such as ethnicity and class
* Markets, institutions and households can combine to limit progress. Gender
gaps in productivity are driven by deep-seated gender differences in time use,
in rights of ownership, etc.
* Globalization can help, connecting women to markets and economic
opportunities (* World Development Report 2012 – The World Bank)
23. Conclusions and questions for thought
How can we achieve wider gender equality in the future?
What role does the media have here?
Why do gender representations matter, and what is the problem with “sexist
images”?
There is a correlation between gender representations in the media and the
structural gender inequalities in society
In order to achieve gender justice, it is important to focus both on questions of
redistribution (i.e. the economic sphere, such as the gender pay gap and poverty
alleviation) as much as issues of recognition (i.e. of women’s status in society
and cultural values) (Fraser, 2013)
Representations need to be constantly updated and questioned, problematized
and disrupted, questioned and subverted and constantly discussed in relation to
gender inequality in the world and what is being done.
24. Selected Bibliography
BORDO, S. (1993, 2003) “Introduction: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body” in Unbearable
weight: feminism, Western culture and the body, Berkeley: University of California, p. 1 – 42
GAUNTLETT, (2008): “Representations of gender in the past” in Media, gender and identity.
London: Routledge, p. 47 – 62
GILL, R. (2012): “Postfeminist media culture – elements of s sensibility” in Kearney, M. C. (eds.)
The Gender and Media Reader. NY: Routledge, p. 136 – 148
------, R. (2007): Gender and the media. London: Polity Press
KEARNEY, M. C. (2012): “Introduction” in Kearney, Mary Celeste (eds.) The Gender and Media
Reader. London: Routledge, p. 1 – 17
LORBER, J. (eds.) (2012): “The Variety of Feminisms and their Contribution to Gender Equality”
in Gender inequality: feminist theories and politics. California: Roxbury Publishing Company, p. 1-
21
RICHARDSON, N. and Wearing, S. (2014) Gender and the media. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan
SEN, Amartya (1999) “Women’s agency and social change” in Development as Freedom, Oxford
University Press, pg. 189-203
TUCHMAN, G. (1978) “Introduction – the symbolic annihilation of women by the media” in Heart
and home: images of women in the mass media. NY: Oxford University Press, p. 3-38