This document provides an overview of the human body systems and their functions. It describes that humans are bilaterally symmetric, bipedal, and complex even at the simplest levels. The basic units that make up the human body are cells, tissues, organs, and systems. It then discusses the skeletal, muscular, integumentary, circulatory, nervous, and respiratory systems in detail, describing their main components and functions.
این پاورپوینت در کارگاه توانبخشی عملکردهای اجرایی توسط دکتر فرهنگ دوست ارائه شده است. برای مشاهده دیگر مطالب ارائه شده در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه فرمایید.
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این پاورپوینت در کارگاه توانبخشی عملکردهای اجرایی توسط دکتر فرهنگ دوست ارائه شده است. برای مشاهده دیگر مطالب ارائه شده در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه فرمایید.
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Lecture 4 in the module 'Cognition & Development'. Vygotsky.
Learning Outcomes: Introduce the Vygotskian theory. Think about how Vygotskian theory has informed Developmental psychology. Consider the relationship between language and development. Consider the educational implications of Vygotsky’s theory.
Lecture 4 in the module 'Cognition & Development'. Vygotsky.
Learning Outcomes: Introduce the Vygotskian theory. Think about how Vygotskian theory has informed Developmental psychology. Consider the relationship between language and development. Consider the educational implications of Vygotsky’s theory.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles can be completely autonomous
Vertibrae By M Thiru murugan MSc Nursingthiru murugan
Vertebral Column
By,M. Thiru murugan
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spinal column, and spine.
Each vertebra is separated by a disc called intervertebral disc
The vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord is divided into segments, each containing a pair of spinal nerves that send messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
Many spinal nerves extend beyond the conus medullaris (the end of the spinal cord) to form a bundle of nerves called the cauda equina.
The vertebral column is made up 26
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the body while sitting.
Parts of the vertebrae:
The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines are independent bones and generally quite similar.
The vertebrae of the sacrum & coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently.
2 special vertebrae are the atlas (cervical 1) and axis (cervical 2), on which the head rests.
A typical vertebra consists of 2 parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch.
Vertebral body: Vertebral body is the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum. The cavity of the vertebral body consists of cancellous bone tissue and is encircled by a protective layer of compact bone.
The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person.
Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.
Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen.
The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles & a pair of laminae, and supports 7 processes (4 articular, 2 transverse, and 1 spinous)
4 articular process: 2 articular process for above vertebrae & 2 articular process for ribs.
2 transverse processes and 1spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body.
The spinous process comes out the back, The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.
1 transverse process comes out the left, and 1 on the right.
Above & below each vertebra are joints called facet joints. These restrict the range of movement possible
In between each pair of vertebrae are 2 small holes called intervertebral foramina. The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes.
Cervical spine:
The cervical spine located in the neck area, consists of seven bones (C1 to C7)
The first two cervical spine are unique in shape and function.
first vertebra (C1), also called the atlas, The atlas holds head upright.
The second vertebra (C2), also called the axis, allows the atlas to rotation of head.
Functions:
Protecting spin
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
Throughout history, the symbol of the skull and crossbones has served as a representation of mortality, likely owing to the fact that following death and decay, bones are the sole remnants. Many individuals perceive bones as inert, desiccated, and fragile. While these attributes accurately portray the bones of a preserved skeleton, the bones within a living human being are profoundly alive. Living bones exhibit strength and flexibility, serving as the primary components of the skeletal system.
The muscular system is a complex network of tissues and organs responsible for movement, stability, and heat generation in the human body. Comprising more than 600 individual muscles, it enables various functions, including locomotion, posture maintenance, breathing, and circulation assistance. Muscles are composed of muscle fibers, which are elongated cells capable of contracting and relaxing to generate force. Skeletal muscles, attached to bones via tendons, facilitate voluntary movements, such as walking and lifting objects, under conscious control. Smooth muscles, found in organs like the digestive tract and blood vessels, perform involuntary functions like peristalsis and regulating blood flow. Cardiac muscle, exclusively present in the heart, sustains its rhythmic contractions to pump blood throughout the body. The muscular system works in coordination with the skeletal, nervous, and circulatory systems to ensure efficient movement and overall bodily function. Regular exercise and proper nutrition are essential for maintaining muscular health and strength throughout life.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. • We are amazingly designed
o structure relates to function
o highly organized
o even the simplest of parts or
actions is incredibly complex
o all parts must act together
3. • We are bilaterally symmetric
o one line divides us into two
mirror image halves
• We are bipedal
o designed to walk upright on
two legs
4. • We are complex, even at our
simplest levels
o Cells = basic structural units of
living things
o Tissues = groups of cells united to
perform a certain function
o Organs = various tissues grouped
together to carry out a function
o Systems = organs working together
5. • Cells
o Comprised of
membranes – which hold
contents in and control
substances going in/out
organelles – tiny organ-like
parts that act like machines,
doing the processes of the
cell
6. cytoplasm – jelly-like semi-
fluid environment for the
organelles; allows substances
to be moved around
7. o Types of
Nerve cells = neurons
cell body
dendrites – carry impulses
into the cell
axon – carries impulse
away from the cell
10. Bone cells (osteocytes)
minerals (like calcium and
phosphorus) and salts make
a matrix that is interwoven
with a protein called
collagen
11. Red blood cells
no nucleus
biconcave disks
carry oxygen using a
substance called
hemoglobin
12. White blood cells
formed in bone marrow and
lymph glands
form part of body’s defense
against microorganisms
phagocytosis = cell-eating
• devour “enemy” cells
16. • Functions:
o Gives the body shape & support
o Helps the body move
o Protects vital organs
o Produces blood cells
o Stores minerals (calcium &
phosphorus)
17. • There are 2 general divisions of
the skeleton:
o the axial skeleton includes the
head, neck, and trunk
o the appendicular skeleton
includes the arms, legs,
shoulders, and hips
18. • There are a total of 206 bones in
the average adult skeleton
o 29 bones in the skull
the cranium is the name
given to the group of bones
that encloses the brain
the mandible (jawbone) is the
only moveable bone in the
skull
19. the nasal bones make up the
“bridge” of the nose
the remainder of the nose
is comprised of cartilage
20. o 26 bones in the vertebral
column
7 cervical vertebrae in the
neck
12 thoracic vertebrae which
connect to the ribs
5 lumbar vertebrae of the
lower back
21. the sacral and coccyx
vertebrae are fused groups of
vertebrae
the coccyx is sometimes
called the “tailbone”
there are 4 curves in the
vertebral column
curves increase support
22. o 25 bones in the thorax
sternum (breastbone)
12 pairs of ribs
7 pairs connect directly to
sternum by cartilage =
“true” ribs
23. o 64 bones in upper limbs
clavicle (collarbone) and
scapula (shoulder blade) form
the “girdle” or support for arm
humerus = upper arm bone
two bones of the lower arm –
ulna on pinky side, radius on
thumb side
24. wrist is made up of 8 bones
known as the carpals
metacarpals = bones of the
palm
1 for each finger
phalanges = finger bones
3 in each finger, 2 in thumb
25. o 62 bones in the lower limbs
fused bones of the pelvis
make up the girdle that
supports the leg
femur = thigh bone
two lower leg bones – larger
bone out front is the tibia,
behind is the fibula
26. the knee joint is protected by
the patella (kneecap)
the 7 bones that form the heel
and part of the ankle are the
tarsals
metatarsals = bones of instep
arched for support
phalanges = toe bones
27. • Joints are where two or more
bones join together
o some do not allow any
movement (like in the skull)
o some allow only slight
movement (like between
vertebrae)
o many are freely moveable
28. ball-and-socket joints = allow
bones to swing in nearly any
direction
shoulders, hips
hinge joints = allow
movement in just one
direction
elbow, knee, fingers
29. pivot joints = where one bone
rests and rotates on another
neck
gliding joints = when two
bones that can move
separately meet
wrist
30. • Bones are held together by
strong bands of tissue called
ligaments.
o Tendons connect muscle to
bone.
• Cartilage is a tissue that acts as a
cushion between bones and at
the ends of bones.
31. • Functions:
o provides movement
of skeleton
of internal materials
o maintains posture
o produces heat
32. • Types of muscles
o Voluntary (skeletal) = controlled
by conscious thinking
o Involuntary (smooth & cardiac)
= function without conscious
thought
33. • Muscle terms
o atrophy = wasting away due to
a lack of use
muscular dystrophy – a
disorder that causes
irreversible atrophy
o hypertrophy = muscle growth
due to excessive use
34. o muscle ache = feeling of
tiredness or pain resulting from
working muscles
o muscle cramp = sudden muscle
contraction causing severe pain
o muscle spasm = repeated
involuntary contraction of a
muscle
35. o muscle tone = how in/out of
shape a muscle is
o reflex = an involuntary
response to a stimulus
sneeze, pupil size, blink
36. • Muscle groups
o Facial
masseter = used for chewing
frontalis = moves eyebrows
o Torso
pectorals = chest
abdominals = 4 sets, protect
internal organs, “core”
37. o Neck & back
sternocleidomastoid = front
of neck, turns head
trapezius = back of neck
latissimus dorsi = large,
lower back muscle
38. o Arms
deltoid = “caps” arm at
shoulder
biceps brachii = front of
upper arm
triceps brachii = back of
upper arm
39. o Legs
quadriceps = four muscles of
upper thigh (front)
hamstrings = three muscles
of upper thigh (back)
gastronemius = calf muscle
gluteus maximus = large
muscle in rear, for walking
40. • Includes the skin, hair, nails, and
glands.
• Functions:
o protection – against invaders,
UV radiation, and drying out
o temperature regulation
o sensory reception
o vitamin D production
41. o Epidermis = outer layer
composed mainly of
older/dead skin cells
o Dermis = lower layer
contains glands, blood
vessels, and nerves
o Subcutaneous layer
not part of skin, mostly fat
42. o Sweat glands – cool the body
by excreting sweat through
pores
o Oil glands – keep hair and skin
protected
o Hair – protects skin
shaft = part that is seen
root = part not seen
43. • Also called the circulatory system
• Functions:
o transport to cells
oxygen, nutrients, chemicals
o transport from cells
waste, chemicals
o defense against disease
44. • Structures:
o heart
just larger than fist-sized
slightly to left of
center, between lungs
double pump
both left and right sides
pump blood
45. • right side pumps
deoxygenated blood to
lungs
• left side pumps
oxygenated blood to cells
throughout body
46.
47. top chambers, called
atria, receive blood
bottom chambers, called
ventricles, pump
valves keep blood from
flowing backwards
between chambers
entrance to great vessels
48. o vessels
arteries carry blood away
from heart
aorta = largest artery
veins carry blood to heart
pulmonary veins carry
blood from lungs
49. capillaries connect arterioles
(small arteries) and venules
(small veins) at cells
• Pulse = number of heartbeats per
minute
o feel recoil of arteries at “pulse
points”
radial, carotid, temporal
50.
51. • Functions:
o controls all the functions of the
body
o relays messages back and forth
to different parts of the body
o sensory input
52. • Main organs:
o brain
biggest part = cerebrum
85% of the brain's weight
the
thinking, reasoning, remem
bering part of the brain
controls voluntary muscles
53. two halves
• right = abstract things
like music, colors, and
shapes
• left = analytical, helping
you with math, logic, and
speech
54. right half of the cerebrum
controls the left side of your
body, and the left half
controls the right side
cerebellum
at the back of the
brain, below the cerebrum
55. controls balance,
movement, and
coordination
brain stem
sits beneath the cerebrum
and in front of the
cerebellum
56. connects the rest of the
brain to the spinal cord
in charge of all the
functions your body needs
to stay alive
• control your involuntary
muscles: pumping
blood, breathing
air, digesting food, etc.
57. o spinal cord
long bundle of nerves within
the vertebral column
carries messages between
brain and spinal nerves
o nerves
pathway of neurons
59. • Functions:
o allows oxygen in the air to be
taken into the body
o enables the body to get rid of
carbon dioxide from the body
o filters, warms, and humidifies
inhaled air
60. • Path of inhaled air:
o The two openings of the airway
(the nasal cavity and the mouth)
meet at the pharynx, or throat.
o The epiglottis, a small flap of
tissue, covers the air-only
passage when we
swallow, keeping food and
liquid from going into our lungs.
61. o The larynx , or voice box, is the
uppermost part of the air-only
passage.
contains a pair of vocal
cords, which vibrate to make
sounds
o The trachea, or
windpipe, extends downward
from the base of the larynx.
62. o The trachea divides into left
and right air tubes
called bronchi, which connect
to the lungs.
o Within the lungs, the bronchi
branch into smaller bronchi and
even smaller tubes
called bronchioles.
63. o Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs
called alveoli .
where the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide
takes place
• The lungs also contain elastic tissues
that allow them to inflate and deflate
without losing shape and are encased
by a thin lining called the pleura.
64. • Functions:
o Brings in food (ingestion)
o Breaks food down to usable
form (digestion)
o Gets food to circulatory system
for transport to cells
(absorption)
o Gets rid of waste (egestion)
65. • Pathway of food
o Mouth
begins process of digestion
Teeth = make food pieces
smaller
incisors cut, canines tear,
premolars & molars grind
66. Salivary glands = secrete
saliva
3 pairs
moisten food
start digestion of starches
Tongue = prepare food for
swallowing
makes a bolus (ball of food)
67. o Pharynx
o Esophagus
lies behind trachea
peristalsis = involuntary
muscular movements move food
to stomach
o Stomach
breaks down food into chyme
(semi-liquid)
68. Accessory organs = produce
substances that are added to
the digestive process
Liver – secretes bile
• helps breakdown fats
Gallbladder – stores bile
Pancreas – secretes
digestive juices
69. o Small intestine
most digestion occurs here
nutrients are absorbed into
the bloodstream here
lined with villi & microvilli
increases surface area
70. o Large Intestine
larger in circumference, shorter
in length than small intestine
removes excess water from
undigested food
o Rectum
stores waste until exit through
anus
71. • Functions
o Removes waste from blood
o Excretes waste from body
through sweating
through expiration
through elimination
72. • Organs
o Kidneys
remove waste products from
the blood
o Ureters
drain waste from kidneys
o Urinary bladder
73. collects and holds urine until
it is removed from the body
can stretch to hold about 1
qt. of fluid
o Urethra
tube from bladder that
carries urine to outside
74. Other organs
lungs = remove CO2 & H2 O
skin = through perspiration
gives off water & metabolic
wastes
liver = cleans waste
particles from the blood
75. • Functions
o controls functions within body
o communicates changes within
body
o maintains stability within body
• Facts
o functions through chemical
messengers = hormones
76. o endocrine glands are ductless
no tubes
secrete directly into
bloodstream
sweat glands have
tubes, for example and are
considered EXOcrine
glands
77. • Organs
o Pituitary gland
the “master” gland
helps regulate activity of
other glands
found within brain
produces growth hormone
78. o Thyroid gland
located in front of the trachea
and below the larynx
“bow tie”
secretes hormones that
regulate growth and energy
usage
79. o Pancreas
left side of center, near
stomach
secretes insulin, made by the
Islets of Langerhans
regulates the amount of
sugar in the blood
80. o Adrenal glands
located on top of each kidney
produce adrenaline
(epinephrine)
heart rate and force are
increased, blood pressure
rises, and blood flow to the
skeletal and cardiac
muscles is increased
81. o Reproductive glands
Ovaries in females
produce estrogen
Testes in males
produce testosterone