Reduviid bug,T. cruzi & Chagas disease
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The presentation slide consists the description of Reduviid bug, and the disease it cause: chagas disease.
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Trypanosoma
This document discusses Trypanosoma, a genus of parasitic protozoa. It notes that Trypanosoma have a corkscrew-like motion and require more than one host to complete their lifecycle. The document outlines that Trypanosoma bruci causes sleeping sickness, while Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease. It also summarizes the lifecycles of Trypanosoma bruci and Trypanosoma cruzi, including their transmission between hosts by vectors like tsetse flies and their pathogenesis in humans.
trypanasoma cruzi
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It is transmitted to humans through contact with the feces of triatomine bugs. Around 10 million people are infected globally, primarily in Latin America. The disease has three stages: acute, indeterminate, and chronic. In the chronic stage, the parasite can cause serious heart and digestive system complications. Treatment is available but needs to be administered early for best results. Prevention focuses on controlling triatomine bug populations and screening blood donations and organ/tissue transplants.
Trypanosomiasis
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Some flow charts have been taken from published articles, that can be searched directly from net.
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Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. It is usually acquired by eating undercooked meat or contact with cat feces. The primary problem is congenital infection in fetuses, which can cause stillbirth or brain/vision damage. Cats are the definitive host where sexual reproduction occurs. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause retinochoroiditis if the parasite reaches the eye. Diagnosis involves serological tests or parasite detection. Treatment involves pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. Prophylaxis includes preventing exposure to cat feces and undercooked meat.
Schistosomiasis
This document provides an overview of schistosomiasis (snail fever) including its history, epidemiology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications. It notes that schistosomiasis is commonly found in places with poor sanitation and affects school-aged children. The main types that infect humans are S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum, which are found throughout Africa and parts of Asia. Acute schistosomiasis presents with fever and myalgia while chronic infection can lead to organ damage like hepatic fibrosis, bladder cancer, and pulmonary hypertension. Diagnosis involves finding parasite eggs microscopically in stool or
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania protozoa and transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. It exists in three main forms: visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs and is fatal without treatment. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can destroy mucosal tissues of the nose, mouth and throat. It is endemic in many parts of Africa, Asia and South America, infecting over 12 million people worldwide.
Trypanosoma
The basic description of African and American Trypanosomiasis along with Laboratory diagnosis and Current Treatment Options.
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by sand fly bites. It exists in three main forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral. Cutaneous lesions cause skin sores, while mucocutaneous lesions affect mucosal tissues and can cause disfigurement. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs and is the most serious form. The disease is diagnosed by microscopic examination of tissues or cultures to view the parasites. Treatment depends on the form but may include topical or systemic antimonials, amphotericin B, or miltefosine.
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trypanasoma cruzi
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It is transmitted to humans through contact with the feces of triatomine bugs. Around 10 million people are infected globally, primarily in Latin America. The disease has three stages: acute, indeterminate, and chronic. In the chronic stage, the parasite can cause serious heart and digestive system complications. Treatment is available but needs to be administered early for best results. Prevention focuses on controlling triatomine bug populations and screening blood donations and organ/tissue transplants.
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This is the presentation on Trypanosomiasis that covers classification and diseases caused by Trypanosoma, its life cycle, Geographical distribution, Transmission, diagnosis and treatment and finally its scenario in India.
Some flow charts have been taken from published articles, that can be searched directly from net.
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Schistosomiasis
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Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania protozoa and transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. It exists in three main forms: visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs and is fatal without treatment. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can destroy mucosal tissues of the nose, mouth and throat. It is endemic in many parts of Africa, Asia and South America, infecting over 12 million people worldwide.
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Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that causes leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease spread by sandfly bites. It exists in two forms: amastigotes within host cells and promastigotes in sandflies. The disease manifests as visceral, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis depending on the infected tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs while cutaneous primarily affects the skin. Diagnosis involves detecting the parasites microscopically or through culture. Treatment involves pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, or miltefosine. Control relies on reducing sandfly and reservoir populations through insecticides and treating
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- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
Babesiosis
Babesiosis is caused by parasites of the genus Babesia that infect red blood cells. It is transmitted through the bites of infected ticks. Symptoms can range from mild to severe illness including fever, chills, sweats, headache, body aches, loss of appetite, nausea, or fatigue. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears for the characteristic ring-shaped parasites or detecting antibodies through serologic tests. Treatment involves antibiotic combinations like atovaquone-azithromycin or clindamycin-quinine. Prevention focuses on avoiding tick bites through proper clothing, repellents, and tick checks.
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- It is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomine bugs.
- It affects 8-10 million people in Latin America with 300,000-400,000 cases in non-endemic countries.
- The acute phase causes symptoms like fever and swelling while the chronic phase can cause heart and digestive disorders.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood or serological tests. Treatment involves antiparasitic drugs.
- A study in Bogota, Colombia compared treatment of 41 Chagas patients to 77 non-Chagas patients with heart failure and found no significant differences in mortality or quality of care received
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Trypanosomiasis
This document summarizes information about Trypanosoma parasites and the diseases they cause. It discusses:
1) Trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans, and exists as two subspecies transmitted by tsetse flies. 2) The life cycles of T. brucei within the tsetse fly and human host. 3) Signs and symptoms of sleeping sickness in humans, which can develop over many years and lead to death if untreated. 4) Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease and is transmitted by triatomine bugs in Central and South America.
PARASITIC WORMS (HELMINTHS)
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Schistosomiasis is caused by five species of blood flukes in the genus Schistosoma. The adult worms live in veins and cause disease. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs. Symptoms range from initial fever to long-term issues like liver damage and portal hypertension. Praziquantel treatment can cure 85% of cases. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected freshwater in endemic areas and improving sanitation.
Trypanosomiasis
African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei which is transmitted by the tsetse fly found in rural Africa. The disease has been a serious public health problem in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Symptoms in advanced stages include alteration of biological clocks, confusion, slurred speech, seizures and difficulty walking or talking which can lead to death if not treated. Treatment options include drugs like diminazene and suramin, while prevention focuses on reducing reservoirs of infection and the presence of tsetse flies through screening programs and early diagnosis.
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Hookworm is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine and is a major cause of iron-deficiency anemia globally. Two species infect humans - Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. The worms attach to the small intestine where the female lays thousands of eggs daily that are passed in feces. If soil contaminated with feces comes into contact with human skin, larvae can penetrate and migrate through tissues before reaching the intestine. This causes a rash and eosinophilia. In the intestine, the worms feed on blood, causing microcytic anemia. Over 900 million people are infected worldwide, especially in tropical areas with
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Trypanosomiasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. The document discusses the characteristics, life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis and clinical features of three main species that infect humans: T. brucei gambiense which causes West African sleeping sickness; T. brucei rhodesiense which causes East African sleeping sickness; and T. cruzi which causes Chagas disease. Key points covered include the morphologic forms of the parasites, their multi-host life cycles requiring both human and insect hosts, methods of laboratory diagnosis, and treatment approaches for the different stages of disease.
Toxoplasma
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects humans and other warm-blooded animals. It has a complex life cycle involving cats as the definitive host and intermediate hosts such as humans, cattle, birds and rodents. T. gondii infects the intestinal epithelium and muscle tissue and spreads via the bloodstream. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause flu-like symptoms in healthy individuals and severe eye and brain infections in immunocompromised people. Diagnosis involves serological tests and treatment consists of antibiotics. Control measures include proper hygiene and sanitation to prevent exposure from cat feces.
Ancylostoma duodenale
1) Hookworms are blood-feeding nematodes that infect around 900 million people worldwide, principally by the species Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
2) A. duodenale is associated with miners due to humid conditions in mines being suitable for egg and larval development. It was known to cause severe anemia in miners.
3) The life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and hatching as larvae that penetrate skin, are carried by blood to lungs, then swallowed and mature as adults in small intestine where they feed on blood, potentially causing iron-deficiency anemia.
Reduviid bug And Chagas Disease
This document discusses the Reduviid bug and its association with Chagas disease. It describes the classification, morphology, feeding habits, and life cycle of the Reduviid bug, which transmits the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that causes Chagas disease. Chagas disease results in acute and chronic inflammatory changes and affects the heart, intestines and other tissues. It is most prevalent in rural areas of Mexico, South America and Central America, and transmission occurs through the bite of infected Reduviid bugs or consumption of contaminated food. Prevention focuses on education, insecticide use, housing modifications and screening of blood supplies.
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This document provides information about various staining techniques used in microbiology and pathology. Periodic acid-Schiff staining is used to demonstrate glycogen by oxidizing tissue sections with periodic acid to form aldehyde groups, which are then detected by Schiff reagent to produce a colored product. Mucicarmine staining can also aid in identifying Cryptococcus neoformans fungus due to its mucin capsule staining. Ziehl-Neelsen staining uses an acid-fast dye to identify acid-fast organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Leishmania
Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that causes leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease spread by sandfly bites. It exists in two forms: amastigotes within host cells and promastigotes in sandflies. The disease manifests as visceral, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis depending on the infected tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs while cutaneous primarily affects the skin. Diagnosis involves detecting the parasites microscopically or through culture. Treatment involves pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, or miltefosine. Control relies on reducing sandfly and reservoir populations through insecticides and treating
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The document discusses Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease was first described in 1909 by Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas. Chagas discovered the organism and infection in humans. The disease affects an estimated 8 million people worldwide and is emerging as an issue in the United States through immigration. Transmission occurs through contact with infected triatomine bugs or blood transfusions. There is no vaccine and treatment is only partially effective in the acute phase of infection.
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This document provides information on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It discusses the organism's classification, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points include:
- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
Babesiosis
Babesiosis is caused by parasites of the genus Babesia that infect red blood cells. It is transmitted through the bites of infected ticks. Symptoms can range from mild to severe illness including fever, chills, sweats, headache, body aches, loss of appetite, nausea, or fatigue. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears for the characteristic ring-shaped parasites or detecting antibodies through serologic tests. Treatment involves antibiotic combinations like atovaquone-azithromycin or clindamycin-quinine. Prevention focuses on avoiding tick bites through proper clothing, repellents, and tick checks.
Chagas ppt
This document provides information on Chagas disease, including:
- It is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomine bugs.
- It affects 8-10 million people in Latin America with 300,000-400,000 cases in non-endemic countries.
- The acute phase causes symptoms like fever and swelling while the chronic phase can cause heart and digestive disorders.
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood or serological tests. Treatment involves antiparasitic drugs.
- A study in Bogota, Colombia compared treatment of 41 Chagas patients to 77 non-Chagas patients with heart failure and found no significant differences in mortality or quality of care received
Taenia solium & Taenia saginata
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are two tapeworm species that infect humans. T. solium, the pork tapeworm, has pigs as the intermediate host and can cause cysticercosis in humans if eggs are ingested. T. saginata, the beef tapeworm, uses cattle as the intermediate host. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottids in stool. Cysticercosis presents differently depending on the infected tissue, such as subcutaneous nodules or neurological symptoms if the brain is affected. Prevention focuses on proper food handling and sanitation.
Taenia solium pork tapeworm
This document discusses the Taenia solium parasite, also known as the pork tapeworm. It has an adult stage that lives in the human intestine and a larval stage (cysticercus cellulose) that lives in pigs. The life cycle involves humans ingesting pork contaminated with the larval cysts, which develop into the adult tapeworm in the small intestine. Common symptoms in humans include abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea. The larval cysts can also spread to other tissues like brain, eyes and muscles, causing neurocysticercosis with symptoms depending on the location of cysts. Diagnosis involves examination of stool samples or imaging tests, while treatment involves antiparasitic medications like albendazole
Trypanosomiasis
This document summarizes information about Trypanosoma parasites and the diseases they cause. It discusses:
1) Trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans, and exists as two subspecies transmitted by tsetse flies. 2) The life cycles of T. brucei within the tsetse fly and human host. 3) Signs and symptoms of sleeping sickness in humans, which can develop over many years and lead to death if untreated. 4) Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease and is transmitted by triatomine bugs in Central and South America.
PARASITIC WORMS (HELMINTHS)
Helminths, also known as parasitic worms, are multicellular eukaryotic parasites that live in and feed on living hosts. They include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and monogeneans. Trematodes have two suckers, an oral and ventral sucker, and a simple digestive system without an anus. They reproduce through an intermediate host, often a snail, and then a definitive host, where they can cause disease. One example is Fasciola hepatica, the sheep liver fluke, which uses a snail and water plants as intermediate hosts before infecting the liver of mammals like sheep, cattle, and humans
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is caused by five species of blood flukes in the genus Schistosoma. The adult worms live in veins and cause disease. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs. Symptoms range from initial fever to long-term issues like liver damage and portal hypertension. Praziquantel treatment can cure 85% of cases. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected freshwater in endemic areas and improving sanitation.
Trypanosomiasis
African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei which is transmitted by the tsetse fly found in rural Africa. The disease has been a serious public health problem in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Symptoms in advanced stages include alteration of biological clocks, confusion, slurred speech, seizures and difficulty walking or talking which can lead to death if not treated. Treatment options include drugs like diminazene and suramin, while prevention focuses on reducing reservoirs of infection and the presence of tsetse flies through screening programs and early diagnosis.
Hookworm
Hookworm is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine and is a major cause of iron-deficiency anemia globally. Two species infect humans - Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. The worms attach to the small intestine where the female lays thousands of eggs daily that are passed in feces. If soil contaminated with feces comes into contact with human skin, larvae can penetrate and migrate through tissues before reaching the intestine. This causes a rash and eosinophilia. In the intestine, the worms feed on blood, causing microcytic anemia. Over 900 million people are infected worldwide, especially in tropical areas with
HANTA VIRUS
this is a very serious hemorrhagic virus even if, it is very rare in our settings , we should be aware of it and sometime include it in our differential of renal failure with hemorrhagic fever or cardiopulmonary stuffs.
Giardia
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It has both a trophozoite and cyst stage. The trophozoite lives in the small intestine where it attaches to epithelial cells and feeds on mucus, interfering with absorption. It can cause diarrhea and malabsorption. The cyst forms when trophozoites pass through the large intestine and are excreted in feces. Cysts are hardy and infect new hosts when ingested. Giardiasis is common worldwide and transmitted through contaminated water. Treatment involves metronidazole antibiotics.
Brucella
This document provides an overview of Brucella, the bacteria that causes brucellosis. It discusses the taxonomy of Brucella, describing the nine recognized species. It covers the pathogenesis of Brucellosis, noting that it is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans. The clinical manifestations of both acute and chronic Brucellosis are explained. The document also summarizes methods for laboratory diagnosis of Brucellosis, including culture, serology, PCR and skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of tetracycline and doxycycline antibiotics. Prevention strategies include pasteurizing milk, vaccinating animals and slaughtering infected herds.
Hymenolepis nana- Dwarf Tapeworm
Hymenolepiasis is caused by Hymenolepis nana (the dwarf tapeworm,a type of intestinal worm or helminth infecting humans, especially children.
Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. The document discusses the characteristics, life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis and clinical features of three main species that infect humans: T. brucei gambiense which causes West African sleeping sickness; T. brucei rhodesiense which causes East African sleeping sickness; and T. cruzi which causes Chagas disease. Key points covered include the morphologic forms of the parasites, their multi-host life cycles requiring both human and insect hosts, methods of laboratory diagnosis, and treatment approaches for the different stages of disease.
Toxoplasma
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects humans and other warm-blooded animals. It has a complex life cycle involving cats as the definitive host and intermediate hosts such as humans, cattle, birds and rodents. T. gondii infects the intestinal epithelium and muscle tissue and spreads via the bloodstream. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause flu-like symptoms in healthy individuals and severe eye and brain infections in immunocompromised people. Diagnosis involves serological tests and treatment consists of antibiotics. Control measures include proper hygiene and sanitation to prevent exposure from cat feces.
Ancylostoma duodenale
1) Hookworms are blood-feeding nematodes that infect around 900 million people worldwide, principally by the species Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
2) A. duodenale is associated with miners due to humid conditions in mines being suitable for egg and larval development. It was known to cause severe anemia in miners.
3) The life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and hatching as larvae that penetrate skin, are carried by blood to lungs, then swallowed and mature as adults in small intestine where they feed on blood, potentially causing iron-deficiency anemia.
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This document discusses the Reduviid bug and its association with Chagas disease. It describes the classification, morphology, feeding habits, and life cycle of the Reduviid bug, which transmits the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that causes Chagas disease. Chagas disease results in acute and chronic inflammatory changes and affects the heart, intestines and other tissues. It is most prevalent in rural areas of Mexico, South America and Central America, and transmission occurs through the bite of infected Reduviid bugs or consumption of contaminated food. Prevention focuses on education, insecticide use, housing modifications and screening of blood supplies.
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Trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma parasites. There are two main forms: African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) transmitted by tsetse flies, and American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) transmitted by triatomine bugs. African trypanosomiasis is found in Central and East Africa and causes a slow progression of symptoms, while American trypanosomiasis is found in Latin America and causes an initial acute phase followed by a chronic phase in some patients. Both forms require treatment with drugs to eliminate the parasites from the body.
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Trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma parasites. There are two main forms: African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) transmitted by tsetse flies, and American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) transmitted by triatomine bugs. African trypanosomiasis is found in central and west Africa and causes a slow progression of symptoms, while American trypanosomiasis is found in Latin America and causes an initial acute phase followed by a chronic phase in some patients. Both forms require treatment with drugs to eliminate the parasites from the body.
Hookworms
Lectrure include: morphology, life cycle, symptoms, pathology, lab diagnosis, pervention & control methods
Protozoa and Helminth Parasites ppt by Dr.Prince.C.P
PPT prepared by :Dr.Prince.C.P
Associate Professor & HOD , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Medical Parasitology is the subject which deals with the parasites that infect human being, the diseases caused by them, clinical feature and the response generated by human being against them. It's also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.
An ova or cyst or egg is detected by microscopic evaluation of a stool sample that is used to look for parasites that may infect the lower digestive tract, causing symptoms such as diarrhoea. The parasites and their eggs (ova) are shed from the lower digestive tract into the stool
Stool examination (Microscopic) is performed for the diagnosis of following parasitic infections
1. Protozoa • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • intestinal coccidian parasites (i) Cryptosporidium parvum (ii) Cyclospora (iii) Isospora • Balantidium coli
2. Helminthes • nematodes: (i) Ascaris lumbricoides (ii) Trichuris trichuria
(Iii) hookworm • Ancylostoma duodenale • Nectar americans (iv) Strongyloides stercoralis
Cestodes: (i) Taenia spp • T. Saginata • T.Solium (ii) Hymenolepsis nana (iii) Enterobius vermicularis
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by the bites of infected sand flies. It is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and is endemic in many parts of the world. There are three main clinical forms: cutaneous, visceral, and mucosal. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin sores, visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs and can be fatal if not treated, and mucosal leishmaniasis destroys mucous membranes in the nose, throat or mouth. The parasite has a multi-stage life cycle alternating between the sand fly vector and a mammalian host like humans. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of the parasite, antibody detection, or
Leishmania and Trypanosoma
This document discusses two genera of parasites, Leishmania and Trypanosoma, that cause diseases in humans. It describes the four major Leishmania pathogens, their life cycles involving sandflies, clinical manifestations including visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis, and methods of laboratory diagnosis. It also discusses the three major Trypanosoma pathogens, their life cycles involving reduviid bugs or tsetse flies, diseases caused including Chagas disease and sleeping sickness, clinical features, and diagnosis. The document provides detailed information on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, symptoms and laboratory identification of infections caused by these important parasites.
MALARIA
Malaria is a protozoan disease transmitted by mosquitoes. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites and affects over 3 billion people worldwide, causing approximately 1,200 deaths per day. The most severe form is caused by P. falciparum. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, vomiting and headaches. Severe malaria can involve cerebral malaria, hypoglycemia, acidosis, pulmonary edema, renal failure and other complications affecting multiple organ systems. Malaria in pregnancy poses risks of low birth weight, stillbirth and maternal mortality.
Infectious disease of pathology
This document discusses various infectious agents including prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths and ectoparasites. It describes prion diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in animals. It also discusses new and emerging infectious diseases, categories of bioterrorism agents, and transmission of microbes via skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract and other routes. Nosocomial infections, sexually transmitted infections, and host defense mechanisms against infection are also summarized.
Coccidians
Cryptosporidium spp. are microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled protozoans that can infect humans and various animals. They are a common cause of diarrhea, especially in developing areas with poor sanitation. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the main species that infect humans. Transmission occurs through ingestion of infective oocysts from contaminated food or water. Infection may cause self-limiting diarrhea but can be life-threatening in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples and treatment is generally supportive due to lack of highly effective drugs.
human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,
This document summarizes several human diseases caused by bacteria:
1) Streptococcal diseases like strep throat and necrotizing fasciitis can be caused by Streptococcus bacteria. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria.
2) Cholera results in severe diarrhea and dehydration from Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Clostridium tetani bacteria cause tetanus through toxin production.
3) Mycobacterium leprae bacteria lead to leprosy, affecting nerves and skin. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which forms lesions in the lungs.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. The parasite has a complex life cycle, involving stages in both the human and mosquito hosts. In humans, the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells, causing symptoms like fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria remains a major global health problem and is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. Microscopic examination of blood smears remains the gold standard for diagnosis, and treatment involves antimalarial drugs.
Ancylostoma
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Parasite sminar.pptx
This document provides an overview of parasitology and parasites. It defines parasites as organisms that live in or on another organism and obtain nutrients without providing anything in return. Parasitology is the study of parasites, specifically those that cause disease in humans and animals. Parasites are classified as intestinal, bloodborne, ectoparasites that live outside the host, or endoparasites that live inside the host. Examples of human pathogens discussed include Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal protozoan parasite. The life cycle and symptoms of E. histolytica infection are described. Methods for laboratory diagnosis and treatment of amoebiasis are also mentioned.
Parasitic infection of Skin, Soft tissue and Muskuloskeletal tissues.pptx
This document discusses various parasitic infections that can manifest on the skin or subcutaneous tissues in humans. It covers protozoan infections like cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica complex parasites which presents as papules and ulcers on exposed areas. It also discusses filarial infections like loiasis caused by Loa loa which presents as migratory subcutaneous swellings, and helminth infections like cutaneous larva migrans caused by accidental skin penetration by larvae of animal hookworms or strongyloides. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, serology and molecular tests depending on the infecting parasite.
Leishmania & trypanosoma
This document summarizes information about four pathogens - Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma gambiense/rhodesiense. It describes their life cycles, which involve transmission between hosts via sandfly or tsetse fly vectors. It also discusses the diseases they cause, including visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness. Signs and symptoms are provided for each disease's acute and chronic stages. Methods for laboratory diagnosis focus on identifying the pathogens in blood, tissue, or spinal fluid samples via microscopy or serology.
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Reduviid bug,T. cruzi & Chagas disease
- 1. REDUVIID BUG AND ASSOCIATED DISEASE KAPIL SHARMA NEUPANE MBBS 1st YEAR DEVDAHA MEDICAL COLLEGE KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
- 2. CLASSIFICATION • Kingdom : Animalia • Phylum :Arthropoda • Class : Insecta • Order : Hemiptera • Family : Reduviidae
- 3. MORPHOLOGY • 4-40 mm in length depending upon species • Have elongated head with distinct narrow neck • Have long limbs • Have prominent mouthparts called proboscis(rostrum) • May be brown, black or red
- 4. FEEDING • May be blood sucking or predators • Feeds on cockroach, millipedes, ants, human blood etc • Inject lethal saliva in prey • Saliva digest tissues and liquifies the inside of prey. • DISEASES TRANSMITTED: American trypanosomiasis (Chagas diseases) caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
- 6. Life cycle of T. cruzi • T. cruzi passes its life cycle in 2 hosts: • Definitive host- man. • Intermediate host- reduviid bug. • Extrinsic incubation period: 8-10 days • Intrinsic incubation period:1 week • Infective form- Metacyclic trypomastigote form found in feces of Reduviid bug. • Reduviid bug are large, night biting bugs, which typically defecate while feeding. Feces contain metacyclic Trypomastigote.
- 7. Development In Human • Transmitted to human host by contamination of ulcerated skin lesion by feces of Reduviid bug containing metacyclic trypomastigote form of T. cruzi. • Development in human- Trypomastigote form invade the reticuloendothelial system and spread to other tissues. • Passing through promastigote & epimastigote forms, they again become trypomastigotes which get released into the blood stream- infective stage for Reduviid bug.
- 8. Development in Reduviid bug • Bug acquire infection by feeding on an infected human host. • The trypomastigote are transformed into epimastigote in the midgut in the from where they migrate to hindgut and multiply. • After multiplication, develops into non dividing metacyclic trypomastigotes which is excreted in feces- infective stage for human.
- 10. CHAGAS DISEASE • Infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by Reduviig bug. • Result in acute inflammatory changes in skin (chagomas), eye & many other body tissues, especially those of the heart and intestinal tract. • First described by Carlos Chagos in 1909 in Brazil. • Not contagious.
- 11. EPIDEMIOLOGY • About 8-11 million people are infected worldwide(2016). • Highly prevalent countries: (WHO 2010) • Endemic in Mexico, Argentina, South America and Central America • Sporadic in Amazon. • Mostly prevalent in rural areas.
- 12. ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION 1. Bite of Reduviig bug. 2. Consumption of food contaminated with faeces from infected bugs. 3. Blood transfusion from infected donors. 4. Passage from mother to new born during pregnancy and child birth. 5. Organ transplant from infected donors. 6. Laboratory accidents.
- 13. TRANSMISSION Bug live in mud, thatch or huts. They hide in walls or roof during day and come out during night. Bite human during sleeping hours. During feeding, they defecate & leave T. cruzi parasites on skin. Parasites enters into body through eyes, mouth, cut or scratch or the wound from the bug bite site. Once entered inside body the parasite multiply and spread.
- 14. PHASES OF DISEASE 1. Acute phase 2. Intermediate phase 3. Chronic phase
- 15. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 1. Acute phase Histologic changes- presence of parasite within leucocytes cells of subcutaneous tissue and development of interstitial edema, lymphocytic infiltration and hyperplasia of lymph nodes. • Ramona sign- Unilateral painless edema of palpebrae and periocular tissues.
- 16. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Acute phase (Continue…) • Chagoma-Swelling and redness at the site of infection • Rashes & Fever • Head and body aches • Fatigue • Nausea & Vomiting • Hepatomegaly & splenomegaly
- 17. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 2. Intermediate phase • Subpatent parasitemia • Easily detectable antibodies to T. cruzi • Asymptomatic.
- 18. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 3. Chronic phase a. Heart • Thinning of ventricular walls • Biventricular failure • Mural thrombi • Arrhythmias • Conduction system abnormalities • Lymphatic infiltration, diffuse interstitial fibrosis & atrophy of myocardial cells.
- 19. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS b. GIT • Dilation of esophagus and colons • Abdominal pain and constipation. • Focal inflammation lesions with lymphocytic infiltration. • Reduced number of neurons in myoenteric plexus.
- 20. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 1. Primordial prevention Mass education We should aware the people about kissing bug because it seems friendly but it can transmit the parasite named Trypanosoma cruzi.
- 21. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 2. Primary prevention Synthetic pesticide sprays. Personnel protection using mosquito net. Remove wood, brush, rock and piles near the house. Modification of house structure.
- 22. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 3. Secondary prevention Screening of blood is done; Transfusion control Mother-Child transmission control Treatment of Chagas disease[Acute phase] Benznidazole Nifurtimox
- 23. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 4. Tertiary prevention If disease progress to chronic phase: it is no longer curable so require management of symptoms. Cardiomyopathy; Pacemaker placement, Heart transplant. Megaesophagous; Esophagocardiomyectomy. Megacolon; Duhamel-Haddad operation.