This deals with the anomalies of the heart.

1. Congenital Anomalies Of The
Heart

2. Congenital anomalies mainly consist of :
1 : Defects in position
2 : Defects in the Interatrial septum (ASD)
3 : Defects in the Atrio-ventricular canal
4 : Defects in Bulbus cordis and truncus
aeteriosus

3. 1:Defects in Position
• 1:Dextrocardia:
The chambers and blood vessels of the heart
are reversed from side to side, i.e. all structures
that normally lie on the right side are on the left
side, and vice versa.
All the chambers of the heart and associated
blood vessels are reversed as a mirror image.
This may be a part of the condition called situs
inversus, in which all organs are transposed.

4. • 2: Ectopia cordis
Defect in fusion of plates of sternum(right
and left halves)
Heart is not enclosed behind sternum
Heart is presented outwards.

5. 2:Defects in the Interatrial septum
(ASD)
• 1: Probes patency of the foramen ovale
• 2: Ostium primum defect
• 3: Ostium secundum defect

6. 1:Probes patency of foramen ovale
Incomplete anatomic fusion of septum primum
and septum secundum.
Oblique passage between septum primum and
secundum closed functionally but remains
patent anatomically.

7. 2:Ostium primum defect
Causes:
a) failure of the septum primum to reach the
endocardial cushions
b) due to defect in the endocardial cushions
Persistent foramen primum

8. 3:Ostium secundum defect
• Causes:
Failure of development of septum secundum.
opening between the right and left atria.
left to right shunt
increased load on the right side of the heart
progressive enlargement of right atrium,
right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

9. 3:Defects in the Atrio-ventricular
canal
It’s of two types:
1) Common Atrio-ventricular canal
2) Tricuspid atresia

10. 1. Common Atrio-ventricular canal
Defective formation of the AV cushions
all four chambers of the heart may
intercommunicate.
Incomplete interatrial and interventricular septa

11. 2. Tricuspid atresia
Insufficient amount of AV cushion tissue
fusion of the cusps of tricuspid valve
no communication between right atrium
and right ventricle
Tricuspid Atresia

12. 4: Defects in Bulbus cordis and
Truncus arteriosus
1. Fallot’s tetralogy
• Two or more defects in heart
• Characteristics:
A) venticular septal defect
B) overriding aorta
C) pulmonary stenosis
D) right ventricular hypertrophy

13. 2. Defect in Spiral Septum
Spiral septum
Divides truncus arteriosus into pulmonary
trunk and aorta
• Any defect leads to communication between
these large vessels(aorta and pulmonary trunk).

14. Reference
• Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology