General Introduction to Quality Seed Production technology of Groundnut, Soyabean and Sesame

1. Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University
S. V. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, TIRUPATI
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
Topic : Quality Seed production technology of Groundnut,
Soyabean and Sesame
Submitted by
M. Venkata Rama Sai
TAM/2022-24

2. Quality Seed production technology of Groundnut
• Common name : Groundnut, Peanut, Earth’s nut etc.
• Scientific name : Arachis hypogea L.
• Origin : South America or Mexico
• Distribution : India, Nigeria, Senegal, Brazil, USA.
(Tropical and warm temperate regions)
• Nutrition : 44 to 56 Percent is oil content
22 to 30 percent edible protein
Also has P, Ca, K, Mg, Vitamin A and E.
• Physiology : Day Neutral, Photo-insensitive, Prefer well drained light and
sandy loam soil with pH 5.8 to 6.2.

3. Environment and soil for seed production
Groundnut is a tropical plant and requires a long and warm growing season (26-30oC)
 It is day-neutral and mainly cultivated in tropical and warm temperate regions mainly
from 45o N to 45o S.
 It prefers well drained, light textured, loose, friable and sandy loam soils with good ‘Ca’
status and rich in humus. Prefers a soil pH of 6-7.5.
 The crop is not suited to heavy soils or to wet conditions at harvest, as the seed is matured
underneath the ground.
 The crop cannot endure frost, long and severe drought or water logging. The crop is often
grown on the residual nourishment from previous crops.
 Reproductive growth is maximum at 24-27o C.

4. Previous crop and Isolation
• It has a very short or no dormancy period and the seed in the pods left in the field
after harvest soon germinate.
 Thus the seedlings can be destroyed by cultivation. An interval of two seasons
between seed crops is recommended in India.
 In areas where bacterial wilt diseases is a serious problem, ground nut crop should
not be rotated with groundnut, tomatoes, brinjals, and other solanaceous crops.
 This is a highly self fertilized crop. The cross pollination is almost negligible as the
stigma remains closed in the keel even in fully opened flowers.
 Hence an isolation of 3 m is considered sufficient for quality seed production.

5. A. General requirements
Contaminants
Minimum distance ( m )
Foundation Certified
Fields of other varieties 3 3
Fields of the same variety not conforming to varietal
purity of requirements for certification 3 3
B. Specific requirements
Factor
Maximum permitted ( o/o )
Foundation Certified
Off types 0.10 0.20

6. Seed crop management
 A seed rate of 100-125 kg kernel/ha for bunch type and 80-100 kg/ha for spreading type is
recommended.
 Row to row spacing is of 30-40 cm in bunch type and 45-60 cm in spreading type and
10-15 cm between plants in both types and seed sown with 5-6 cm deep @ 80-100 kg/ha.
Rhizobium inoculation is necessary in areas where it was not grown before . When seed is to
ne inoculated it must not be treated with chemicals.
Seed crop establishment
 Management is similar to that of commercial crop . The seed requires irrigation @ 10-12
days interval depending on soil and climate .
 Additional moisture supply at flowering, seed development and maturity is vital for
higher seed yield .Weed is not a problem but crop cannot compete until well established..
 Weeding the crop@ 2-3 weeks age ; at flowering and pegs formation is necessary

7.  Usually fertilizer application is not necessary . The crop is susceptible to tikka, root
rot, collar rot, rust, bud necrosis for which resistant cultivars and chemicals available.
Poor growth of crop is also due to rosette virus, the aphid vector should be controlled
Brief Cultural Practices :
1) Preparation of land: One ploughing and three to four harrowing's, followed by
levelling brings the field to desired tilth for planting.
2) Time of Sowing: Mid-June to first week of July.
3) Source of Seed: Obtain nucleus/breeder/foundation seed from a source approved
by seed certification agency.
4) Method of Sowing: The sowing should be done in lines either behind the plough
in 5 to 8 m deep furrows, or by seed planter. The depth of seed varies from 5-8 cm
5) Seed rate: Bunchy- 80 to 100 kg/ha and Spreading type- 60 to 80 kg/ha.

8. Fertilization: 20 kg N, 50 to 80 kg P, 30 to 40 kg K.
Irrigation: Being a kharif crop, groundnut usually doesn’t require irrigation.
Adequate moisture supply at flowering seed development is necessary.
Interculture: Weeding when crop is two to three weeks old, at flowering stage
and peg formation.
Rouging: Off-type plants, easily distinguishable on the basis of plant size, colour
of leaflets, flower colour etc and diseased plants should be removed.
Harvesting and Threshing: When leaves start yellowing and fall down, the crop
is ready for harvest. At this stage the pods become reticulated and within it the
seed is separated from the shell of the pod. Long sun drying should be avoided as
it is detrimental . Threshing is done by hand picking or with machines. Shelling of
pods should be done with care
Seed yield: Average seed yield varies from 15 to 20 q/ha

9. Factor Standards for each class
Foundation Certified
Pure seed (minimum) 96.0 % 96.0 %
Inert matter (maximum) 4.0 % 4.0 %
Other crop seeds (maximum) None None
Weed seeds (maximum) None None
Germination-kernels hand shelled (minimum) 70.0 % 70.0 %
Moisture content (maximum) 8.0 % 8.0 %
Moisture for vapour proof containers (maximum) 5.0 % 5.0 %
Seed standards:

10. Varieties: Some popular varieties in India are
1. Kadiri 7, Kadiri 8
2. Vijetha, Bheema, Rohini, Visishta
3. A.K-12-24
4. TG-1
5. TG-17
6. Karad 4-11
7. Kopergaon 1
8. Kopergaon 3
9. T 64
10. Chitra
11. Mallika, Girnar 3 , Phule morna

11. Quality seed production technology of Soyabean
Major source of vegetable oil and protein in the world. Can also be grown as pulse crop.
 Common name: Soyabean
 Scientific name: Glycine max Linn
 Family : Leguminosae
 Origin: China
It is day-length sensitive. There are short-day and day-neutral cultivars. Cultivars have
been evolved for long days to grow in relatively high latitudes where growing season is
short.

12. Environment requirement for seed production:
Seed grown in humid tropical conditions lose germination quickly. Seed crops in higher
latitudes are sensitive to rainy, cold conditions during flowering causing flowers to abort.
The optimum temperature for crop growth is 27-32oC and yield is reduced by cool
nights or period above 38oC. About 500-750 mm water during growing season in fertile
soils with pH 6.0-6.5 is optimum for the crop.
Previous cropping and Isolation:
 It is short lived in the field so an interval of one year from any soyabean crop is
satisfactory. The land used for seed production must be free of volunteer plants.
 Soyabean is self fertilized and less than 1% crossing occurs

13. Contaminants
Minimum distance ( m )
Foundation Certified
Fields of other varieties 3 3
Fields of the same variety not conforming to varietal
purity of requirements for certification 3 3
General requirements:
Specific requirements:
Factor
Maximum permitted ( o/o )
Foundation Certified
Offtypes 0.10 0.50

14. Seed crop establishment:
The seed is sown in rows 40-60 cm apart @ about one seed plant per 5-10 cm at 3 to 5 cm
depth. Soil temperature below 10oC causes reduced germination and yield .
Seed inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum should be made if soyabean is sown first time
Seed crop management:
The crop responds to P , K and Lime on soils with low pH .. 25 kg N ; 80 to 100 kg P and
30 to 40 kg K /ha are applied. Weed control by hand or by chemicals is necessary to obtain
good seed.
Irrigation as and when required should be given. Adequate moisture in the soil during
anthesis, seed development and maturation stage is vital for high seed yield.
To prevent yellow mosaic disease, spray mixture of malathion (0.1%) and metasystox (0.1
%) on 20th,40th and 50th DAS. Replace malathion by thiodan if hairy caterpillar problem. For
rust, spray 2.5 kg dithane.

15. Brief cultural practices
Land requirements: Land should be free from volunteer plants and field should
be well drained.
Preparation of land : Prepare the seed field to fine tilth by deep ploughing and 2
to 3 harrowings followed by levelling.
Time of Sowing : First fortnight of July.
Source of seed : Appropriate class of seed from good source.
Method of sowing : Seeds are sown with a drill to 2-3 m depth
Spacing : 45 to 60 cm Row to row
4 to 5 cm plant to plant
Seed rate : 65 to 70 kg/ha

16. Seed crop inspection and Rouging:
 Two inspections at flowering and at maturity are essential to rogue out the off-types and
virus free plants. The final inspection at maturity stage to rogue out off-types on basis of
pod characters
Harvesting:
 Small areas are harvested by hand and plants are threshed as soon as possible & seeds are
stored properly. Seeds remaining in pod for longer period especially in moist climate may
loose germination
 The crop reaches maturity about 2 to 3 weeks before field maturity when seed moisture is
about 50 %, the seed turns yellow which is followed by yellowing of leaves and they drop.
Seed moisture drops rapidly and the pods dry.
 Mature seed sheds easily and seed above 14 % moisture will be soft and may damage ,
below 14 % will be hard and will crack easily. So seed harvest should not be delayed.
 Threshing should be started when pods become brittle and break upon pressing.

17. Drying and Storage
The seed moisture content must be reduced to about 12 % by gradual drying.
Fungicide treatment right after drying and cleaning will thwart the spread of storage
fungi.
Fungicide should not be used if Rhizobium is used later to inoculate the seeds . For
storage upto six months, the seed moisture must be around 10%.
The seeds must be examined at regular intervals and re-dry if moisture content
ascends.
Storage in moisture proof containers like sealed heavy duty polythene bags or cans
is good. Small quantity seed can be placed in fridge at 5oC.
Careful handling of the seed is necessary to avoid mechanical damage. An
air/screen cleaner is useful.

18. Factor Standard for each class
Foundation Certified
Pure seed (minimum) 98 % 98 %
Inert matter (maximum) 2.0 % 2.0 %
Other crop seeds (maximum) None 10 /kg
Weed seeds (maximum) 5/ kg 10 /kg
Other Distinguishable varieties (maximum) 10/ kg 40/kg
Germination (minimum) 70 % 70 %
Moisture content (maximum) 12.0 % 12.0 %
Moisture for vapour proof containers (maximum) 7.0 % 7.0 %
Seed rate = 60-70 kg/ha ; Seed yield = 20-25 q/ha

19. Varieties:
NRC 77
LSB 33, MACS 1188
NRC 77, 86, 127
Birsa safed soyabean 2
MAUS 158, Raj Soya 24
Pant Soyabean 25
SL 979, SL 955
VL Soya 63, 89

20. Quality seed production technology of Sesamum
It is one of the oldest species of high quality cooking oil. The oil content is about
45-50 %.
Seeds are loaded with health promoting nutrients and are used in cuisines.
Common name : Sesame, Gingelli
Scientific name : Sesamum indicum L.
Family : Pedaliaceae.

21. Environment for seed production
It is a crop of hot and dry areas in the tropics and is mainly grows in areas with about 400
mm rainfall distributed through out the growing season.
 It is susceptible to water logging and is best adapted to well drained, deep, light loamy
soil for growing its tap roots.
 Moderate fertility of soil is enough for its growth. Both long day and short day cultivars
are available.
Previous cropping and Isolation:
 The plot for seed production should be free of volunteer plants. It is advisable to allow a
long interval between sesame crops where seed-borne disease is prevalent.
 It is usually self pollinated crop, but cross pollination upto 7 % may occur by insects.

22. Isolation for seed production, according to Indian Seed Certification
standards is as follows
A. General
Contaminants Minimum distance (meters)
Foundation Certified
Fields of other varieties 100 50
Fields of the same variety not conforming to
varietal purity requirements for certification
100 50
B. Specific
Factor Maximum permitted (%)
Foundation Certified
Off types 0.10 0.20
Plants affected by seed borne diseases 0.50 1.00

23. Seed crop establishment and Management
• Seed of appropriate class should be obtained from approved source of seed for
quality seed production. It can be grown in kharif and rabi also.
• Seeds are sown in June-July for kharif crops. During Rabi from mid-October to
mid-November. For good germination the average soil temperature should be 25-
27oC.
• The seeds are sown at 2.5-3.5 cm depth @ 2 to 5 kg/ha in rows of 40-50 cm x 20-
25 cm spacing. Fertilizer is applied at 25:25:25 kg/ha NPK at the time of sowing.
• Weed control during early growth of the crop is essential. The crop requires little
attention after it is established. Irrigation maybe required in some very dry areas,
and when the plants are 15-20 cm high and during flowering and maturation of seed
for increased yield
•Major insect pests like caterpillars, gall and leaf roller are controlled by insecticides.

24. Seed crop inspection and Rouging
 Inspections along with rouging are done three times= 1st before flowering at vegetative stage
for checking isolation. 2nd at flowering and 3rd at maturity and prior to harvesting
 Off types and diseased plants like phyllody, leaf spot blight should be rogued out as soon as
possible
Harvesting:
At physiological mature stage the leaves and stem begin to change colour to yellow but
capsules still green and the lower leaves begin to drop.
At this stage the pod moisture content is about 50-60 % and seed moisture is 25-30 % The
seeds of tenth capsule from bottom turn black in black seeded variety.
Cultivars start ripening from below and have a prolong ripening period and the ripen
capsules dehisce easily. The harvested plants are placed on racks to dry.
Immature seeds must be removed during cleaning. Damage to seed coat reduce germination.

25. Usually seeds have 8-10 % moisture during harvest and does not require further
drying. Seeds are cleaned with air/screen cleaner.
Factor Standards for each class
Foundation Certified
Pure seed (minimum) 97.0 % 97.0 %
Inert matter (maximum) 3.0 % 3.0 %
Other crop seeds (maximum) 10/kg 20/kg
Weed seeds (maximum) 10/kg 10/kg
Germination(minimum) 80 % 80 %
Moisture content (maximum) 9.0 % 9.0 %
Moisture for vapour proof containers (maximum) 5.0 % 5.0 %
Other distinguishable varieties (maximum) 10/kg 10/kg
Minimum seed standards

26. Varieties:
Hima,
Chandana, Swetha Til
Gujarat Til-4 , Jawahar Til-11
GNNIG-3
Punjab Til 2
SMARAK (OSC 560)
SUBHRA (OSC 207)
VRI 3, RT 372,351,127
JLT -408

27. References
1) Seed Technology- Rattan Lal Agarwal
2) Quality Seed Production Technology – Ghosh N.
3) Directorate of Oilseeds Development (DOD)- https://oilseeds.dac.gov.in

28. Thank you