"Renovating Media Economics", presentation by Stuart Cunningham and Terry Flew, Media@Sydney, Department of Media and Communication, University of Sydney, October 24, 2014
ASSESSING THE KNOWLEDGE ECOLOGIES OF MEDIA POLICY: THE CASE OF CONTENT CLASSIFICATION
Paper presented to Cultivating Knowledge Ecologies: Contexts, Complexities, Powers, People, Institute for Culture and Society, Parramatta, University of Western Sydney, March 25-27, 2014
Terry Flew, Professor of Media and Communication, Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology
This week we cover the political economy approach to communication. Rooted in marxism theory, such exploration considers the role of economy in shaping the media landscape.
European Union Competencies in Respect of Media Pluralism & Media Freedom
CMPF Summer School 2013 for Journalists and Media Practitioners
http://cmpf.eui.eu/training/summer-school-2013.aspx
"Renovating Media Economics", presentation by Stuart Cunningham and Terry Flew, Media@Sydney, Department of Media and Communication, University of Sydney, October 24, 2014
ASSESSING THE KNOWLEDGE ECOLOGIES OF MEDIA POLICY: THE CASE OF CONTENT CLASSIFICATION
Paper presented to Cultivating Knowledge Ecologies: Contexts, Complexities, Powers, People, Institute for Culture and Society, Parramatta, University of Western Sydney, March 25-27, 2014
Terry Flew, Professor of Media and Communication, Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology
This week we cover the political economy approach to communication. Rooted in marxism theory, such exploration considers the role of economy in shaping the media landscape.
European Union Competencies in Respect of Media Pluralism & Media Freedom
CMPF Summer School 2013 for Journalists and Media Practitioners
http://cmpf.eui.eu/training/summer-school-2013.aspx
This week we discuss about the relevance of studying production in media studies. From films to electronic devices, production helps us to understand how media involves labor.
Lourenço F. & Nimita P. | Edward Lorenz
28 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
ZOOM online
LECTURE-4: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION
by
Dr. Lourenço Galvão Diniz Faria, Copenhagen University, Denmark.
&
Dr. Nimita Pandey, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
CHAIR:
Professor Edward Lorenz, Aalborg University, Denmark & University of Johannesburg, SA.
+177 more
João Tavares & Verónica R. | Giovanni Dosi
13 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
Online
LECTURE-2: The Economics of Technological Change
by
Dr. João Marcos Hausmann Tavares, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
&
Dr. Verónica Robert, CONICET - UNSAM, Argentina.
CHAIR:
Professor Giovanni Dosi, Institute of Economics Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa.
Moderator: Dr. Nanditha M.
B. Å. Lundvall | Alan Freeman
07 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
Online
LECTURE 1: FREEMAN CENTENARY LECTURE 'Innovation System Research and Economic Development '
by
Professor Bengt-Åke Lundvall, Aalborg University, Denmark.
The session is chaired by Professor Alan Freeman, Director - Geopolitical Economy Research Group (GERG).
LECTURE 6: THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT OF NSI
by
Dr. Olga Mikheeva, UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, UK
&
Dr. Manuel Gonzalo, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Brazil.
CHAIR:
Professor Joseph K.J., Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation (GIFT), India
This week we discuss the role of representation in Media studies. We reflect on the role of language in communication, and we discuss how semiotics works on signs.
In this slideshare, Anabelle Chaumun (GlobalizNow.com) gives an overview on how the topic 'globalization' appears in the western media. At Globaliz, we think that we come to an age where globalization is not only exchanges of material and financial goods, but also wealth through national and international communities abroad.
how governments aim for their strategic goals. There is a need to take into account the type of economic system, structure of government and nature of the civil society
Johanson portrays an image of strategic management as government activity in which public administration plays an important role. Strategic planning and evaluation, administrative reform and government regulation are the most important tool of government in advancing it’s strategic goals. The new public management is not the only option for government reform. The regulation is not only government responsibility. Economy and civil society offer possibilities of self-regulation.
Johanson introduces three roles for government agencies in dealing with their external constituencies. As a benevolent mediator, public agencies serve for their clientele on providing services for the citizens. As a business partner, public agency takes part in economic exchange with private enterprise. As a antitrust agent, public agency supervises and disciplines other organisations in it’s environment. The role of the agency is dependent upon the duties of public agency.
This week we discuss about the relevance of studying production in media studies. From films to electronic devices, production helps us to understand how media involves labor.
Lourenço F. & Nimita P. | Edward Lorenz
28 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
ZOOM online
LECTURE-4: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION
by
Dr. Lourenço Galvão Diniz Faria, Copenhagen University, Denmark.
&
Dr. Nimita Pandey, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
CHAIR:
Professor Edward Lorenz, Aalborg University, Denmark & University of Johannesburg, SA.
+177 more
João Tavares & Verónica R. | Giovanni Dosi
13 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
Online
LECTURE-2: The Economics of Technological Change
by
Dr. João Marcos Hausmann Tavares, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
&
Dr. Verónica Robert, CONICET - UNSAM, Argentina.
CHAIR:
Professor Giovanni Dosi, Institute of Economics Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa.
Moderator: Dr. Nanditha M.
B. Å. Lundvall | Alan Freeman
07 Jan, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
Online
LECTURE 1: FREEMAN CENTENARY LECTURE 'Innovation System Research and Economic Development '
by
Professor Bengt-Åke Lundvall, Aalborg University, Denmark.
The session is chaired by Professor Alan Freeman, Director - Geopolitical Economy Research Group (GERG).
LECTURE 6: THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT OF NSI
by
Dr. Olga Mikheeva, UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, UK
&
Dr. Manuel Gonzalo, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Brazil.
CHAIR:
Professor Joseph K.J., Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation (GIFT), India
This week we discuss the role of representation in Media studies. We reflect on the role of language in communication, and we discuss how semiotics works on signs.
In this slideshare, Anabelle Chaumun (GlobalizNow.com) gives an overview on how the topic 'globalization' appears in the western media. At Globaliz, we think that we come to an age where globalization is not only exchanges of material and financial goods, but also wealth through national and international communities abroad.
how governments aim for their strategic goals. There is a need to take into account the type of economic system, structure of government and nature of the civil society
Johanson portrays an image of strategic management as government activity in which public administration plays an important role. Strategic planning and evaluation, administrative reform and government regulation are the most important tool of government in advancing it’s strategic goals. The new public management is not the only option for government reform. The regulation is not only government responsibility. Economy and civil society offer possibilities of self-regulation.
Johanson introduces three roles for government agencies in dealing with their external constituencies. As a benevolent mediator, public agencies serve for their clientele on providing services for the citizens. As a business partner, public agency takes part in economic exchange with private enterprise. As a antitrust agent, public agency supervises and disciplines other organisations in it’s environment. The role of the agency is dependent upon the duties of public agency.
Johanson portrays an image of strategic management as government activity in which public administration plays an important role. Strategic planning and evaluation, administrative reform and government regulation are the most important tool of government in advancing it’s strategic goals. The new public management is not the only option for government reform. The regulation is not only government responsibility. Economy and civil society offer possibilities of self-regulation. Johanson expounds the strategy formation as planning oriented activity. Public and private organisations share many common themes in their strategic planning efforts. There are also marked differences between private enterprises and public agencies. There are number of caveats for strategic design within public agencies such as the enforced strategy, strategy as an entity and double-bind strategies.
Day 1 keynote address: John Thompson, Future Agricultures Consortium and Institute of Development Studies, UK: “Analyzing and Understanding Agricultural Policy Processes in Africa”
Workshop on Approaches and Methods for Policy Process Research, co-sponsored by the CGIAR Research Programs on Policies, Institutions and Markets (PIM) and Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) at IFPRI-Washington DC, November 18-20, 2013.
Media technology and the transformation of the public sphere: a media / socia...Marcus Leaning
Academic conference paper that looks at how technology has been understood to bring about a rebirth of the public sphere and the problems of such an approach. Paper offers a case study of an anonymous NGO who adopt a more grass-roots approach to civic regeneration that uses media technology. Recommendations for future work are approaches should be holistic, recognizing the need to take on all stages of technology dissemination and not just the cheap technological bits and that approaches should be socially led.
Arie Rip of the University of Twente gave a STEPS Centre Manifesto Seminar on February 19 2009 entitles 'Putting the K back in: Knowledge, Research and Innovation Systems'.
Analysis of science, technology and innovation in terms of a national research or innovation system is a starting point for policy making, as well as policy implementation. There is a risk, however, that some national research or innovation systems become a model for other countries. This paper starts by offering a broader analysis of the dynamics of “modern” (i.e. OECD-countries, since 1870) research and innovation systems, which opens up the possibility of other paths of development.
Considering recent changes in “modern” research and innovation systems, as well as actual dynamics and needs of developing countries, it is clear that research captures only part what is important. Knowledge has to be recognized as an integral element, and institutionalized science then becomes one form of knowledge production. The paper argues that in this way, developing countries might actually create centres of excellence & relevance that can compete globally.
Find out more at: http://www.steps-centre.org/manifesto/index.html
R&D investment in developing countries to address social challengesJosé Guimón
Why should developing countries invest in R&D and innovation? How can developing countries better align their R&D efforts towards societal needs? How to combine “grand challenge” with “small challenge” initiatives in social innovation? What lessons can be learnt from recent experiences in international R&D cooperation to address societal challenges?
Similar to Reconsidering Media Economics Moscow State University presentation Oct 2014 (20)
Social Media and its Impact on Crisis Communication: Case Studies of Twitter Use in Emergency Management in Australia and New Zealand
Paper presented to Communication and Social Transformation, ICA Regional Conference, Shanghai, China, 8-10 November 2013
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Reconsidering Media Economics Moscow State University presentation Oct 2014
1. Reconsidering Media Economics
Presentation to Faculty of Journalism.
Lomonosov Moscow State University
16 October 2014
Terry Flew,
Professor of Media and Communication
Creative Industries Faculty,
Queensland University of Technology.
Brisbane, Australia
2. • Presentation based on forthcoming book:
Stuart Cunningham, Terry Flew and Adam Swift, Media
Economics (Palgrave, 2015)
• Publication in April-May 2015
3. • Dominant economic theories
– Mainstream (neoclassical) media economics
– Critical political economy
• Emergent economic approaches
– Institutional economics
• New Institutional Economics (NIE)
• New economic ssociology
– Evolutionary economics
• Case studies
– Public service media (PSM)
– Changing (digital) ecology of television
4. • The apparent inability or unwillingness to criticize
economics as useful knowledge from anything but a
radically external position produces an extreme
disconnection between socio-cultural criticism and the
world of economics. Too often, the criticism of academic
economics is founded on an imaginary summation,
which is really a relative ignorance, of economics; in
addition, the point from which such criticisms are offered
is often not a theorised analysis of real economic
complexities, but an imagined position of radical
opposition, in which the only possible politics is defined
by the moral project of overthrowing capitalism
(Lawrence Grossberg, Cultural Studies in the Future
Tense, 2010, p. 107).
5. • ‘A romantic Marxist rejection of the market per se … [has]
blocked analysis of how actual markets work and with
what effects. This has meant that … it has not taken the
economics in PE [political economy] with the
seriousness that it deserves and requires’ (Nicholas
Garnham, ‘The Political Economy of Communication
Revisited’, 2011, p. 42).
6. Mainstream media economics
• Application of neoclassical microeconomics
– Individual as primary unit of analysis
– Rational choice assumptions
– Market equilibrium prices
– Theory of supply and demand
• Influence among media decision-makers
• Media policy influence
7. • ‘Economics, as a discipline, is highly relevant to
understanding how media firms and industries
operate … [because] most of the decisions taken by
those who run media organisations are, to a greater or
lesser extent, influenced by resource and financial
issues’ (Gillian Doyle, Understanding Media Economics,
2013, p. 1).
• ‘Policy researchers seem to divide roughly between …
the “market economics” and “social value” schools of
thought, and the two are often so far apart in their
assumptions and languages that they are unable to
communicate with each other’ (Entman and Wildman,
1992, p. 5).
8. Challenges of media for economics
• Heterogeneous nature of media ‘product’ – difficulty in
determining what the ‘price’ is for
• Dual media markets: consumers/advertisers
• Tendencies towards concentration of ownership and
market oligopoly
• Importance of non-economic principles in media policy
e.g. diversity and media pluralism, public goods, socio-cultural
dimensions of media content
10. Digital transformation of media industries
and markets
• Shift from content scarcity to content abundance
• What is the content of digital media – products, services
or platforms?
• Freely available content and implications for professional
media production
• Are content aggregators (Google, Apple etc.) in the
media industries?
11. Critical Political Economy (CPE)
• Importance of understanding historical dimensions of
social change
• Mutually constitutive relationships between economics,
politics and culture
• Moral philosophy of critique of industrial structures/social
relations of capitalism
• Engagement with organised labour and social
movements
12. Is CPE a ‘big tent’?
• Winseck (2011) proposes that institutional, evolutionary
and (some) neoclassical economics is broadly cognisant
with CPE
• Contested within the field, where CPE has been defined
in opposition to:
– Cultural studies
– Neoclassical economics
– Media industry studies (Meehan and Wasko, 2014)
13. Revisiting the ‘active audience’ debate
• Cultural studies questioned degree that audiences
adhered to ‘dominant ideologies’, pointing to active
audience/user agency
• Critiqued among CPE theorists as ‘cultural populism’
(McGuigan 1992)
• The cultural as formative of industrial/market structures
or ‘residual and merely reflective’ (Stuart Hall, 1986)?
14. Impasse in media economics
• Neoclassical ME vs. CPE has become a metaphor for
rehearsing familiar and well-worn pro/anti-market
arguments
• ‘My main argument with many of the versions of the
return to Marxism today [is] they share exactly the same
worldview as the so-called neoliberals. They think there
is one solution to the problem. One thinks that the
market will solve everything, the other that doing away
with the market will’ (Nicholas Garnham, interview with
Christian Fuchs, 2014, p. 121).
15. Contested questions
• Power
– Asked to do too much theoretically?
– Relationship between economic, political and
cultural/symbolic power?
– Power as top-down (domination) or relational?
• Public policy
• Global and the local/national
• Media industry studies and theoretical ‘eclecticism’ (Holt
and Perren, 2009); Havens, Lotz and Tinic, 2009)
16. Institutionalism
• Long history in the social sciences
– Middle-range theories (Merton)
– Structure/agency dialectic (Giddens)
– Historical path-dependency
• Neoclassical focus on rational choice individualism has
historically marginalised institutional economics
• Dissenting tradition: Veblen, Galbraith
• Communcation studies: political economy of Harold Innis and
Canadian comms. school
• ‘it is … on individuals that the system of institutions imposes
those conventional standards, ideals, and canons of conduct
that make up the community’s system of life’ (Veblen 1909
[1961], p. 38).
17. New Institutional Economics (NIE)
• Douglass North, 1993 Nobel prize winner - economics
had cut itself off from history, neglecting the historically
evolving role of institutions and the significance of how
such institutions develop over time
• NIE maintains continuities with mainstream
microeconomics, particularly in retaining architecture of
rational choice theory in its analyses of individual
behaviour – different to ‘old’ institutionalism and
economic sociology
18. Key NIE concepts
• Bounded rationality
– while individual behaviour can be intentionally rational, ‘in
practice … all decision makers (entrepreneurs, consumers,
politicians, etc.) act subject to imperfect information and limited
cognition’ (Furubotn and Richter, 2005, p. 556).
• Transaction costs
– ‘costs of running the economic system’ (Kenneth Arrow) - include
market engagement costs, managerial transaction costs, and
political transaction costs
• Uncertainty and imperfect information
– Ex ante/ex post imperfect information
• Asset specificity
– both the nature of the asset and its use are incompletely defined
– ‘A list/B list’ in creative industries (Richard Caves)
19. The firm as a nexus of contracts
• Origins with Coase (1937)
• Institutional form than economises on transaction costs
• Implicit and relational contracting
• Contracts rely upon trust, social networks, reputation
• Applicable across both private and public sector
institutions
20. Institutions in NIE
• institutions as ‘the humanly devised constraints that
structure human interaction’ (North, 1994, p. 360)
• Institutional arrangements/governance structures (micro)
• Institutional environment/ ‘rules of the game’ (macro)
– Formal institutions: rules, laws, policies etc.
– Informal constraints: norms, conventions, cultural codes etc. –
links to history and culture
21. Levels of NIE analysis (Williamson)
Level of theory Level of analysis Frequency of
change
Purpose
1) Social theory Embeddedness, informal
institutions, ‘mental maps’,
beliefs, norms
100-1000 years Often non-calculative;
spontaneous
2) Law and
politics
Institutional environment;
‘rules of the game’; governing
institutions
10-100 years Getting
institutional
environment
right
3) Transaction
cost economics
Governance structures;
contracts; regulations
1-10 years Getting
governance
structures right
4) Neo-classical
economics
Resource allocation; prices;
employment; incentives
Continuous Getting
marginal
conditions right
22. Evolutionary Economics
• Emphasises non-equilibrium processes and dynamics of
capitalist transformation from within (contrast to neo-classical
static equilibrium)
• Technological and institutional change endogenous to
market economies
• Joseph Schumpeter – creative destruction – ‘bourgeois
Marxist’ (Catephores)
• Strong influence upon innovation economics
23. Public Service Media (PSM) case study
• Transition from PSB to PSM in context of media
convergence
• Spectrum scarcity case for PSB no longer plausible
• Public good/merit good case challenged in multichannel
environment
• PSBs not the only providers of ‘quality’, ‘niche’ or
‘minority’ content
• Diversity of PSB histories – no single template
24. Political economy, PSBs and citizenship
• PSBs seen as central to nation building, citizenship and
the public sphere
• Not all PSBs are non-commercial, and even ‘non-commercial’
PSBs have commercial activities
• Normative definition of PSB: does not include, for
instance, CCTV as world’s largest state-run broadcaster
• Challenges of PSB Charters – lead or follow ‘public taste?
• Private providers can achieve public good e.g. Google
Books case
25. Core NIE propositions relevant to PSM
• Public and private sector organisations/firms as a ‘nexus
of contracts’
• Separation of ownership from management, and
principal-agent problem
• Tendency to expand into conglomerates – risk of
becoming too big
• Relational or incentive-based contracting – comparable
employment arrangements across public and
commercial media
26. Governance challenges for PSM
• Accountability of PSM managers to the public – via the
government?
• Should a PSM be trusted to regulate itself?
• Distinctiveness of PSM histories and organisational
cultures
• Political problem: electoral politics increasing a ‘battle for
political property rights’ – loss of autonomy for public
institutions
27. Public Value Tests (PVT) and PSM
innovation
• Public Value Tests being applied to digital expansion of
PSBs in EU
• How is ‘public benefit’ to be assessed?
• EU: media pluralism established in broadcasting context
(PSB) but role of PSM in digital environment is contested
• Ex ante tests as an inhibitor of PSM innovation
• Innovation increasingly central to PSM remit