This document provides an overview and guidance for students taking the 6GEO2 Unit 2 Geographical Investigations exam on crowded coasts. It outlines the key components of the exam including the requirement to study two of the four topic areas, with questions based on those topics. Fieldwork, research, and the inquiry process are emphasized. Guidance is provided on focusing answers for the question set, using resources effectively, and ensuring fieldwork is exam-ready. Potential exam questions are outlined relating crowded coasts topics like stakeholders, physical and human factors shaping coastlines, and increasing risks of coastal hazards.
The document discusses management of Ainsdale Dunes Reserve, a fragile coastline. Two aspects of management are discussed: visitor management, which involves zoning areas for public access, and ecosystem management, which involves removing invasive species and managing grazing to control plant overgrowth. The document also discusses future management strategies like Shoreline Management Plans, which use hard and soft coastal defenses, and Integrated Coastal Zone Management, which aims to balance environmental protection with social and economic activities. Coastal realignment is also discussed, where sea defenses are removed to allow controlled flooding and create buffer zones to reduce flood risk.
This document provides an overview of crowded coasts as a topic for a geography exam. It discusses the increasing population pressures on coastal areas and the various risks and management challenges that arise as a result, including:
- Coasts attract large populations due to amenities, but this leads to competition for space and environmental pressures.
- Hazards like sea level rise and intense storms pose growing risks as the effects of climate change increase and more people live in vulnerable coastal areas.
- Coastal management involves strategies like protection, retreat, and integrated planning to address risks while enabling development and protecting environments and communities.
Presentation - Measuring progress in implementing national adaptation policie...OECD Environment
1. The document discusses the UK Climate Change Act and the Third Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA3) published in June 2021.
2. CCRA3 identified 61 high priority risks and opportunities related to climate change impacts on nature, infrastructure, health, business, and international issues.
3. Adaptation policy in the UK is still lagging because the challenges are wide-ranging, complex, under-resourced, and have less clear goals compared to emissions reductions targets. Improving future adaptation programs will require addressing interdependencies, inequalities, and developing a long-term vision for a well-adapted UK.
This document provides guidance for students on investigating crowded coasts as part of a geography unit. It outlines various fieldwork and research techniques students could employ organized under four strands: competition for coasts, coping with pressure, increasing risks, and coastal management. Examples of one-day and two-day fieldwork itineraries are given to demonstrate how different techniques could be combined at coastal locations. The document also discusses opportunities for follow-up research and preparation for examinations through activities like methodology write-ups, data analysis and presentation, and fieldwork evaluations. Revision tips are provided, emphasizing selection of key details from fieldwork and location-specific knowledge.
Presentation - Adapting to a changing climate in the management of coastal zo...OECD Environment
Presentation - Adapting to a changing climate in the management of coastal zones meeting, Enhancing Climate Resilience through the National Coastal zone management program - Laura Petes (USA)
The American Littoral Society conducted a rapid assessment of the impacts of Hurricane Sandy on coastal habitats in the region. Through interviews with natural resource managers and geospatial analysis, they found moderate to high impacts on beach and dune areas, tidal marshes, and upland forests. Specific impacts included erosion, inundation, changes to inlets and habitats. The assessment identified both damaged sites and priority restoration projects. It recommends a coordinated regional restoration response and integrating habitat considerations into flood protection decisions to capitalize on opportunities from the storm.
The adverse impact of tourism on coral reefs an analysis based on hikkaduwa m...ImeshRamanayake
Tourism has both positive and negative impacts on the coral reefs in Hikkaduwa Marine National Park in Sri Lanka. While tourism generates income, activities like snorkeling, diving, and boating can damage corals through contact or pollution. The study recommends strengthening laws against collecting corals and enforcing responsible practices. It also suggests regulating boat numbers and fuel, and improving waste management from resorts to protect the fragile reefs while supporting sustainable tourism.
The document discusses management of Ainsdale Dunes Reserve, a fragile coastline. Two aspects of management are discussed: visitor management, which involves zoning areas for public access, and ecosystem management, which involves removing invasive species and managing grazing to control plant overgrowth. The document also discusses future management strategies like Shoreline Management Plans, which use hard and soft coastal defenses, and Integrated Coastal Zone Management, which aims to balance environmental protection with social and economic activities. Coastal realignment is also discussed, where sea defenses are removed to allow controlled flooding and create buffer zones to reduce flood risk.
This document provides an overview of crowded coasts as a topic for a geography exam. It discusses the increasing population pressures on coastal areas and the various risks and management challenges that arise as a result, including:
- Coasts attract large populations due to amenities, but this leads to competition for space and environmental pressures.
- Hazards like sea level rise and intense storms pose growing risks as the effects of climate change increase and more people live in vulnerable coastal areas.
- Coastal management involves strategies like protection, retreat, and integrated planning to address risks while enabling development and protecting environments and communities.
Presentation - Measuring progress in implementing national adaptation policie...OECD Environment
1. The document discusses the UK Climate Change Act and the Third Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA3) published in June 2021.
2. CCRA3 identified 61 high priority risks and opportunities related to climate change impacts on nature, infrastructure, health, business, and international issues.
3. Adaptation policy in the UK is still lagging because the challenges are wide-ranging, complex, under-resourced, and have less clear goals compared to emissions reductions targets. Improving future adaptation programs will require addressing interdependencies, inequalities, and developing a long-term vision for a well-adapted UK.
This document provides guidance for students on investigating crowded coasts as part of a geography unit. It outlines various fieldwork and research techniques students could employ organized under four strands: competition for coasts, coping with pressure, increasing risks, and coastal management. Examples of one-day and two-day fieldwork itineraries are given to demonstrate how different techniques could be combined at coastal locations. The document also discusses opportunities for follow-up research and preparation for examinations through activities like methodology write-ups, data analysis and presentation, and fieldwork evaluations. Revision tips are provided, emphasizing selection of key details from fieldwork and location-specific knowledge.
Presentation - Adapting to a changing climate in the management of coastal zo...OECD Environment
Presentation - Adapting to a changing climate in the management of coastal zones meeting, Enhancing Climate Resilience through the National Coastal zone management program - Laura Petes (USA)
The American Littoral Society conducted a rapid assessment of the impacts of Hurricane Sandy on coastal habitats in the region. Through interviews with natural resource managers and geospatial analysis, they found moderate to high impacts on beach and dune areas, tidal marshes, and upland forests. Specific impacts included erosion, inundation, changes to inlets and habitats. The assessment identified both damaged sites and priority restoration projects. It recommends a coordinated regional restoration response and integrating habitat considerations into flood protection decisions to capitalize on opportunities from the storm.
The adverse impact of tourism on coral reefs an analysis based on hikkaduwa m...ImeshRamanayake
Tourism has both positive and negative impacts on the coral reefs in Hikkaduwa Marine National Park in Sri Lanka. While tourism generates income, activities like snorkeling, diving, and boating can damage corals through contact or pollution. The study recommends strengthening laws against collecting corals and enforcing responsible practices. It also suggests regulating boat numbers and fuel, and improving waste management from resorts to protect the fragile reefs while supporting sustainable tourism.
This document discusses fieldwork into pressures on coasts when economic development and conservation interests collide. It provides examples of fieldwork techniques that could be used such as environmental assessment sheets, beach quality surveys, photographs, questionnaires, and stakeholder interviews to assess how development threatens some coastlines. The results of applying these techniques to a stretch of coast near Swanage are asked to be reported, showing how fieldwork can reveal the tensions between different coastal stakeholders.
Celtic Seas Partnership- Caroline Salthouserebeccalynam
The Celtic Seas Partnership is a 4-year, €4 million EC LIFE+ funded project led by WWF-UK and involving several other partners. The project aims to demonstrate best practices for implementing the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and achieving Good Environmental Status in the Celtic Seas marine region by 2020 through multi-stakeholder collaboration. The project will support development of voluntary measures, solutions for transboundary challenges, and integrated coastal zone management. Stakeholders are encouraged to get involved through workshops and provide their views, knowledge and experiences to help shape the project's outcomes.
Coastal Access in Nova Scotia (written by Peter Green - 13th Dec 2004)Trimaran Enthusiasts
Coastal Access - Understanding, Inventorying & Analyzing,
Case Study of the Eastern Chebucto Peninsula, HRM
Author: Peter Green (Dalhousie University, Halifax - Nova Scotia, Canada)
13th December 2004
Source: http://architectureandplanning.dal.ca (direct link: http://bit.ly/1ONSS3o )
6. ESIA Training Myanmar: Offshore oil and gas – Key biodiversity risks and m...Ethical Sector
On 19/20 March, two biodiversity, business and human rights events were organised by MCRB in Yangon: a multistakeholder consultation on the draft Briefing Paper, and a training session conducted by a number of international experts on biodiversity and environmental impact assessment (EIA) for around 70 representatives from companies, particularly EIA consultancies.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/reinforcing-connections.html
2. Reviewing Biodiversity Assessments in EIAs in MyanmarEthical Sector
On 19/20 March, two biodiversity, business and human rights events were organised by MCRB in Yangon: a multistakeholder consultation on the draft Briefing Paper, and a training session conducted by a number of international experts on biodiversity and environmental impact assessment (EIA) for around 70 representatives from companies, particularly EIA consultancies.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/reinforcing-connections.html
Laurence Browning, a Marine Advisor at Natural England, will use Allonby Bay as a case-study – outlining the features of the site and the evidence required for designation.
Translating and communicating marine science- Dr. Tavis Pottsrebeccalynam
Dr. Tavis Potts is the principal investigator in ocean governance and policy for Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) and is part of Defra’s Marine Science Co-ordination Committee. He will talk to us about translating science into policy, public marine perspectives and marine communication, including insights from a recent UK survey.
socio-economic impact and its assessment in coastal zoneRaja rajan
This document discusses socio-economic impact assessment in integrated coastal zone management. It describes assessing the vulnerability of coastal areas to various human activities through tools like socio-economic analysis and geographic information systems modeling. Several key human activities that impact coastal areas are described, including residence, fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, tourism, land use, and climate change. The document outlines a four-phase approach to conducting use and conflict analysis to identify suitable sites for coastal activities and inform management.
The document outlines a lecture on coastal resource assessment and management in the Philippines. It discusses the importance of coastal resources, participatory coastal resource assessment (PCRA), and different monitoring methods used in PCRA like manta tow surveys, transect surveys, and fish visual censuses. These methods are used to collect data on coastal habitats, fisheries, and socioeconomic factors to identify issues and inform management guidelines. The lecture aims to familiarize participants with PCRA and apply participatory methods in an actual coastal assessment.
This document discusses coastal zone management and regulation in India. It provides background on the diversity of India's coastal ecosystems and hazards. It describes the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) framework and its evolution over time. The CRZ established development restrictions within 500 meters of the coast. However, committees identified failures of the top-down CRZ approach and lack of participation. The Swaminathan and MSS committees recommended shifting to an integrated coastal zone management approach led by local communities from the territorial waters limit inland. This would better address livelihoods, development pressures, and environmental conservation in a sustainable manner.
Reef ecosystems have been in steady balance for millions of years but are now in decline due to climate change, bleaching, and overfishing. Climate change is stressing corals through warmer water temperatures, which causes them to lose their symbiotic algae and turn white. The oceans absorbing carbon dioxide from human activities is also making the water more acidic, inhibiting corals' ability to build skeletons. Overfishing disrupts the delicate food chain by removing key species. To remedy this, stronger fishing regulations and more protected areas are needed, while addressing the underlying causes of climate change.
8. E&S Hydro Advisory Program: Advancing sustainability in the hydropower sectorEthical Sector
On 19/20 March, two biodiversity, business and human rights events were organised by MCRB in Yangon: a multistakeholder consultation on the draft Briefing Paper, and a training session conducted by a number of international experts on biodiversity and environmental impact assessment (EIA) for around 70 representatives from companies, particularly EIA consultancies.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/reinforcing-connections.html
Sandy beaches are complex ecosystems that provide many valuable services but are under increasing threats from human activities and climate change. The document reviews threats to sandy beach ecosystems and aims to raise awareness of the pressures on shorelines. It summarizes that expanding development and populations along coastlines, combined with climate change impacts like sea level rise, are degrading sandy beaches through stressors like pollution, exploitation, engineering, and biological invasions. Better management is needed based on existing research, and more protected areas could help safeguard these important ecosystems.
The document discusses coastal zone management and ecosystem-based management (EBM) of marine environments. It provides definitions and perspectives on EBM, including that EBM aims to maintain healthy ecosystems that provide services while accounting for human uses. It gives examples of EBM including a Puget Sound case study that models the food web and evaluates tradeoffs of seagrass restoration. Challenges to implementing EBM are fragmented governance and entrenched interests while more research is needed on historical data integration and evaluating EBM efforts.
This document discusses New Zealand's Coastal Policy Statement and its potential impacts on coastal development and protection of coastal biodiversity. It notes that the policy statement aims to avoid adverse effects on threatened species and protect important coastal habitats. It also discusses how the policy could impact development, restrict activities affecting dolphin species, address coastal hazards, protect surf breaks and natural landscapes, and require councils to update plans to implement the new policies.
This document discusses coastal zone management in India. It notes that India has over 8,100 km of coastline and that coastal zones are important ecologically and economically. The document then discusses threats to coastal zones like pollution, urbanization, and population growth. It outlines India's Coastal Regulation Zone notification which aims to protect coastal areas and categorizes different coastal zones. The notification prohibits or regulates certain activities in coastal areas. Overall, the document provides an overview of India's coastal zones and the legal framework around managing these important areas.
Layout, Western Toad Mgmt in the SLA May 23kmKaren Marshall
NACFOR is planning a logging operation near Summit Lake that is home to an important western toad population. Concerns include road mortality of toads crossing Highway 6 and potential impacts of logging. Research has studied road mortality and identified breeding areas. Mitigation efforts include timing operations for periods when toads are not migrating, improving road fill slopes, and monitoring toad presence and movement. NACFOR will implement best practices like winter harvesting and hauling to minimize ground disturbance and impacts to foraging and overwintering toads.
This document contains instructions for multiple choice questions about conducting fieldwork and research on coastal environments and management. The questions ask students to analyze photographs of coastlines, describe fieldwork and research methods on topics like coastal development and erosion, and explain approaches to coastal management and the factors involved in decisions around management strategies.
The document provides guidance for students on conducting a geographical investigation into crowded coasts. It outlines four key areas of focus for fieldwork and research: (1) competition for coastal land, (2) coping with coastal pressures, (3) increasing coastal risks, and (4) coastal management. Students are encouraged to utilize a variety of techniques to investigate these topics in the field such as land use surveys, questionnaires, and beach quality assessments. Suggestions are also provided for how students can follow up their fieldwork through activities like writing up their methodology, presenting and analyzing their results, and conducting peer reviews.
This document discusses fieldwork into pressures on coasts when economic development and conservation interests collide. It provides examples of fieldwork techniques that could be used such as environmental assessment sheets, beach quality surveys, photographs, questionnaires, and stakeholder interviews to assess how development threatens some coastlines. The results of applying these techniques to a stretch of coast near Swanage are asked to be reported, showing how fieldwork can reveal the tensions between different coastal stakeholders.
Celtic Seas Partnership- Caroline Salthouserebeccalynam
The Celtic Seas Partnership is a 4-year, €4 million EC LIFE+ funded project led by WWF-UK and involving several other partners. The project aims to demonstrate best practices for implementing the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and achieving Good Environmental Status in the Celtic Seas marine region by 2020 through multi-stakeholder collaboration. The project will support development of voluntary measures, solutions for transboundary challenges, and integrated coastal zone management. Stakeholders are encouraged to get involved through workshops and provide their views, knowledge and experiences to help shape the project's outcomes.
Coastal Access in Nova Scotia (written by Peter Green - 13th Dec 2004)Trimaran Enthusiasts
Coastal Access - Understanding, Inventorying & Analyzing,
Case Study of the Eastern Chebucto Peninsula, HRM
Author: Peter Green (Dalhousie University, Halifax - Nova Scotia, Canada)
13th December 2004
Source: http://architectureandplanning.dal.ca (direct link: http://bit.ly/1ONSS3o )
6. ESIA Training Myanmar: Offshore oil and gas – Key biodiversity risks and m...Ethical Sector
On 19/20 March, two biodiversity, business and human rights events were organised by MCRB in Yangon: a multistakeholder consultation on the draft Briefing Paper, and a training session conducted by a number of international experts on biodiversity and environmental impact assessment (EIA) for around 70 representatives from companies, particularly EIA consultancies.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/reinforcing-connections.html
2. Reviewing Biodiversity Assessments in EIAs in MyanmarEthical Sector
On 19/20 March, two biodiversity, business and human rights events were organised by MCRB in Yangon: a multistakeholder consultation on the draft Briefing Paper, and a training session conducted by a number of international experts on biodiversity and environmental impact assessment (EIA) for around 70 representatives from companies, particularly EIA consultancies.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/reinforcing-connections.html
Laurence Browning, a Marine Advisor at Natural England, will use Allonby Bay as a case-study – outlining the features of the site and the evidence required for designation.
Translating and communicating marine science- Dr. Tavis Pottsrebeccalynam
Dr. Tavis Potts is the principal investigator in ocean governance and policy for Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) and is part of Defra’s Marine Science Co-ordination Committee. He will talk to us about translating science into policy, public marine perspectives and marine communication, including insights from a recent UK survey.
socio-economic impact and its assessment in coastal zoneRaja rajan
This document discusses socio-economic impact assessment in integrated coastal zone management. It describes assessing the vulnerability of coastal areas to various human activities through tools like socio-economic analysis and geographic information systems modeling. Several key human activities that impact coastal areas are described, including residence, fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, tourism, land use, and climate change. The document outlines a four-phase approach to conducting use and conflict analysis to identify suitable sites for coastal activities and inform management.
The document outlines a lecture on coastal resource assessment and management in the Philippines. It discusses the importance of coastal resources, participatory coastal resource assessment (PCRA), and different monitoring methods used in PCRA like manta tow surveys, transect surveys, and fish visual censuses. These methods are used to collect data on coastal habitats, fisheries, and socioeconomic factors to identify issues and inform management guidelines. The lecture aims to familiarize participants with PCRA and apply participatory methods in an actual coastal assessment.
This document discusses coastal zone management and regulation in India. It provides background on the diversity of India's coastal ecosystems and hazards. It describes the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) framework and its evolution over time. The CRZ established development restrictions within 500 meters of the coast. However, committees identified failures of the top-down CRZ approach and lack of participation. The Swaminathan and MSS committees recommended shifting to an integrated coastal zone management approach led by local communities from the territorial waters limit inland. This would better address livelihoods, development pressures, and environmental conservation in a sustainable manner.
Reef ecosystems have been in steady balance for millions of years but are now in decline due to climate change, bleaching, and overfishing. Climate change is stressing corals through warmer water temperatures, which causes them to lose their symbiotic algae and turn white. The oceans absorbing carbon dioxide from human activities is also making the water more acidic, inhibiting corals' ability to build skeletons. Overfishing disrupts the delicate food chain by removing key species. To remedy this, stronger fishing regulations and more protected areas are needed, while addressing the underlying causes of climate change.
8. E&S Hydro Advisory Program: Advancing sustainability in the hydropower sectorEthical Sector
On 19/20 March, two biodiversity, business and human rights events were organised by MCRB in Yangon: a multistakeholder consultation on the draft Briefing Paper, and a training session conducted by a number of international experts on biodiversity and environmental impact assessment (EIA) for around 70 representatives from companies, particularly EIA consultancies.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/reinforcing-connections.html
Sandy beaches are complex ecosystems that provide many valuable services but are under increasing threats from human activities and climate change. The document reviews threats to sandy beach ecosystems and aims to raise awareness of the pressures on shorelines. It summarizes that expanding development and populations along coastlines, combined with climate change impacts like sea level rise, are degrading sandy beaches through stressors like pollution, exploitation, engineering, and biological invasions. Better management is needed based on existing research, and more protected areas could help safeguard these important ecosystems.
The document discusses coastal zone management and ecosystem-based management (EBM) of marine environments. It provides definitions and perspectives on EBM, including that EBM aims to maintain healthy ecosystems that provide services while accounting for human uses. It gives examples of EBM including a Puget Sound case study that models the food web and evaluates tradeoffs of seagrass restoration. Challenges to implementing EBM are fragmented governance and entrenched interests while more research is needed on historical data integration and evaluating EBM efforts.
This document discusses New Zealand's Coastal Policy Statement and its potential impacts on coastal development and protection of coastal biodiversity. It notes that the policy statement aims to avoid adverse effects on threatened species and protect important coastal habitats. It also discusses how the policy could impact development, restrict activities affecting dolphin species, address coastal hazards, protect surf breaks and natural landscapes, and require councils to update plans to implement the new policies.
This document discusses coastal zone management in India. It notes that India has over 8,100 km of coastline and that coastal zones are important ecologically and economically. The document then discusses threats to coastal zones like pollution, urbanization, and population growth. It outlines India's Coastal Regulation Zone notification which aims to protect coastal areas and categorizes different coastal zones. The notification prohibits or regulates certain activities in coastal areas. Overall, the document provides an overview of India's coastal zones and the legal framework around managing these important areas.
Layout, Western Toad Mgmt in the SLA May 23kmKaren Marshall
NACFOR is planning a logging operation near Summit Lake that is home to an important western toad population. Concerns include road mortality of toads crossing Highway 6 and potential impacts of logging. Research has studied road mortality and identified breeding areas. Mitigation efforts include timing operations for periods when toads are not migrating, improving road fill slopes, and monitoring toad presence and movement. NACFOR will implement best practices like winter harvesting and hauling to minimize ground disturbance and impacts to foraging and overwintering toads.
This document contains instructions for multiple choice questions about conducting fieldwork and research on coastal environments and management. The questions ask students to analyze photographs of coastlines, describe fieldwork and research methods on topics like coastal development and erosion, and explain approaches to coastal management and the factors involved in decisions around management strategies.
The document provides guidance for students on conducting a geographical investigation into crowded coasts. It outlines four key areas of focus for fieldwork and research: (1) competition for coastal land, (2) coping with coastal pressures, (3) increasing coastal risks, and (4) coastal management. Students are encouraged to utilize a variety of techniques to investigate these topics in the field such as land use surveys, questionnaires, and beach quality assessments. Suggestions are also provided for how students can follow up their fieldwork through activities like writing up their methodology, presenting and analyzing their results, and conducting peer reviews.
Introduction to AS Edexcel crowded coasts with lots of info on things like mangroves, salt marshes, reefs, population amonst other stuff with some extras in it, I have altered this from one I got from the NING site
Brighton grew as a coastal resort town due to its popularity as a tourist destination by the sea. The document aims to understand the factors contributing to Brighton's growth and analyze the impacts that tourism has had on the city.
This document contains instructions for assignments on the topic of water conflicts from 2010 to 2013. Each assignment asks students to study a figure, explain or suggest something based on the figure, and assess something using examples. The assignments address topics like how physical and human factors affect water scarcity and availability, the impact of large water projects and using transboundary water sources, and the potential for conflict over water supplies.
The document discusses energy security over multiple years and includes figures related to topics like oil exporters and importers, electricity consumption, and energy resources. For each section, it provides two questions - the first asks the reader to analyze part of the figure and suggest reasons for patterns or impacts, while the second asks the reader to more broadly assess factors influencing energy security such as alternative energy sources, important players, uncertainty, conflicts, and disruptions. The document covers energy issues from different perspectives over an extended time period.
This document provides an overview of a unit on rebranding places. It discusses what rebranding is, why places may need to rebrand due to economic, environmental or social issues, and different rebranding strategies. These strategies can involve re-imaging, re-imagining, and redevelopment to refresh identities, attract investment and encourage renewal. Fieldwork and research are important parts of understanding rebranding players and case studies in different locations.
This document contains 6 passages from the years 2010-2013 that discuss bridging the development gap. Each passage includes 2 questions - a 10 point question analyzing a figure and a 15 point question assessing development strategies, measures, theories or examples. The passages address explaining development challenges, evaluating organization roles, contrasting development levels within countries, and assessing development approaches.
The document provides instructions for a geography assignment involving the rebranding of urban and rural areas. It includes 10 questions that require students to:
1) Study a figure showing data on rebranding areas and comment on aspects such as evidence for needed rebranding or limitations of data collection.
2) Describe the fieldwork and research methods they would use to investigate the need for or success of rebranding schemes in either urban or rural locations.
3) Examine through examples the role of different players or reasons for rebranding being sometimes unsuccessful.
Global hazards include hydro-meteorological hazards caused by climate processes like droughts and floods, and geophysical hazards caused by land processes like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The risk of disaster is determined by the hazard, a population's vulnerability, and their capacity to cope. While the number of geophysical hazards has remained steady, hydro-meteorological hazards are increasing due to global warming. Deaths from disasters have decreased due to improved risk management strategies like prediction, prevention, and preparedness, but global economic losses from disasters are rising rapidly.
This document outlines four tasks for a coastal fieldwork folio assignment. [1] Students are asked to submit a completed fieldwork booklet documenting their observations from a coastal fieldtrip to four locations. [2] They must create a Google Map detailing information about landforms, processes, and waves observed at each stop. [3] An iMovie or presentation is required on human impacts in the area and how they are being reduced. [4] Students must choose a coastal issue and present arguments from two stakeholders' perspectives in a newspaper article, interview, or cartoon. The tasks assess students' understanding of coastal characteristics and changes from natural processes and human activity.
The Holderness Coastline in eastern England has some of the fastest erosion rates in Europe, averaging around 2 meters per year. The geology of the area, consisting of soft glacial till deposited over 12,000 years ago, is highly erodible and is being rapidly worn away by the sea. The village of Mappleton provides a case study of coastal management efforts, where rock groynes were constructed in 1991 to reduce erosion, but have shifted the erosion problem further south. Spurn Point at the southern end of the coastline consists of material deposited by longshore drift and acts as a barrier, though its position is now fixed through artificial defenses.
Perception of hazards is influenced by the information we receive and how we filter and distort it, leading to perceptions that may not match reality. As a result, individual, community and national responses to hazard risks are significantly shaped by perception. A model of human perception and response shows that natural hazards pass through a perceptual environment before eliciting a behavioral response, with increasing distance and impersonality affecting this process. Perceptions of acceptance, dominance, or adaptation then determine responses of doing nothing and accepting losses, pursuing technological solutions, or adapting lifestyles and behaviors respectively.
The document discusses different methods of coastal management to reduce erosion and flooding risks along coastlines. It describes hard engineering options like groynes, sea walls, revetments, and rock armour that use rigid structures to reduce wave energy. It also describes soft engineering options like beach nourishment, beach reshaping, and managed retreat that are more sustainable and natural approaches. Managed retreat in particular allows the sea to reclaim formerly flooded land to create salt marshes that can absorb wave energy and flooding impacts.
Beach nourishment involves replacing sand lost to erosion from external sources to widen beaches. It reduces storm damage by dissipating wave energy and protects structures. Nourishment must be repeated as it doesn't stop erosion forces. Sand used must match native beaches in size and texture. Nourishment widens beaches for recreation while providing flood and erosion protection. It is expensive to implement but supports local economies. Alternative stabilization methods include hard structures or soft techniques but don't fully restore eroded beaches like nourishment does.
Coastal erosion is a major problem for Grand Bahama's economy and infrastructure due to sea level rise and hurricanes. Hard engineering structures like sea walls, groynes and breakwaters have been used to protect settlements, roads and tourism resorts, but can disrupt sediment flows and cause erosion issues further down the coast. Softer techniques like beach replenishment, gabions and dune vegetation have also been tried with mixed results. While protection is needed, coastal managers must consider both economic and environmental impacts.
The document provides guidance for case studies, noting there are 3 levels in the marking scheme worth up to 12 marks total. To achieve the highest level, answers must be described, explained with numerous place-specific details. Examples from rivers, coasts, population, settlement, and economic development are listed to choose from for case studies.
Global natural resources are distributed unevenly around the world based on climate and geography. Soil quality and types determine agricultural productivity and are best in areas with brown forest soil. Approximately 40% of Earth's surface is used for farming. Forests cover 30% of land, with concentration in Brazil, Canada, and the US. Fossil fuel reserves are highest in the Middle East, Venezuela, Canada, and Russia. Rock and mineral deposits are found worldwide, with certain areas rich in resources like diamonds, iron ore, or precious metals depending on their geological history. Water sources include rivers, rainfall, and desalination, but some populations face future shortages due to climate change and increasing demand. The distribution of these vital natural
Coasts provide important economic and environmental resources:
- They attract tourism which brings income and jobs in hotels, shops, and activities like water sports.
- Fishing and trade through ports also generate income and employment.
- Rare coastal habitats support biodiversity and tourism, further boosting local economies.
This document discusses factors that have led to exponential population growth in coastal areas. It lists several key drivers of coastalization, including improved accessibility, potential for fishing and agriculture, favorable climate conditions, and opportunities for recreation, tourism, and industry. Specifically, it notes that 30% of the world's population lived near coasts in 1990, rising to 40% by 2002 and 50% today, with coastal areas becoming overdeveloped due to population influxes.
Coastal management in New Zealand under the Resource Management Act 1991
including protection of natural character, coastal landscapes, biodiversity, coastal hazards, surf breaks, sedimentation and strategic planning
River front development principles - draftNehal Elhagene
This document outlines key themes and criteria for developing riverfronts. The major themes discussed are providing recreation, residential living, and business/commerce opportunities. Aspects for evaluating developments include their social, educational, aesthetic, business, diversity of uses, environmental impact, energy use, materials, ecosystem preservation, management, pollution control, maintenance, and preservation of cultural heritage. Regulations are also important to consider.
Coastal Defense Management : A Group ReportRavi Nakulan
This document discusses indicators for assessing eco-innovative coastal defense systems in the North Sea region. It first defines coastal erosion and flooding, noting these are increasing problems affecting countries like Denmark, the Netherlands, and the UK. Current coastal defenses are described as under threat from rising sea levels. The document then discusses developing innovative, eco-friendly coastal defenses and outlines a framework for indicators to evaluate these systems, focusing on sustainability.
This document discusses the state of coastal and marine environments in Africa. It notes that as coastal populations grow and human activities increase, coastal habitats are being degraded, diminishing biodiversity. The main causes are poverty, economic development pressures, overexploitation of fisheries, and pollution. Coastal areas provide resources like fisheries and support industries like tourism, but unsustainable practices are damaging ecosystems. There are opportunities to better manage resources and involve communities to improve livelihoods, but degradation continues due to pressures including climate change impacts.
G115 Virtual Field Trip #2 Coastal Exploration Page 1 G.docxhanneloremccaffery
G115 Virtual Field Trip #2: Coastal Exploration Page 1
G115 VIRTUAL FIELD TRIP #2: COASTAL EXPLORATION
I N T R O D U C T I O N *
This virtual fieldtrip is actually two fieldtrips, and it takes you first to the west coast and then to the east coast to
compare coastal features and processes, including wave action, beach sand source and movement, coastal bluff and
dunes, and human interferences. The first fieldtrip is to the shoreline of San Diego North County in Southern California,
and your trip guide is Chris Metzler, earth science professor at MiraCosta College (Fieldtrip 1). The second fieldtrip is to
northeast shore of Florida, near the town of Marineland, and your trip guide is Joann Mossa, geography professor at the
University of Florida (Fieldtrip 2).
Read this entire worksheet carefully and completely to ensure full credit for this assignment. Instructions for submitting
the Virtual Field Trip questions and Essay can be found at the end of this document.
*This field trip was adapted from http://seascisurf.com/geo_virtual_fieldtrip_west-east_coast_shores.pdf
F I R S T , W H E RE A RE W E ?
Go to maps.google.com, and search for “San Diego, CA” and “Marineland, FL”.
1. On the blank map here, mark a star near San Diego, California AND in the Marineland, Florida:
2. What ocean borders the California Coast? ___________________________________________________________
3. What ocean borders the northeast Florida Coast? _____________________________________________________
4. Go to this site (https://goo.gl/maps/NWcnELEQC9E2) and zoom and pan around the map. Also look at the
photos, linked to the right side of the satellite imagery. What does the coastline near Marineland, FL look like?
5. Go to this site (https://goo.gl/maps/2a2vUUanZkR2) and zoom and pan around the map. Also look at the
photos, linked to the right side of the satellite imagery. What does the coastline near San Diego, CA look like?
http://seascisurf.com/geo_virtual_fieldtrip_west-east_coast_shores.pdf
https://goo.gl/maps/NWcnELEQC9E2
https://goo.gl/maps/2a2vUUanZkR2
G115 Virtual Field Trip #2: Coastal Exploration Page 2
PH Y S I C A L C H A R A C T E RI S T I C S O F T H E T W O A RE A S
Please review the two links below to learn about the physical characteristics of the California and northeastern Florida
Coasts. You will have to look around the pages, and click some of the links within, to find all of the characteristics.
• San Diego, California coastal conditions: https://www.wunderground.com/marine-
weather/PZ/750.html?map=wave
• Marineland, Florida coastal conditions: https://www.wunderground.com/MAR/AM/454.html
Fill in the table below with the data from these sites:
San Diego, California Marineland, Florida
Sea surface temperature
Average wave size (make an
estimate, include units on your
answer)
Time of high and low tide (include
the date of your observation)
Wind direction and ...
The document provides guidance for answering a case study question about rivers, focusing on the River Tees as an example. It outlines the key characteristics of the river's upper, middle, and lower courses, including landforms and features like waterfalls. It also discusses river management along the Tees, including reservoirs for water supply and flood protection schemes. The document emphasizes the importance of using specific place-based details from the River Tees in answers to achieve higher marks.
Coastal areas face significant environmental pressures from rapid urbanization and tourism development. Tourism is a major economic activity in many coastal regions but can damage the environment through pollution, overdevelopment of infrastructure, and disturbance of ecosystems and wildlife. Sustainable tourism practices and planning are needed to maximize economic benefits while minimizing harm to the coastal environment.
The document discusses coastal erosion issues in Happisburgh, England. It notes that over 250m of land was lost between 1600-1850, and 125m was lost between 1992-2007 at a rate of around 8m/year. The cliffs are comprised of glacial sands and clays that are easily eroded by the sea and saturated by rainwater. Coastal defenses could worsen the situation by disrupting sediment flows, while rising seas and stronger storms from climate change also increase erosion risks. The rapid erosion is negatively impacting the local community and environment through lost homes and infrastructure as well as valuable farmland.
This document discusses forests, deforestation, wildlife management, fisheries, and endangered species. It notes that forests are economically and ecologically important but deforestation is a major environmental concern. Deforestation is driven by wood usage, which is predicted to double by 2050, and paper production, which uses 30% of the world's paper despite only 5% of the population. Unsustainable logging and fishing practices have depleted fish and whale populations. International agreements have established protections and regulations for fisheries, whaling, and endangered species to curb overexploitation and prevent extinctions.
The necessity of a multi-level framework for understanding coastal management...weADAPT
The document discusses a multi-level framework for understanding coastal management in Kenya. It describes CORDIO East Africa and its focus on coral reefs, fisheries, and socioeconomics. The framework includes collecting data on ecosystems, social factors, and linked projects. Ecosystem services from coral reefs are discussed, including biodiversity, resources, and protection. Climate change impacts like coral bleaching and changes to fisheries and rainfall patterns are a concern. Social resilience and informing decision-making are priorities through modeling, forecasting hazards, and understanding vulnerability.
Amazon forest is one of the largest coastal belt of mangrove forest than anywhere in the world.On the Amazon coast ,sandy estuarine beaches are important for recreational and touristic activities. DPSIR framework is used to assess and manage environmental framework.
Philippine Milestones on Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Management
Ms. Teresita Samson Castillo
Vice-Minister, Department of Environment and Natural Resources Philippines
2010 Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
3-7 May 2010
The World Ocean Council is an international, cross-sectoral business alliance that brings together ocean industries to address ocean sustainability through leadership and collaboration. Its goal is a healthy, productive global ocean achieved through responsible use by ocean businesses. The Council works to create business value for responsible operators by facilitating access, synergies in addressing issues, and stability in ocean operations. It also initiates best practices, coordinates engagement in marine planning, and improves ocean science through industry involvement.
L5 ap weather climate human activities on the coastandypinks
Human activities like urbanization, industry, and agriculture can change coastal landscapes in several ways:
1) Urbanization has led to the draining of wetlands for settlements, adding weight from development, and protecting cliffs from erosion, which can increase erosion elsewhere.
2) Industry has resulted in the growth of ports and facilities like oil refineries that have visual and environmental impacts.
3) Agriculture has involved draining wetlands and building ridges to protect low-lying farmland from the sea, though now some of these areas are no longer protected from coastal recession.
The document summarizes key regions of the United States, including the Northeast, South, Midwest, and West. It describes how physical geography has influenced the economy and development of each region. The Northeast was an early leader in industry, powered by water resources. The South's warm climate and fertile soils supported agriculture and plantations. Abundant resources like coal and rivers promoted industry in the Midwest. Water availability affects the economies and populations in the diverse landscapes of the Western United States.
1. 6GEO2 Unit 2 Geographical Investigations –
Student Guide: Crowded Coasts – Part 1
2. CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Requirements of the specification
3. What are crowded coasts?
4. Investigating crowded coasts
5. Ideas for fieldwork In Part 2
6. Research on crowded coasts
7. Making it work for the exam
Click on the information icon to jump to that section.
Click on the home button to return to this contents page
3. 1. Overview
• Unit 2 has four components, but you
are only required to study two of UNIT 2: The Paired
these. Options –you only
study one in each
• In the 75 minute exam you answer pair!
one question based on your two
chosen topic areas. This means there The ‘Physical’ Pair
is no choice. 1. Extreme
• This exam is designed to test both Weather
knowledge and understanding of 2. Crowded Coasts
geographical concepts as well as
geographical skills. The ‘Human’ Pair
• Fieldwork, research and the enquiry 1. Unequal Spaces
process lie at the heart of this exam.
2. Rebranding
• The most important ways of ensuring
the highest possible grades in this
module is (i) being able to focus on
the question set, (ii) to be able to use
resources effectively, and (iii) to get
your fieldwork in a form that works for
the exam.
4. UNIT 2 – Assessment overview and structure
• Normally the first part of
each question starts with
a data stimulus element.
• The fieldwork and
research elements are
related directly to work
you have carried out
during a field trip AND
may involve questions
about how you
processed, interpreted
etc what you found. •The data stimulus in unlikely
• The remaining question to be the 15 mark question
is more management and •Data stimulus with an analysis
issues based. Here case element is possible
study knowledge will be
required.
5. What makes the coast so attractive?
The factors opposite show why the
coastal zone has always attracted
settlers and been favoured by
developers. European countries
built great ports to receive goods
from their colonies abroad (e.g.
The port of Hong Kong). Of the
factors opposite, which do you
think is the most important and
why? How might this vary from
place to place and time to time?
Global - Quick coasts facts
• 3 billion people live within 100km of the coast
• Coastal population densities are typically 80
people / km2 – 50% more than non coastal areas;
they rise to 1000+ in the Nile and Ganges deltas.
• Migration is a key component of growth
6. Growth in the southern USA
Coastal counties
occupy 17% of USA 1500 new
400% population
land area, yet are houses
growth since 1980
home to and 53% of approved
in some Florida
population. each day in
counties
There are a number all coastal
of growth hotspots counties
including Florida, combined.
Georgia, Texas and
California
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill
has focused ideas of coastal pressure –
the impacts on fishing + ecosystems
will likely be enormous
7. Many coasts are multi-purpose,
with an overlap of different
types of activity occurring in
Different types of coast adjacent locations or at the
same places.
Coasts may be
developed for a
number of
reasons – they
can be
classified into a
Retirement Resource- Tourism Industrial number of
coasts
Coasts rich coasts different types
Examples Examples
Examples Coasts
include: include: – there are
include: Examples (almost all some examples
Rotterdam,
Parts of include: coasts), but
Norfolk, South-east specifically
south East opposite.
UK, Pearl
Cornwall, Asia shrimp any coastal River Delta, What other
plus UK industry, counties of coastal cities
southern of China,
types of coast
south coast, Nile and
Florida Niger Delta England, including are there and
Costa Blanca Hong Kong
where might
they be found?
Other types of coasts may exist, e.g. The ‘Golf Coast’,
the ‘Eco-coast’, the ‘Activity Coast’.
8. 1. Competition for coasts
Coasts attract a
wide range of users –
this can bring
challenges and
opportunities for
managers of coastal
areas. Conservation
of areas is becoming
increasingly
complex, especially
when weighed up
against the
economic arguments
of industry and
tourism.
Who might be
the different
coastal
stakeholders?
9. A number of physical and
human factors shape the
coastline.
Factors that
An exam question could shape the
ask you to identify the coastline
physical and human
factors from a resource,
e.g. GIS map / satellite
image
Physical factors, e.g. sand dunes,
mudflats, estuary, sand banks,
woodland , river
Human factors, e.g. roads,
agriculture / farming. Settlement,
bridge
10. 2. Coping with the pressure
Coastal developments create
patterns resulting from the
competition for space. This
can lead to pressure on
coastal environments. The
sea and shoreline can distort
the patterns of land use.
11. A pressurised coastal system….
• Tossa de Mar, Spain
• Increasingly crowded as tourist
market changes.
• No longer fully ‘coastal’.
• Potential conflicts between old
and new, residents and visitors,
development versus conservation.
• A big issue is the future of such
places with demands for water
especially during the summer
tourist season.
12. 3. Increasing risks
You should be aware of the risks
posed by the growing incidence of
coastal hazards – and potentially
their social, economic and
environmental impacts
•Context links back to Unit 1 in terms
of climate change
•Rising sea levels; increased storm
activity + coastal flood risk
•Importance of ‘one off’ events such
as 1953, tsunami and hurricanes
•Touch on issues such as isostatic
change for the UK The Fal estuary
•There is a fieldwork choice (‘coastal in Cornwall; areas
retreat or flood risk’); in many cases vulnerable to sea
both can easily be covered. level rise
13. Coastlines have always changed and
responded to physical and human
processes. What is now of particular
Coastal change….. concern is rates of change and
numbers of vulnerable people
Climate change and rapid coastalisation
are big threats globally. In the UK large
amounts of money are being spend to
try to manage threat and reduce risk.
14. You could link the hazard risk equation from Unit 1 to assess your
chosen coast or coasts
VULNERABILITY
HAZARDS
A brief contrast might
Frequency and
be useful; physical and
magnitude of events
human factors both
such as storm surges
important
Risk = CAPACITY: present resources and ability
to prepared for the future
Risk The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods,
economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or
human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.
Hazard A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or
injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Vulnerability The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which
increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.
Capacity A combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that
can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.
15. 4. Coastal
management
You should be aware that there
are a range of coastal
management and defence
strategies. What are their
advantages and disadvantages?
- Hold the line (hard
and soft approaches)
- Strategic retreat
- Do Nothing
- Advance the line
Integrated Coastal Zone
Management (ICZM) and SMPs
(Shoreline Management
Plans) and ideas that should
be researched.
16. Example – Newbiggin, N.E England
Context – (1) coastal mining subsidence
leading to beach scour, (2) sea level rise is
an increasing risk.
Also, the town itself has suffered from
mining job losses and relative isolation
within SE Northumberland
An ambitious £10million plan to
improve the beach and promenade
area through a replenishment scheme
17. Plan details 2007-8
Removal of some sea wall
to improve beach access
and appearance
Landscaping works
500,000 tonnes beach Offshore breakwater around the town to
nourishment to maintain beach improve image
and reduce wave
energy; built from
concrete tetrapods